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Chao C, Dang C, Reddy N, Alharbi S, Doan J, Karthikeyan A, Applewhite B, Jiang B. Characterization of a phenol-based model for denervation of the abdominal aorta and its implications for aortic remodeling. JVS Vasc Sci 2024; 5:100202. [PMID: 38694477 PMCID: PMC11061754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2024.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Sympathetic innervation plays a pivotal role in regulating cardiovascular health, and its dysregulation is implicated in a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of denervation of the abdominal aorta on its morphology and wall homeostasis. Methods Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 12), aged 3 months, underwent midline laparotomy for infrarenal aorta exposure. Chemical denervation was induced via a one-time topical application of 10% phenol (n = 6), whereas sham controls received phosphate-buffered saline (n = 6). Animals were allowed to recover and subsequently were sacrificed after 6 months for analysis encompassing morphology, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Results At 6 months post-treatment, abdominal aortas subjected to phenol denervation still exhibited a significant reduction in nerve fiber density compared with sham controls. Denervated aortas demonstrated reduced intima-media thickness, increased elastin fragmentation, decreased expression of vascular smooth muscle proteins (α-SMA and MYH11), and elevated adventitial vascular density. Sex-stratified analyses revealed additional dimorphic responses, particularly in aortic collagen and medial cellular density in female animals. Conclusions Single-timepoint phenol-based chemical denervation induces alterations in abdominal aortic morphology and vascular remodeling over a 6-month period. These findings underscore the potential of the sympathetic nervous system as a therapeutic target for aortic pathologies. Clinical Relevance Aortic remodeling remains an important consideration in the pathogenesis of aortic disease, including occlusive, aneurysmal, and dissection disease states. The paucity of medical therapies for the treatment of aortic disease has driven considerable interest in elucidating the pathogenesis of these conditions; new therapeutic targets are critically needed. Here, we show significant remodeling after phenol-induced denervation with morphologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features. Future investigations should integrate sympathetic dysfunction as a potential driver of pathologic aortic wall changes with additional consideration of the sympathetic nervous system as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Chao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Caitlyn Dang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nidhi Reddy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sara Alharbi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jimmy Doan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL
| | - Akashraj Karthikeyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL
| | - Brandon Applewhite
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL
| | - Bin Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL
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Jafarkhani S, Khakbiz M, Amoabediny G, Mohammadi J, Tahmasebipour M, Rabbani H, Salimi A, Lee KB. A novel co-culture assay to evaluate the effects of sympathetic innervation on vascular smooth muscle differentiation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106233. [PMID: 36731293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a functional phenotype to an inverse synthetic phenotype is a symptom of cardiovascular disorders, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is an essential regulator of the differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In addition, numerous studies suggest that SNS also stimulates VSMCs to retain their contractile phenotype. However, the molecular mechanisms for this stimulation have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we used a novel in vitro co-culture method to evaluate the effective cellular interactions and stimulatory effects of sympathetic neurons on the differentiation of VSMCs. We co-cultured rat neural-like pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) and rat aortic VSMCs with this method. Expression of VSMCs contractile genes, including smooth muscle actin (acta2), myosin heavy chain (myh11), elastin (eln), and smoothelin (smtn), were determined by quantitative real-time-PCR analysis as an indicator of VSMCs differentiation. Fold changes for specific contractile genes in VSMCs grown in vitro for seven days in the presence (innervated) and absence (non-innervated) of sympathetic neurons were 3.5 for acta2, 6.5 for myh11, 4.19 for eln, and 4 for smtn (normalized to Tata Binding Protein (TBP)). As a result, these data suggest that sympathetic innervation promotes VSMCs' contractile gene expression and also maintains VSMCs' functional phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jafarkhani
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, North Karegar Ave., PO Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khakbiz
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, North Karegar Ave., PO Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Ghasem Amoabediny
- Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, North Karegar Ave., PO Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tahmasebipour
