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Petzinna SM, Bauer CJ, Schäfer VS. Vascular-adhesion protein 1 in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1448157. [PMID: 39206172 PMCID: PMC11349539 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1448157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a type 2 transmembrane sialoglycoprotein with oxidative deamination functionality, encoded by the amine oxidase copper-containing 3 (AOC3) gene. VAP-1 is widely expressed across various tissues, particularly in highly vascularized tissues and organs essential for lymphocyte circulation. In the vascular system, VAP-1 is predominantly found in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, with higher expression levels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Under inflammatory conditions, VAP-1 rapidly translocates to the endothelial cell surface, facilitating leukocyte adhesion and migration through interactions with specific ligands, such as sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglec)-9 on neutrophils and monocytes, and Siglec-10 on B cells, monocytes, and eosinophils. This interaction is crucial for leukocyte transmigration into inflamed tissues. Furthermore, VAP-1's enzymatic activity generates hydrogen peroxide and advanced glycation end-products, contributing to cytotoxic damage and vascular inflammation. In this context, the soluble form of VAP-1 (sVAP-1), produced by matrix metalloproteinase cleavage from its membrane-bound counterpart, also significantly influences leukocyte migration. This review aims to elucidate the multifaceted pathophysiological roles of VAP-1 in vascular inflammation, particularly in giant cell arteritis (GCA) and associated polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). By exploring its involvement in immune cell adhesion, migration, and its enzymatic contributions to oxidative stress and tissue damage, we investigate the importance of VAP-1 in GCA. Additionally, we discuss recent advancements in imaging techniques targeting VAP-1, such as [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 PET/CT, which have provided new insights into VAP-1's role in GCA and PMR. Overall, understanding VAP-1's comprehensive roles could pave the way for improved strategies in managing these conditions.
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Li F, Du Y, Hong L, Liu Z, Yan K, Liu C, Zhu Z, Lu Q, Tang C, Zhu L. Single‐cell transcriptional profiling of human carotid plaques reveals a subpopulation of endothelial cells associated with stroke incidences. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3446-3459. [PMID: 35527426 PMCID: PMC9189335 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences in plaque histology between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients have been widely accepted. Whether there is a heterogeneity of cells between symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques remains largely unclear. To reveal the potential heterogeneity within different plaques, which may contribute to different stroke incidences, we obtained the scRNA‐seq data from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and identified eight cell types present in plaques. Further analysis of endothelial cells (ECs) revealed three distinct EC subpopulations appeared to be endowed with specific biological functions such as antigen processing and presentation, cell adhesion, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Of note, the differentially expressed genes of the EC 2 subpopulation showed that the genes involved in cell adhesion were up‐regulated in asymptomatic plaques compared to symptomatic plaques. Integrating the data of intraplaque haemorrhage and plaque stability, the 5th top‐enriched biological process was cell adhesion in the stable or non‐haemorrhaged plaques compared to unstable plaques or haemorrhaged plaques. Among these cell adhesion‐related genes, the intersection gene AOC3 may play a vital role in plaque haemorrhage and plaque stability. Targeting cell adhesion and the specialized genes may provide potential new therapeutic directions to prevent asymptomatic patients from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchan Li
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yun Du
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Lei Hong
- Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Anhui China
| | - Ziting Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Kunmin Yan
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Chu Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Qiongyu Lu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Li Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology Suzhou Key Laboratory of thrombosis and vascular diseases Soochow University Suzhou China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
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Greenberg HZE, Zhao G, Shah AM, Zhang M. Role of oxidative stress in calcific aortic valve disease and its therapeutic implications. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:1433-1451. [PMID: 33881501 PMCID: PMC9074995 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the end result of active cellular processes that lead to the progressive fibrosis and calcification of aortic valve leaflets. In western populations, CAVD is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and in the absence of effective drugs, it will likely represent an increasing disease burden as populations age. As there are currently no pharmacological therapies available for preventing, treating, or slowing the development of CAVD, understanding the mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease is important for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Recent evidence has emerged of an important causative role for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of CAVD, inducing the differentiation of valve interstitial cells into myofibroblasts and then osteoblasts. In this review, we focus on the roles and sources of ROS driving CAVD and consider their potential as novel therapeutic targets for this debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z E Greenberg
