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Nagapoosanam AL, Ganesan N, Umapathy D, Moorthy RK, Arockiam AJV. Knockdown of human telomerase reverse transcriptase induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cell line. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:345-353. [PMID: 31249199 PMCID: PMC6607821 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1676_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase enzyme that maintains telomere ends by the addition of telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomal DNA, and that may generate immortal cancer cells. Hence, the activity of telomerase is raised in cancer cells including cervical cancer. The present study aimed to validate the unique siRNA loaded chitosan coated poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle targeting hTERT mRNA to knock down the expression of hTERT in HeLa cells. Methods: The siRNA loaded chitosan coated polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were synthesized by double emulsion solvent diffusion method. The characterization of nano-formulation was done to determine efficient siRNA delivery. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to evaluate silencing efficiency of nano-formulation. Results: Size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles were 249.2 nm, 12.4 mV and 80.5 per cent, respectively. Sustained release of siRNA from prepared nanoparticle was studied for 72 h by ultraviolet method. Staining assays were performed to confirm senescence and apoptosis. Silencing of hTERT mRNA and protein expression were analyzed in HeLa cells by RT-PCR and Western blot. Interpretation & conclusions: The findings showed that biodegradable chitosan coated PLGA nanoparticles possessed an ability for efficient and successful siRNA delivery. The siRNA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Further studies need to be done with animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha Lakshmi Nagapoosanam
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Nithya Ganesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Devan Umapathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Rajesh Kannan Moorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Antony Joseph Velanganni Arockiam
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Gatta AK, Hariharapura RC, Udupa N, Reddy MS, Josyula VR. Strategies for improving the specificity of siRNAs for enhanced therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:709-725. [PMID: 29902093 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1480607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference has become a tool of choice in the development of drugs in various therapeutic areas of Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS). The critical element in developing successful RNAi therapeutics lies in designing small interfering RNA (siRNA) using an efficient algorithm satisfying the designing criteria. Further, translation of siRNA from bench-side to bedside needs an efficient delivery system and/or chemical modification. Areas covered: This review emphasizes the importance of dicer, the criteria for efficient siRNA design, the currently available algorithms and strategies to overcome off-target effects, immune stimulatory effects and endosomal trap. Expert opinion: Specificity and stability are the primary concerns for siRNA therapeutics. The design criteria and algorithms should be chosen rationally to have a siRNA sequence that binds to the corresponding mRNA as it happens in the Watson and Crick base pairing. However, it must evade a few more hurdles (Endocytosis, Serum stability etc.) to be functional in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kiran Gatta
- a Cell and Molecular Biology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekhar Hariharapura
- a Cell and Molecular Biology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Nayanabhirama Udupa
- b Research Directorate of Health Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Meka Sreenivasa Reddy
- c Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Venkata Rao Josyula
- a Cell and Molecular Biology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
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Zhang T, Ma J, Li C, Lin K, Lou F, Jiang H, Gao Y, Yang Y, Ming C, Ruan B. Core-shell lipid polymer nanoparticles for combined chemo and gene therapy of childhood head and neck cancers. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1653-1661. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Rajan M, Murugan M, Ponnamma D, Sadasivuni KK, Munusamy MA. Poly-carboxylic acids functionalized chitosan nanocarriers for controlled and targeted anti-cancer drug delivery. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Teo PY, Cheng W, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Co-delivery of drugs and plasmid DNA for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 98:41-63. [PMID: 26529199 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is an extremely complex disease involving multiple signaling pathways that enable tumor cells to evade programmed cell death, thus making cancer treatment extremely challenging. The use of combination therapy involving both gene therapy and chemotherapy has resulted in enhanced anti-cancer effects and has become an increasingly important strategy in medicine. This review will cover important design parameters that are incorporated into delivery systems for the co-administration of drug and plasmid-based nucleic acids (pDNA and shRNA), with particular emphasis on polymers as delivery materials. The unique challenges faced by co-delivery systems and the strategies to overcome such barriers will be discussed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy using separate carrier systems versus the use of a single carrier will be evaluated. Finally, future perspectives in the design of novel platforms for the combined delivery of drugs and genes will be presented.