- Department of Interdisciplinary Technology, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, North Karegar Ave., PO Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hodjattallah Rabbani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Jia W, Liu L, Li M, Zhou Y, Zhou H, Weng H, Gu G, Xiao M, Chen Z. Construction of enzyme-laden vascular scaffolds based on hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides-modified collagen nanofibers for antithrombosis and in-situ endothelialization of tissue-engineered blood vessels. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:287-298. [PMID: 36155095 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current use of synthetic grafts often yields low patency in the reconstruction of small-diameter blood vessels owing to the deposition of thrombi and imperfect coverage of the endothelium on the graft lumen. Therefore, the design of vascular scaffolds with antithrombotic performance and endothelialization is greatly required. Herein, we developed an enzyme-laden scaffold based on hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides-modified collagen nanofibers (labeled HA-COL) to improve the anti-platelet capacity and endothelialization of vascular grafts. In this study, HA-COL nanofibers not only encouraged the endothelialization of vascular scaffolds, but acted as an antiplatelet enzyme-laden platform. Apyrase (Apy) and 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) were covalently grafted onto the nanofibers, which in turn converted the platelet-sensitive substance: adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine, thereby, improving the antithrombotic performance of the scaffolds. Notably, the catalytic end-product: adenosine would work in coordination with HA-COL to synergistically enhance the endothelialization of the vascular scaffolds. The results demonstrated that the enzyme-laden scaffolds maintained catalytic performance, reduced platelet adhesion and aggregation, and guaranteed higher patency after 1-month in situ transplantation. Moreover, these scaffolds showed optimal cytocompatibility, tissue compatibility, scaffold biodegradability and tissue regenerative capability during in vivo implantation. Overall, these engineered vascular scaffolds demonstrated their capacity for endothelialization and antithrombotic performance, suggesting their potential for small-diameter vascular tissue engineering applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Considering the critical problems in small-diameter vascular reconstruction, the enzyme-laden vascular scaffolds were prepared for improving in-situ endothelialization and antithrombotic performances of artificial blood vessels. The electrospun HA-COL nanofibers were used as the main matrix materials, which provided favorable structural templates for the regeneration of vasculature and functioned as a platform for the loading of enzymes. The enzyme-laden scaffolds with the biomimetic cascading reaction would convert ADP into adenosine, thereby, decreasing the sensitivity of platelets and improving the antithrombotic performance of tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs). The nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited optimal cytocompatibility, tissue compatibility and regenerative capability, working together with catalytic products of dual-enzyme reaction that would synergistically contribute to TEBVs endothelialization. This study provides a new method for the improvement of in-situ endothelialization of small-diameter TEBVs while qualified with antithrombotic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Jia
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Liling Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuanmeng Zhou
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hongjuan Weng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zonggang Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Wang Y, Wei J, Zhang P, Zhang X, Wang Y, Chen W, Zhao Y, Cui X. Neuregulin-1, a potential therapeutic target for cardiac repair. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:945206. [PMID: 36120374 PMCID: PMC9471952 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.945206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NRG1 (Neuregulin-1) is an effective cardiomyocyte proliferator, secreted and released by endothelial vascular cells, and affects the cardiovascular system. It plays a major role in heart growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and other cardiovascular processes. Numerous experiments have shown that NRG1 can repair the heart in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia reperfusion, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and other cardiovascular diseases. NRG1 can connect related signaling pathways through the NRG1/ErbB pathway, which form signal cascades to improve the myocardial microenvironment, such as regulating cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, necrotic apoptosis. Here, we summarize recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms of NRG1, elucidate the contribution of NRG1 to cardiovascular disease, discuss therapeutic approaches targeting NRG1 associated with cardiovascular disease, and highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianliang Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan Zhao, ; Xiangning Cui,
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan Zhao, ; Xiangning Cui,
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Rapp N, Evenepoel P, Stenvinkel P, Schurgers L. Uremic Toxins and Vascular Calcification-Missing the Forest for All the Trees. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E624. [PMID: 33003628 PMCID: PMC7599869 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiorenal syndrome relates to the detrimental interplay between the vascular system and the kidney. The uremic milieu induced by reduced kidney function alters the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and promotes vascular calcification, a condition which is strongly linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Biological mechanisms involved include generation of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and accelerated senescence. A better understanding of the vasotoxic effects of uremic retention molecules may reveal novel avenues to reduce vascular calcification in CKD. The present review aims to present a state of the art on the role of uremic toxins in pathogenesis of vascular calcification. Evidence, so far, is fragmentary and limited with only a few uremic toxins being investigated, often by a single group of investigators. Experimental heterogeneity furthermore hampers comparison. There is a clear need for a concerted action harmonizing and standardizing experimental protocols and combining efforts of basic and clinical researchers to solve the complex puzzle of uremic vascular calcification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/metabolism
