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Borowska D, Rothwell L, Bailey RA, Watson K, Kaiser P. Identification of stable reference genes for quantitative PCR in cells derived from chicken lymphoid organs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 170:20-4. [PMID: 26872627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a powerful technique for quantification of gene expression, especially genes involved in immune responses. Although qPCR is a very efficient and sensitive tool, variations in the enzymatic efficiency, quality of RNA and the presence of inhibitors can lead to errors. Therefore, qPCR needs to be normalised to obtain reliable results and allow comparison. The most common approach is to use reference genes as internal controls in qPCR analyses. In this study, expression of seven genes, including β-actin (ACTB), β-2-microglobulin (B2M), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-glucuronidase (GUSB), TATA box binding protein (TBP), α-tubulin (TUBAT) and 28S ribosomal RNA (r28S), was determined in cells isolated from chicken lymphoid tissues and stimulated with three different mitogens. The stability of the genes was measured using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. The results from both geNorm and NormFinder were that the three most stably expressed genes in this panel were TBP, GAPDH and r28S. BestKeeper did not generate clear answers because of the highly heterogeneous sample set. Based on these data we will include TBP in future qPCR normalisation. The study shows the importance of appropriate reference gene normalisation in other tissues before qPCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Borowska
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - L Rothwell
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - R A Bailey
- Aviagen Ltd., Edinburgh EH28 8SZ, United Kingdom
| | - K Watson
- Aviagen Ltd., Edinburgh EH28 8SZ, United Kingdom
| | - P Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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Oujo B, Muñoz-Félix JM, Arévalo M, Núñez-Gómez E, Pérez-Roque L, Pericacho M, González-Núñez M, Langa C, Martínez-Salgado C, Perez-Barriocanal F, Bernabeu C, Lopez-Novoa JM. L-Endoglin overexpression increases renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110365. [PMID: 25313562 PMCID: PMC4196986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a pivotal role in renal fibrosis. Endoglin, a 180 KDa membrane glycoprotein, is a TGF-β co-receptor overexpressed in several models of chronic kidney disease, but its function in renal fibrosis remains uncertain. Two membrane isoforms generated by alternative splicing have been described, L-Endoglin (long) and S-Endoglin (short) that differ from each other in their cytoplasmic tails, being L-Endoglin the most abundant isoform. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of L-Endoglin overexpression in renal tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. For this purpose, a transgenic mouse which ubiquitously overexpresses human L-Endoglin (L-ENG+) was generated and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was performed in L-ENG+ mice and their wild type (WT) littermates. Obstructed kidneys from L-ENG+ mice showed higher amounts of type I collagen and fibronectin but similar levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) than obstructed kidneys from WT mice. Smad1 and Smad3 phosphorylation were significantly higher in obstructed kidneys from L-ENG+ than in WT mice. Our results suggest that the higher increase of renal fibrosis observed in L-ENG+ mice is not due to a major abundance of myofibroblasts, as similar levels of α-SMA were observed in both L-ENG+ and WT mice, but to the higher collagen and fibronectin synthesis by these fibroblasts. Furthermore, in vivo L-Endoglin overexpression potentiates Smad1 and Smad3 pathways and this effect is associated with higher renal fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Oujo
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M. Muñoz-Félix
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Arévalo
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Núñez-Gómez
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía Pérez-Roque
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María González-Núñez
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Langa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Health Sciences Studies Institute of Castilla y León (IESCYL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fernando Perez-Barriocanal
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Lopez-Novoa
- Renal and Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute Queen Sophie for Renal Research, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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