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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Villani AP, Pavel AB, Wu J, Fernandes M, Maari C, Saint‐Cyr Proulx E, Jack C, Glickman J, Choi S, He H, Ungar B, Estrada Y, Kameyama N, Zhang N, Gonzales J, Tardif J, Krueger JG, Bissonnette R, Guttman‐Yassky E. Vascular inflammation in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis is associated with enhanced Th2 response. Allergy 2021; 76:3107-3121. [PMID: 33866573 DOI: 10.1111/all.14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In atopic dermatitis (AD), some studies have shown an association with increased cardiovascular disease in certain populations. However, other investigations found modest or no association. Despite conflicting results, molecular profiling studies in both AD skin and blood have demonstrated upregulation of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk-related markers. However, the underlying mechanisms connecting AD to vascular inflammation/atherosclerosis are unknown. In this study, we aim to determine factors associated with vascular inflammation/atherosclerosis in AD patients. METHODS We used 18-FDG PET-CT to characterize vascular inflammation in AD patients and healthy subjects. In parallel, we assessed their skin and blood immune profiles to determine AD-related immune biomarkers associated with vascular inflammation. We also assessed levels of circulating microparticles, which are known to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. RESULTS We found significant correlations between vascular inflammation and Th2-related products in skin and blood of AD patients as well as atherosclerosis-related markers that were modulated by dupilumab. Circulating levels of endothelial microparticles were significantly higher in severe AD patients and tended to correlate with vascular inflammation assessed by PET-CT. CONCLUSION Vascular inflammation in AD is associated with enhanced Th2 response and clinical severity, which may explain cardiovascular comorbidities observed in select AD populations. Larger prospective studies are needed to further evaluate vascular inflammation and cardiovascular events and mortality in AD patients. Finally, as dupilumab treatment demonstrated significant modulation of atherosclerosis-related genes in AD patients compared to placebo, these data suggest that modulation of vascular inflammation with systemic treatment should be explored in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel P. Villani
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Ana B. Pavel
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Mississippi University MS USA
| | - Jianni Wu
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- College of Medicine State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn New York USA
| | - Marie Fernandes
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Glickman
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Seulah Choi
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Helen He
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Benjamin Ungar
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Naoya Kameyama
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Juana Gonzales
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Jean‐Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute Faculty of Medicine Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
| | - James G. Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
| | | | - Emma Guttman‐Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
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Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase Increases in Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis and Contributes to Valvular Interstitial Cell Calcification. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5197376. [PMID: 32411328 PMCID: PMC7201527 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5197376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is a common disease associated with aging. Oxidative stress participates in the valve calcification process in CAVS. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), also referred to as vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1), transforms primary amines into aldehydes, generating hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. SSAO is expressed in calcified aortic valves, but its role in valve calcification has remained largely unexplored. The aims of this study were to characterize the expression and the activity of SSAO during aortic valve calcification and to establish the effects of SSAO inhibition on human valvular interstitial cell (VIC) calcification. Methods Human aortic valves from n = 80 patients were used for mRNA extraction and expression analysis, Western blot, SSAO activity determination, immunohistochemistry, and the isolation of primary VIC cultures. Results SSAO mRNA, protein, and activity were increased with increasing calcification within human aortic valves and localized in the vicinity of the calcified zones. The valvular SSAO upregulation was consistent after stratification of the subjects according to cardiovascular and CAVS risk factors associated with increased oxidative stress: body mass index, diabetes, and smoking. SSAO mRNA levels were significantly associated with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in calcified tissue. Calcification of VIC was inhibited in the presence of the specific SSAO inhibitor LJP1586. Conclusion The association of SSAO expression and activity with valvular calcification and oxidative stress as well as the decreased VIC calcification by SSAO inhibition points to SSAO as a possible marker and therapeutic target to be further explored in CAVS.