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/pathology
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/physiopathology
- Cardio-Renal Syndrome/therapy
- Humans
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Prognosis
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy
- Toxins, Biological/metabolism
- Uremia/metabolism
- Uremia/pathology
- Uremia/physiopathology
- Uremia/therapy
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/physiopathology
- Vascular Calcification/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Rapp
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Jiao L, Jiang M, Liu J, Wei L, Wu M. Nuclear factor-kappa B activation inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascular 2018; 26:634-640. [PMID: 30003828 DOI: 10.1177/1708538118787125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) performed in cell proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and to assess the mechanisms. Methods Human aorta VSMCs were divided into control, NF-κB inhibitor, NF-κB overexpression + NF-κB inhibitor, control vector + NF-κB inhibitor, NF-κB overexpression, and control vector groups. NF-κB overexpression vector was constructed and transfected into VSMCs. Proliferation of VSMCs in each group was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide. Apoptosis of VSMCs was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of NF-κB, FasL, and hypertension-related gene (HRG-1) was measured by Western blotting. Results NF-κB overexpression vector was constructed correctly by restriction endonuclease, and the results showed that the activation of NF-κB could inhibit the proliferation of VSMCs. The results of flow cytometry also confirmed that NF-κB overexpression promoted apoptosis of VSMCs. Mechanically, NF-κB overexpression could up-regulate the expression of FasL and HRG-1. Conclusions NF-κB overexpression promotes apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation of VSMCs. The mechanisms might be regulated by promoting FasL and HRG-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Lichao Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
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Shimamura N, Ohkuma H. Phenotypic transformation of smooth muscle in vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:357-64. [PMID: 24323729 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated smooth muscle cells (SMC) control vasoconstriction and vasodilation, but they can undergo transformation, proliferate, secret cytokines, and migrate into the subendotherial layer with adverse consequences. In this review, we discuss the phenotypic transformation of SMC in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Phenotypic transformation starts with an insult as caused by aneurysm rupture: Elevation of intracranial and blood pressure, secretion of norepinephrine, and mechanical force on an artery are factors that can cause aneurysm. The phenotypic transformation of SMC is accelerated by inflammation, thrombin, and growth factors. A wide variety of cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-33, matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxidase synthases, endothelins, thromboxane A2, mitogen-activated protein kinase, platelet-derived vascular growth factors, and vascular endothelial factor) all play roles in cerebral vasospasm (CVS). We summarize the correlations between various factors and the phenotypic transformation of SMC. A new target of this study is the transient receptor potential channel in CVS. Statin together with fasdil prevents phenotypic transformation of SMC in an animal model. Clazosentan prevents CVS and improves outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a dose-dependent manner. Clinical trials of cilostazol for the prevention of phenotypic transformation of SMC have been reported, along with requisite experimental evidence. To conquer CVS in its complexity, we will ultimately need to elucidate its general, underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shimamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5-Zaihuchou, Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, 036-8562, Japan,
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Jiao L, Jiang M, Fang J, Deng Y, Chen Z, Wu M. Basic fibroblast growth factor gene transfection in repair of internal carotid artery aneurysm wall. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:2915-21. [PMID: 25317144 PMCID: PMC4190950 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.36.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery or interventional therapy has some risks in the treatment of cerebral aneurysm. We established an internal carotid artery aneurysm model by dripping elastase in the crotch of the right internal and external carotid arteries of New Zealand rabbits. Following model induction, lentivirus carrying basic fibroblast growth factor was injected through the ear vein. We found that the longer the action time of the lentivirus, the smaller the aneurysm volume. Moreover, platelet-derived growth factor expression in the aneurysm increased, but smooth muscle 22 alpha and hypertension-related gene 1 mRNA expression decreased. At 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks following model establishment, following 1 week of injection of lentivirus carrying basic fibroblast growth factor, the later the intervention time, the more severe the blood vessel damage, and the bigger the aneurysm volume, the lower the smooth muscle 22 alpha and hypertension-related gene 1 mRNA expression. Simultaneously, platelet-derived growth factor expression decreased. These data suggest that recombinant lentivirus carrying basic fibroblast growth factor can repair damaged cells in the aneurysmal wall and inhibit aneurysm