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Kasinathan N, Amirthalingam M, Reddy ND, Vanthi MB, Volety SM, Rao JV. Polycaprolactone-based in situ implant containing curcumin-PLGA nanoparticles prepared using the multivariate technique. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1520-8. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1058810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Kasinathan
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Neetinkumar D. Reddy
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Meenashi B. Vanthi
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Subrahmanyam M. Volety
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Josyula Venkata Rao
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Lakshmikuttyamma A, Sun Y, Lu B, Undieh AS, Shoyele SA. Stable and efficient transfection of siRNA for mutated KRAS silencing using novel hybrid nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4415-24. [PMID: 25340957 DOI: 10.1021/mp500525p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
siRNA is currently the most widely studied form of RNAi, and it has promising therapeutic potential not just in cancer but also in other diseases such as autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, efficient delivery of siRNA to target cells is being limited by lack of an effective delivery system that ensures efficient transfection into cells while protecting the encapsulated siRNA from nuclease. We hypothesized that a hybrid nanoparticle system composed of human IgG and poloxamer-188, a stealth polymer, will efficiently deliver mutated KRAS siRNA to A549 cells, leading to an efficient knockdown of mutated siRNA while protecting the siRNA from serum nuclease. We also hypothesized that the nanoparticles will not elicit an immunostimulatory effect in murine macrophages and also avoid clearance by macrophages. These nanoparticles were found to efficiently deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm and nuclease of A549 cells in a controlled and sustained manner while avoiding recycling by endosomes. An effective knockdown of mutated KRAS was achieved, which subsequently led to an increased sensitivity to erlotinib. These nanoparticles successfully avoided uptake by murine macrophages and reduced immune responses normally associated with siRNA/nanoparticle therapy. These results demonstrate that the novel hybrid nanoparticles could potentially serve as a platform for efficient delivery of siRNA to cells for stable gene knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lakshmikuttyamma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and ‡Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
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Kasinathan N, Amirthalingam M, Reddy ND, Jagani HV, Volety SM, Rao JV. In-situ implant containing PCL-curcumin nanoparticles developed using design of experiments. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:1017-25. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.927021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neetinkumar D. Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
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Li J, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Oupický D. Recent advances in delivery of drug-nucleic acid combinations for cancer treatment. J Control Release 2013; 172:589-600. [PMID: 23624358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment that uses a combination of approaches with the ability to affect multiple disease pathways has been proven highly effective in the treatment of many cancers. Combination therapy can include multiple chemotherapeutics or combinations of chemotherapeutics with other treatment modalities like surgery or radiation. However, despite the widespread clinical use of combination therapies, relatively little attention has been given to the potential of modern nanocarrier delivery methods, like liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles, to enhance the efficacy of combination treatments. This lack of knowledge is particularly notable in the limited success of vectors for the delivery of combinations of nucleic acids with traditional small molecule drugs. The delivery of drug-nucleic acid combinations is particularly challenging due to differences in the physicochemical properties of the two types of agents. This review discusses recent advances in the development of delivery methods using combinations of small molecule drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics to treat cancer. This review primarily focuses on the rationale used for selecting appropriate drug-nucleic acid combinations as well as progress in the development of nanocarriers suitable for simultaneous delivery of drug-nucleic acid combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA
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Improvement of therapeutic efficacy of PLGA nanoformulation of siRNA targeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 through chitosan coating. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:611-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A nanoformulation of siRNA and its role in cancer therapy: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2012; 18:120-36. [PMID: 23271435 PMCID: PMC6275763 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 is often observed in a wide variety of human cancers. It prevents the induction of apoptosis in neoplastic cells and contributes to resistance to chemotherapy. RNA interference has emerged as an efficient and selective technique for gene silencing. The potential to use small interfering RNA (siRNA) as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer has elicited a great deal of interest. However, insufficient cellular uptake and poor stability have limited its therapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to prepare chitosan nanoparticles via ionic gelation of chitosan by tripolyphosphate for effective delivery of siRNA to silence the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene in neoplastic cells. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with siRNA were in the size range 190 to 340 nm with a polydispersive index ranging from 0.04 to 0.2. They were able to completely bind with siRNA, provide protection against nuclease degradation, and enhance the transfection. Cell culture studies revealed that nanoparticles with entrapped siRNA could efficiently silence the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene. Studies on Swiss albino mice showed that siRNA could be effectively delivered through nanoparticles. There was significant decrease in the tumor volume. Blocking the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 can enhance the sensitivity of cancerous cells to anti-cancer drugs and the apoptosis rate. Therefore, nanoformulations with siRNA can be promoted as an adjuvant therapy in combination with anti-cancer drugs.
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