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Alqarni A, Jasim SA, Altalbawy FMA, Kaur H, Kaur I, Rodriguez-Benites C, Deorari M, Alwaily ER, Al-Ani AM, Redhee AH. Challenges and opportunities for cancer stem cell-targeted immunotherapies include immune checkpoint inhibitor, cancer stem cell-dendritic cell vaccine, chimeric antigen receptor immune cells, and modified exosomes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23719. [PMID: 38764138 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME). CSCs induce tumorigenesis, tumor recurrence and progression, and resistance to standard therapies. Indeed, CSCs pose an increasing challenge to current cancer therapy due to their stemness or self-renewal properties. The molecular and cellular interactions between heterogeneous CSCs and surrounding TME components and tumor-supporting immune cells show synergistic effects toward treatment failure. In the immunosuppressive TME, CSCs express various immunoregulatory proteins, growth factors, metabolites and cytokines, and also produce exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, to protect themselves from host immune surveillance. Among these, the identification and application of CSC-derived exosomes could be considered for the development of therapeutic approaches to eliminate CSCs or cancer, in addition to targeting the modulators that remodel the composition of the TME, as reviewed in this study. Here, we introduce the role of CSCs and how their interaction with TME complicates immunotherapies, and then present the CSC-based immunotherapy and the limitation of these therapies. We describe the biology and role of tumor/CSC-derived exosomes that induce immune suppression in the TME, and finally, introduce their potentials for the development of CSC-based targeted immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alqarni
- Department of Diagnostics Dental Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Farag M A Altalbawy
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, India
- Department of Health and Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Irwanjot Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Benites
- Departamento Académico de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Perú
| | - Mahamedha Deorari
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Enas R Alwaily
- Microbiology Research Group, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi Qar, Iraq
| | - Ahmed M Al-Ani
- Department of Medical Engineering, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed H Redhee
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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2
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Huang S, Zhang X, Wei Y, Xiao Y. Checkpoint CD24 function on tumor and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367959. [PMID: 38487533 PMCID: PMC10937401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
CD24 is a protein found on the surface of cells that plays a crucial role in the proliferation, invasion, and spread of cancer cells. It adheres to cell membranes through glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and is associated with the prognosis and survival rate of cancer patients. CD24 interacts with the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 that is present on immune cells like natural killer cells and macrophages, leading to the inhibition of natural killer cell cytotoxicity and macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. This interaction helps tumor cells escape immune detection and attack. Although the use of CD24 as a immune checkpoint receptor target for cancer immunotherapy is still in its early stages, clinical trials have shown promising results. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD24 have been found to be well-tolerated and safe. Other preclinical studies are exploring the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, antibody-drug conjugates, and gene therapy to target CD24 and enhance the immune response against tumors. In summary, this review focuses on the role of CD24 in the immune system and provides evidence for CD24 as a promising immune checkpoint for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Huang
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingtian Wei
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyong Xiao
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Heawchaiyaphum C, Yoshiyama H, Iizasa H, Burassakarn A, Tumurgan Z, Ekalaksananan T, Pientong C. Epstein-Barr Virus Promotes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stemness through the Warburg Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14072. [PMID: 37762374 PMCID: PMC10531857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various human malignancies. An association between EBV infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has recently been reported. We established EBV-positive OSCC cells and demonstrated that EBV infection promoted OSCC progression. However, the mechanisms by which EBV promotes OSCC progression remain poorly understood. Therefore, we performed metabolic analyses of EBV-positive OSCC cells and established a xenograft model to investigate the viral contribution to OSCC progression. Here, we demonstrated that EBV infection induced mitochondrial stress by reducing the number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies. Microarray data from EBV-positive OSCC cells showed altered expression of glycolysis-related genes, particularly the upregulation of key genes involved in the Warburg effect, including LDHA, GLUT1, and PDK1. Furthermore, lactate production and LDH activity were elevated in EBV-positive OSCC cells. EBV infection significantly upregulated the expression levels of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers such as CD44 and CD133 in the xenograft model. In this model, tumor growth was significantly increased in EBV-positive SCC25 cells compared with that in uninfected cells. Furthermore, tumorigenicity increased after serial passages of EBV-positive SCC25 tumors. This study revealed the oncogenic role of EBV in OSCC progression by inducing the Warburg effect and cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukkris Heawchaiyaphum
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Center), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Ati Burassakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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4
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The role of PGE2 and EP receptors on lung's immune and structural cells; possibilities for future asthma therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108313. [PMID: 36427569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common airway chronic disease with treatments aimed mainly to control the symptoms. Adrenergic receptor agonists, corticosteroids and anti-leukotrienes have been used for decades, and the development of more targeted asthma treatments, known as biological therapies, were only recently established. However, due to the complexity of asthma and the limited efficacy as well as the side effects of available treatments, there is an urgent need for a new generation of asthma therapies. The anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects of prostaglandin E2 in asthma are promising, yet complicated by undesirable side effects, such as cough and airway irritation. In this review, we summarize the most important literature on the role of all four E prostanoid (EP) receptors on the lung's immune and structural cells to further dissect the relevance of EP2/EP4 receptors as potential targets for future asthma therapy.