dynamic growth, and that the effect is dependent on therapeutic duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 215002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 215002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinghai Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 215002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yinsheng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 215002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zejun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 215002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 215002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Lidington D, Schubert R, Bolz SS. Capitalizing on diversity: an integrative approach towards the multiplicity of cellular mechanisms underlying myogenic responsiveness. Cardiovasc Res 2012. [PMID: 23180720 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic ability of resistance arteries to respond to transmural pressure is the single most important determinant of their function. Despite an ever-growing catalogue of signalling pathways that underlie the myogenic response, it remains an enigmatic mechanism. The myogenic response's mechanistic diversity has largely been attributed to 'hard-wired' differences across species and vascular beds; however, emerging evidence suggests that the mechanistic basis for the myogenic mechanism is, in fact, 'plastic'. This means that the myogenic response can change quantitatively (i.e. change in magnitude) and qualitatively (i.e. change in mechanistic basis) in response to environmental challenges (e.g. disease conditions). Consequently, understanding the dynamics of how the myogenic response capitalizes on its mechanistic diversity is key to unlocking clinically viable interventions. Using myogenic sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling as an example, this review illustrates the remarkable plasticity of the myogenic response. We propose that currently unidentified 'organizational programmes' dictate the contribution of individual signalling pathways to the myogenic response and introduce the concept that certain signalling elements act as 'divergence points' (i.e. as the potential higher level regulatory sites). In the context of pressure-induced S1P signalling, the S1P-generating enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 serves as a divergence point, by orchestrating the calcium-dependent and -independent signalling pathways underlying microvascular myogenic responsiveness. By acting on divergence points, the proposed 'organizational programmes' could form the basis for the flexible recruitment and fine-tuning of separate signalling streams that underlie adaptive changes to the myogenic response and its distinctiveness across species and vascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Lidington
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Neurotransmitter noradrenaline downregulate cytoskeletal protein expression of VSMCs. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:79-83. [PMID: 23099313 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effects of noradrenaline (NA) on cytoskeletal protein expression of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS VSMCs were isolated from rat aortic tissue and cultured. The cultured VSMCs were divided into 4 experimental groups: (1) control group, (2) NA treatment group, (3) starvation group, and (4) NA treatment+starvation group. The expression of cytoskeletal protein (smooth muscle α-actin, β-tubulin and desmin) was evaluated by (i) Coomassie blue staining, (ii) immunofluorescent staining, and (iii) RT-PCR and Western Blot. RESULTS NA treatment significantly downregulated the expression of SM α-actin, β-tubulin and desmin (P<0.05). The serum starvation did not affect the expression of cytoskeletal protein (SM α-actin, β-tubulin and desmin), but when the cells were treated with the combination of NA and serum starvation, the expression of SM α-actin, β-tubulin and desmin were down-regulated than those of the serum starvation group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggested that NA might play a key role in regulating the cytoskeletal protein expression of VSMCs.
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Watanabe T, Sato K, Itoh F, Iso Y. Pathogenic involvement of heregulin-β1 in anti-atherogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 175:11-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Assessing the validity of a novel model of vertebral artery type of cervical syndrome induced by injecting sclerosing agent next to transverse process of cervical vertebra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:85-8. [PMID: 20155461 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of injecting sclerosing agent next to transverse process of cervical vertebra to induce vertebral artery type of cervical syndrome (CSA) was observed. Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the model group and the control group. The rabbits in the model group were injected with sclerosing agent next to transverse process of cervical vertebray, on the contrary, the rabbits in the control group were injected with nothing. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) was used to detect the average speed of blood (Vm), pulsatility index (Pi) and the resistant index (Ri) of the vertebral artery, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the morphological changes, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2). TCD showed increased Pi, Ri and decreased Vm in the model group (P<0.05) compared with the control group. HE staining revealed hyperplasia and hypertrophied smooth muscle cells in the model group (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry displayed up-regulation of alpha-SMA and MMP-2 in the model group (P<0.05). It was concluded that injecting sclerosing agent next to transverse process of cervical vertebra induces remodeling of vertebral artery in rabbits, suggesting it is a practical method to establish CSA animal model.
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