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Samiei N, Hosseini S, Maleki M, Moradi L, Joghataei MT, Arabian M. Modulatory Role of SIRT1 and Resistin as Therapeutic Targets in Patients with Aortic Valve Stenosis. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:333-341. [PMID: 31677538 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory is one of the main cause of aortic valve stenosis (AS), so discovering novel biomarkers for the targeted therapy of inflammation could be an attractive strategy in AS prevention. The objectives of our study were to clarify the modulatory role of resistin and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) before and after surgery and also to evaluate the therapeutic effects of resveratrol. METHODS Nineteen AS patients and 15 healthy subjects were studied as the case and control groups, respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and cultured to determine the levels of resistin and SIRT1 and the effects of resveratrol on them. RESULTS Significant increase in resistin expression was observed in the patients compare to the control (p ≤0.01), and this upregulation was augmented 72 h following surgery (p ≤0.01). The SIRT1 expression decreased in the AS group compare to the control but this reduction was not significant. Aortic valve replacement caused a higher decrease in the protein (p ≤0.01) and mRNA level (p ≤0.05) of SIRT1. Resveratrol in the AS group significantly diminished the resistin level (p ≤0.05) but increased the SIRT1 level (p ≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS In our patients with AS, the resistin level was increased, whereas the expression of SIRT1 was reduced and surgery augmented these alterations. Resveratrol improved inflammation in the PBMCs of the patients through the SIRT1/resistin pathway. These findings suggest that pharmacological therapy with resveratrol might be a novel approach to alleviating inflammation in patients with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Samiei
- Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseini
- Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Maleki
- Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Moradi
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maedeh Arabian
- Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Parra-Izquierdo I, Castaños-Mollor I, López J, Gómez C, San Román JA, Sánchez Crespo M, García-Rodríguez C. Calcification Induced by Type I Interferon in Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells Is Larger in Males and Blunted by a Janus Kinase Inhibitor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2148-2159. [PMID: 30026273 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Calcific aortic valve disease is the most prevalent valvulopathy in Western countries. An unanticipated pathogenetic clue involving IFN (interferon) was disclosed by the finding of constitutive type I IFN activity associated with aortic valve calcification in children with the atypical Singleton-Merten syndrome. On this basis, the role of type I IFN on inflammation and calcification in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVIC) was examined. Approach and Results- IFN-α was weakly proinflammatory but potentiated lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of NF (nuclear factor)-κB and the ensuing induction of proinflammatory molecules in human AVIC. Stimulation with IFN-α and in combination with lipopolysaccharide promoted osteoblast-like differentiation characterized by increased osteoblastic gene expression, BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)-2 secretion, and ectopic phosphatase activity. Sex differences were observed. Likewise, IFN-α treatment of human AVICs in osteogenic medium resulted in increased formation of calcific nodules. Strikingly, IFN-α-mediated calcification was significantly higher in AVICs from males, and was blocked by tofacitinib, a JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitor, and by a BMP antagonist. A female-specific protective mechanism involving the activation of PI3K-Akt (protein kinase B) pathways and cell survival was disclosed. Females exhibited higher levels of BCL2 in valve cells and tissues and lower annexin V staining on cell stimulation. Conclusions- IFN-α acts as a proinflammatory and pro-osteogenic cytokine in AVICs, its effects being potentiated by lipopolysaccharide. Results also uncovered sex differences with lower responses in female AVICs and sex-specific mechanisms involving apoptosis. Data point to JAK/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) system as a potential therapeutic target for calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Parra-Izquierdo
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.)
| | - Irene Castaños-Mollor
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.)
| | - Javier López
- ICICOR, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R., C.G.-R.)
| | - Cristina Gómez
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.)
| | - J Alberto San Román
- ICICOR, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R., C.G.-R.)
| | - Mariano Sánchez Crespo
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.)
| | - Carmen García-Rodríguez
- From the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (I.P.-I., I.C.-M., C.G., M.S.C., C.G.-R.).,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (J.L., J.A.S.R., C.G.-R.)