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CD44+/CD24- Expression as predictors of ovarian cancer chemoresistance: immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry study. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2022; 34:44. [DOI: 10.1186/s43046-022-00143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The conventional standard treatment for ovarian cancer is not very effective, and the disease is fatal for women. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) that express CD44+/CD24- can contribute to chemoresistance and a poor prognosis. We seek to investigate the expression of CSCs (CD44+/CD24-) in ovarian cancer and their predictive significance.
Methods
The ambispective cohort was performed on 64 patients (32 patients in each group) at four hospitals (Cipto Mangunkusumo, Tarakan, Fatmawati, and Dharmais Hospital). Debulking surgery was performed on the patients, followed by histopathological analysis. The patients had six rounds of chemotherapy and were under monitoring for six months. The therapeutic responses were evaluated using the RECIST criteria (Response Criteria in Solid Tumors) and categorized as chemoresistant or chemosensitive. Using immunohistochemistry, we directly assess the CSCs from ovarian cancer tissue and using flow cytometry to assess the CSCs from the blood.
Results
High CSCs expression and ovarian cancer chemoresistance were significantly related in both trials (p 0.05). A better outcome was obtained using CD44+/CD24- immunohistochemistry.
Conclusions
We conclude that there is a substantial association between high CSCs expression and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer and that CSCs immunohistochemistry has a higher predictive value.
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Claudin-6 increases SNAI1, NANOG and SOX2 gene expression in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11663-11674. [PMID: 36169897 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease associated to deregulated gastric epithelia tight junction barrier function and di novo expression of claudin-6; these changes are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, enhanced invasiveness, metastatic progression, resistance to chemotherapy, and poor prognosis. Gastric cancer stem cells represent a rare population of cells within the tumor implicated in tumor growth and higher tumorigenic capacity. The possible relation between claudin-6 expression and the expression of some markers associated to epithelial mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells in gastric cancer cells have never been explored. METHODS AND RESULTS CD44, CD24, Twist, Villin, DCLK1, claudin-6, NANOG, E-Cadherin, SOX2, and SNAI1 expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence and cytofluorometry in wild type and Claudin-6 transfected AGS cells. Cell migration assays were also performed. Differentially expressed genes and biological processes analysis was performed to determine gene preponderance. The results showed that claudin-6 overexpression enriched the CD44 + /CD24- subpopulation with an overall increase in the expression and the number of CD44 + cells. A significant increase in NANOG, SOX2 and SNAI1 expression and enhanced cell migration was observed in claudin-6 transfected cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed 271 genes involved in enhanced biological processes with only 31 with a significantly p value; thirteen of those genes are closely associated to epithelial mesenchymal transition processes and folding and unfolding processes of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSIONS The pro-tumorigenic effect of claudin-6 in gastric cancer could be associated to dedifferentiation of epithelial cells and an increase in di novo cancer stem cell genesis.