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Chang Y, Hee S, Lee W, Li H, Chang T, Lin M, Hung Y, Lee I, Hung K, Assimes T, Knowles JW, Nong J, Lee P, Chiu Y, Chuang L. Genome-wide scan for circulating vascular adhesion protein-1 levels: MACROD2 as a potential transcriptional regulator of adipogenesis. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1067-1074. [PMID: 29364582 PMCID: PMC6123039 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a membrane-bound amine oxidase highly expressed in mature adipocytes and released into the circulation. VAP-1 has been strongly implicated in several pathological processes, including diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, hepatic steatosis and renal diseases, and is an important disease marker and therapeutic target. Here, we aimed to identify the genetic loci for circulating VAP-1 levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a genomic-wide linkage scan for the quantitative trait locus of circulating VAP-1 levels in 1,100 Han Chinese individuals from 398 families in the Stanford Asian Pacific Program for Hypertension and Insulin Resistance study. Regional association fine mapping was carried out using additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS The estimated heritability of circulating VAP-1 levels is high (h2 = 69%). The most significant quantitative trait locus for circulating VAP-1 was located at 38 cM on chromosome 20, with a maximum empirical logarithm of odds score of 4.11 (P = 6.86 × 10-6 ) in females. Regional single-nucleotide polymorphism fine mapping within a 1-unit support region showed the strongest association signals in the MACRO domain containing 2 (MACROD2) gene in females (P = 5.38 × 10-6 ). Knockdown of MACROD2 significantly suppressed VAP-1 expression in human adipocytes, as well as the expression of key adipogenic genes. Furthermore, MACROD2 expression was found to be positively associated with VAP-1 in human visceral adipose tissue. CONCLUSION MACROD2 is a potential genetic determinant of serum VAP-1 levels, probably through transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Cheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and ProteomicsCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical ScienceAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Siow‐Wey Hee
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Jei Lee
- Department of SurgeryMin‐Sheng General HospitalTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Yuan Li
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tien‐Jyun Chang
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Yi‐Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismTri‐Service General HospitalNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
| | - I‐Te Lee
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismTaichung Veterans General HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Kuan‐Yi Hung
- Institute of Population Health SciencesNational Health Research InstitutesZhunan, MiaoliTaiwan
| | - Themistocles Assimes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular InstituteDepartment of MedicineStanford University StanfordStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular InstituteDepartment of MedicineStanford University StanfordStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jiun‐Yi Nong
- Graduate Institute of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Po‐Chu Lee
- Department of General SurgeryNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yen‐Feng Chiu
- Institute of Population Health SciencesNational Health Research InstitutesZhunan, MiaoliTaiwan
| | - Lee‐Ming Chuang
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Molecular MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Graduate of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineCollege of Public HealthNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Comparison of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 and 18F-Fluorodeoxyribose-Siglec-9: Inflammation Imaging and Radiation Dosimetry. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:7645070. [PMID: 29463960 PMCID: PMC5804415 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7645070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 9 (Siglec-9) is a ligand of inflammation-inducible vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1). We compared 68Ga-DOTA- and 18F-fluorodeoxyribose- (FDR-) labeled Siglec-9 motif peptides for PET imaging of inflammation. Methods. Firstly, we examined 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 and 18F-FDR-Siglec-9 in rats with skin/muscle inflammation. We then studied 18F-FDR-Siglec-9 for the detection of inflamed atherosclerotic plaques in mice and compared it with previous 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 results. Lastly, we estimated human radiation dosimetry from the rat data. Results. In rats, 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 (SUV, 0.88 ± 0.087) and 18F-FDR-Siglec-9 (SUV, 0.77 ± 0.22) showed comparable (P = 0.29) imaging of inflammation. In atherosclerotic mice, 18F-FDR-Siglec-9 detected inflamed plaques with a target-to-background ratio (1.6 ± 0.078) similar to previously tested 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 (P = 0.35). Human effective dose estimates for 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 and 18F-FDR-Siglec-9 were 0.024 and 0.022 mSv/MBq, respectively. Conclusion. Both tracers are suitable for PET imaging of inflammation. The easier production and lower cost of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 present advantages over 18F-FDR-Siglec-9, indicating it as a primary choice for clinical studies.
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Raghuraman G, Hsiung J, Zuniga MC, Baughman BD, Hitchner E, Guzman RJ, Zhou W. Eotaxin Augments Calcification in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:647-654. [PMID: 27681294 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcification of atherosclerotic plaques in elderly patients represents a potent risk marker of cardiovascular events. Plasma analyses of patients with or without calcified plaques reveal significant differences in chemokines, particularly eotaxin, which escalates with increased calcification. We therefore, hypothesize that eotaxin in circulation augments calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) possibly via oxidative stress in the vasculature. We observe that eotaxin increases the rate of calcification significantly in VSMCs as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and osteogenic marker expression. In addition, eotaxin promotes proliferation in VSMCs and triggers oxidative stress in a NADPH oxidase dependent manner. These primary novel observations support our proposition that in the vasculature eotaxin augments mineralization. Our findings suggest that eotaxin may represent a potential therapeutic target for prevention of cardiovascular complications in the elderly. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 647-654, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Hsiung
- Department of Vascular Surgery, VAPAHCS, Palo Alto, California
| | - Mary C Zuniga
- Department of Vascular Surgery, VAPAHCS, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | - Raul J Guzman
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachesetts
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, VAPAHCS, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Leukocyte trafficking-associated vascular adhesion protein 1 is expressed and functionally active in atherosclerotic plaques. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35089. [PMID: 27731409 PMCID: PMC5059718 DOI: 10.1038/srep35089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the important role of inflammation and the potential association of the leukocyte trafficking-associated adhesion molecule vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) with atherosclerosis, this study examined whether functional VAP-1 is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and, if so, whether it could be targeted by positron emission tomography (PET). First, immunohistochemistry revealed that VAP-1 localized to endothelial cells of intra-plaque neovessels in human carotid endarterectomy samples from patients with recent ischemic symptoms. In low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice expressing only apolipoprotein B100 (LDLR-/-ApoB100/100), VAP-1 was expressed on endothelial cells lining inflamed atherosclerotic lesions; normal vessel walls in aortas of C57BL/6N control mice were VAP-1-negative. Second, we discovered that the focal uptake of VAP-1 targeting sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 9 based PET tracer [68Ga]DOTA-Siglec-9 in atherosclerotic plaques was associated with the density of activated macrophages (r = 0.58, P = 0.022). As a final point, we found that the inhibition of VAP-1 activity with small molecule LJP1586 decreased the density of macrophages in inflamed atherosclerotic plaques in mice. Our results suggest for the first time VAP-1 as a potential imaging target for inflamed atherosclerotic plaques, and corroborate VAP-1 inhibition as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Van Raemdonck K, Van den Steen PE, Liekens S, Van Damme J, Struyf S. CXCR3 ligands in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:311-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Aalto K, Havulinna AS, Jalkanen S, Salomaa V, Salmi M. Soluble vascular adhesion protein-1 predicts incident major adverse cardiovascular events and improves reclassification in a finnish prospective cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:529-35. [PMID: 24850810 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) associates to subclinical atherosclerotic manifestations in young people, but its association to incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and cardiovascular mortality in a general population is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a newly developed ELISA to measure soluble VAP-1 (sVAP-1) levels in 2775 participants (mean age, 60 years) from a prospective cohort study (the FINRISK 2002). During a mean follow-up of 9 years, 265 participants underwent a MACE, and these participants had higher levels of sVAP-1 than those without MACE (868 ng/mL and 824 ng/mL, respectively, P<0.001). In multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model including traditional Framingham risk factors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, prevalent diabetes mellitus, and antihypertensive treatment), sVAP-1 independently predicted incident MACE (P=0.0046) and MACE mortality (P=0.026). The impact of sVAP-1 in predicting the 9-year absolute risk of MACE was analyzed using integrated discrimination improvement and net reclassification improvement with 10-fold cross-validation. Inclusion of sVAP-1 in the Framingham model improved integrated discrimination improvement (P=0.042), and the clinical net reclassification improvement by correctly reclassifying 9% (P=0.0019) of people in the intermediate risk (5%-20%) group. CONCLUSIONS sVAP-1 associated with increased risk of MACE and MACE mortality in people aged >50 years without prior MACE, and inclusion of sVAP-1 in the risk prediction model improved the clinical net reclassification improvement of incident MACE. Thus, sVAP-1 may be a potential new biomarker for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Marko Salmi
- From the MediCity Research Laboratory, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.A., S.J., M.S.), and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku and Helsinki, Finland (A.S.H., S.J., V.S., M.S.).