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Bai Y, Li L, Zhang Z. Linc00883 affects colorectal cancer through miR-577/FKBP14 axis: a novel mechanism for regulating colorectal cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:2403-2416. [PMID: 35833665 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2097824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are relevant to the development of human cancers. Here, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of Linc00883 in the proliferation, invasion, and migration of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. CRC cell lines SW480 and LoVo were applied as in vitro models in this study. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to measure Linc00883, miR-577, and FKBP14 expressions. Cell Counting Kit-8, transwell, and wound-healing assays were carried out to confirm the function of Linc00883. Western blot was applied to detect the protein levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, and α-SMA. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down experiments were performed to confirm the relationship between Linc00883 and miR-577. Linc00883 expression was elevated in CRC tissues and cells, and the patients with high expression of Linc00883 were related to a low survival rate and prone to distant metastasis. Moreover, we corroborated that Linc00883 and miR-577, miR-577 and FKBP14 are bound to each other. Linc00883 was negatively correlated with miR-577, and miR-577 was also negatively correlated with FKBP14. Furthermore, interference with Linc00883 restrained the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC cells through the miR-577/FKBP14 axis. In vivo studies also clarified that Linc00883 facilitated the growth of CRC tumors and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CRC. Our results demonstrated that Linc00883 facilitated the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC cells by regulating the miR-577/FKBP14 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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Wang D, Cabalag CS, Clemons NJ, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins in Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment of Gastrointestinal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1813-1829. [PMID: 34606846 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a known risk factor for gastrointestinal cancer. The evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suppress the incidence, growth, and metastasis of gastrointestinal cancer supports the concept that a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug target, cyclooxygenase, and its downstream bioactive lipid products may provide one of the links between inflammation and cancer. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway can promote gastrointestinal cancer development. Although the role of this pathway in cancer has been investigated extensively for 2 decades, only recent studies have described its effects on host defenses against transformed epithelial cells. Overcoming tumor-immune evasion remains one of the major challenges in cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the impacts of the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway on gastrointestinal cancer development. Our focus was to highlight recent advances in our understanding of how this pathway induces tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carlos S Cabalag
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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Deng S, Li L, Xu S, Wang X, Han T. Promotion of gastric tumor initiating cells in a 3D collagen gel culture model via YBX1/SPP1/NF-κB signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:599. [PMID: 34758833 PMCID: PMC8579534 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The high potential for tumor recurrence and chemoresistance is a major challenge of clinical gastric cancer treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that the presence of tumor initiating cells (TICs) is the principal cause of tumor recurrence and chemoresistance. However, the underlying mechanism of TIC development remains controversial. Methods To identify novel molecular pathways in gastric cancer, we screened the genomic expression profile of 155 gastric cancer patients from the TCGA database. We then described an improved 3D collagen I gels and tested the effects of collagen on the TIC phenotype of gastric cells using colony formation assay, transwell assay, and nude mouse models. Additionally, cell apoptosis assay was performed to examine the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorine and paclitaxel on gastric cancer cells cultured in 3D collagen I gels. Results Elevated expression of type I collagen was observed in tumor tissues from high stage patients (stage T3–T4) when compared to the low stage group (n=10, stage T1–T2). Furthermore, tumor cells seeded in a low concentration of collagen gels acquired TIC-like phenotypes and revealed enhanced resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, which was dependent on an integrin β1 (ITGB1)/Y-box Binding Protein 1 (YBX1)/Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1)/NF-κB signaling pathway. Importantly, inhibition of ITGB1/NF-κB signaling efficiently reversed the chemoresistance induced by collagen and promoted anticancer effects in vivo. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that type I collagen promoted TIC-like phenotypes and chemoresistance through ITGB1/YBX1/SPP1/NF-κB pathway, which may provide novel insights into gastric cancer therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02307-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangya Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tong Han
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Li X, Zhang W. Expression of PD-L1 in EBV-associated malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107553. [PMID: 33765613 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus infection is closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of malignant tumors. Tumor immunotherapy has been combined with modern biological high-tech technology, and has become the fourth cancer treatment mode after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In 2013, immunotherapy was named the first of ten scientific breakthroughs by science. It aims to control and destroy tumor cells by stimulating and enhancing autoimmune function. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-L1 have become a research hotspot in the field of cancer. Recent studies have shown that EBV infection can upregulate PD-L1 through complex mechanisms. Further understanding of these mechanisms and prevention of hyperprogressive disease (HPD) can make PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors an effective way of immunotherapy for EBV related malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu City, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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