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Valente T, Gella A, Solé M, Durany N, Unzeta M. Immunohistochemical study of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 in the hippocampal vasculature: Pathological synergy of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1989-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Baber U, Kini AS, Moreno PR, Sharma SK. Calcific Aortic Stenosis: Pathology and Role of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty. Interv Cardiol Clin 2012; 1:1-9. [PMID: 28582059 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccl.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic stenosis (AS) is a common expression of aortic valve disease and increases in prevalence with advancing age. Recent studies have shown that calcific deposition in aortic valve leaflets is an actively regulated process with many pathophysiologic similarities to atherosclerosis. Surgical valve replacement is the definitive treatment of calcific AS, but many patients do not undergo surgery because of prohibitive comorbidities or other high-risk features. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty remains an option for temporary palliation and symptomatic relief, and continues to serve as a bridge to aortic valve replacement in certain patients with AS requiring temporary hemodynamic stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Baber
- Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Annapoorna S Kini
- Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pedro R Moreno
- Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Samin K Sharma
- Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Quercioli A, Montecucco F, Bertolotto M, Ottonello L, Pende A, Mach F, Dallegri F. Coronary artery calcification and cardiovascular risk: the role of RANKL/OPG signalling. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:645-54. [PMID: 20497460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) represents the most relevant cause of death and morbidity in the adult population of developed and developing countries. During the last decades, a strong research effort has been performed to identify more selective markers and better assess the cardiovascular risk in both primary and secondary prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review updates current knowledge regarding the pathophysiological relevance as possible markers of coronary calcification of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system. Furthermore, the potential clinical use of both RANKL/OPG and coronary calcium score (CAC) to assess cardiovascular vulnerability has been discussed. RESULTS Emerging evidence indicates that atherosclerotic plaque calcification is positively correlated with vulnerability. Several inflammatory mediators have been shown to modulate arterial calcification, thus increasing the risk of plaque rupture. Among these factors, RANKL/OPG axis might be of particular interest as a promising biomarker of plaque vulnerability in subjects with diffuse coronary calcification. CONCLUSION Together with clinical parameters of coronary calcification (such as CAC), circulating RANKL/OPG levels could contribute to better assess and predict cardiac events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quercioli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ferreira GA, Teixeira AL, Sato EI. Atorvastatin therapy reduces interferon-regulated chemokine CXCL9 plasma levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2010; 19:927-34. [PMID: 20410153 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310364400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent study showed transcriptional levels of interferon-inducible chemokines in peripheral blood cells were associated with disease activity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus, and may be useful in monitoring disease activity and prognosis. Our objective was to evaluate the capacity of atorvastatin to reduce plasma levels of interferon-regulated chemokines (CCL2, CCL3 and CXCL9) and to study the correlation between these chemokines and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eighty-eight female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were divided into two groups: 64 receiving 20 mg/day of atorvastatin (intervention group) and 24 without atorvastatin (control group). All patients were followed for 8 weeks. At baseline and after 8 weeks laboratory tests were performed for all patients. Plasma levels of chemokines were measured by ELISA using commercial kits (DuoSet, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA). In a univariate analysis we found correlation between CCL2, CCL3 and CXCL9 plasma levels and SLEDAI score. In the intervention group we observed a significant decrease in CXCL9 plasma levels comparing baseline and levels at the end of the study (p = 0.04); however, no differences were observed regarding CCL2 or CCL3 plasma levels in this study. No significant difference was observed in the plasma levels of these chemokines in the control group. We conclude that treatment with atorvastatin was associated with a significant decrease in the plasma levels of CXCL9 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. As the plasma levels of CXCL9 correlated with the SLEDAI score, we ask whether reducing levels of this chemokine could help to control systemic lupus erythematosus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Ferreira
- Rheumatology Division, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Sommer G, Kralisch S, Stangl V, Vietzke A, Köhler U, Stepan H, Faber R, Schubert A, Lössner U, Bluher M, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M. Secretory products from human adipocytes stimulate proinflammatory cytokine secretion from human endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:729-37. [PMID: 19173302 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells can be found in obesity and increased adiposity is associated with endothelial dysfunction as an early event of atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear whether human adipocytes directly influence endothelial protein secretion. To study the crosstalk between fat and endothelial cells, human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in infranatants (Adipo) of primary differentiated human adipocytes. Interestingly, significantly increased secretion of 23 cytokines and chemokines from HUVECs was detected in four independent experiments after Adipo stimulation by protein array analysis detecting a total of 174 different proteins. Among those, time-dependent Adipo-induced upregulation of cytokine secretion in HUVECs was confirmed by ELISA for interleukin (IL)-8, monokine induced by gamma interferon, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta, MIP-3alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and IL-6. Factors besides adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha appear to mediate these stimulatory effects. Our findings suggest that endothelial cell secretion is significantly influenced towards a proinflammatory pattern by adipocyte-secreted factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Sommer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Valve replacement is the only long-term effective treatment for calcific aortic valve stenosis. However, this treatment is aimed only at patients with advanced leaflet disease and symptoms of left ventricular obstruction. Over the past 15 years, our understanding of the pathogenesis of calcific aortic stenosis has changed significantly: away from a passive degenerative disease to an active process involving endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, an inflammatory infiltrate, and a regulated process of calcification. Since many of the same processes are characteristic of atherosclerosis, trials have been undertaken to test whether medical therapy (statins, renin-angiotensin inhibition) can prevent or alter the disease course. Although retrospective and non-randomized studies suggested a positive effect with statins, benefit has not been seen in perspective randomized controlled trials, although two major studies are still in progress. Inhibition of renin-angiotensin has shown discordant results in retrospective studies with no randomized controlled data published. In the future, we need to consider other medical therapies that might target different pathways in this disease process. In addition, we need to define the optimal timing and duration of therapy for this chronic slowly progressive disease; treatments aimed at the early disease process may be ineffective with end-stage tissue changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cawley
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Anger T, Carson W, Weyand M, Daniel WG, Hoeher M, Garlichs CD. Atherosclerotic inflammation triggers osteogenic bone transformation in calcified and stenotic human aortic valves: still a matter of debate. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 86:10-7. [PMID: 19084515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotic calcification of the aortic valve is a common disease in advanced age. However, pathophysiologic processes leading to valve calcifications are poorly understood. Transformation of atherosclerotic triggers to osteogenic differentiation is controversially discussed and is thought as a trigger of bone transformation in end stage disease. This study focuses on the transcriptional gene-profiling of severe calcified stenotic human aortic valves to clarify the molecular basis of the pathophysiological process. We collected severely calcified and stenotic human aortic valves (CSAV) with (CSAV+, n=10) and without (CSAV-, n=10) at least 4 weeks of statin pre-treatment prior to valve replacement and investigated transcriptional steady-state gene-profiling by using micro array technique and GAPDH-adjusted PCR for confirmation. Results were compared with findings in non-sclerotic aortic valves: C (n=6). Various parameters of inflammation were significantly up regulated as compared to C: eotaxin3, monokine induced by gamma-interferon, vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-alpha or transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1). Except for TGF beta 1 and VAP-1, statin pre-treatment neutralized altered gene expression. Genes of osteogenic bone transformation (tenascin C, bone sialoprotein, Cbfa1, Osteocalcin, Beta-catenin, Sox- and Cyclin-genes) were found unaltered in their expression in both, CSAV- or CSAV+ in comparison to C. This study shows continuing atherosclerotic inflammation on CSAV. Additionally, no evidence of initiated osteoblastic differentiation process was found. Pre-treatment of patients with statins partially neutralized the gene pattern of inflammation on the aortic valves. This suggests that there are potent benefits of statins on early development of inflammation on calcified aortic valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Anger
- Department of Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Germany.
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Statins stimulate RGS-regulated ERK 1/2 activation in human calcified and stenotic aortic valves. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 85:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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