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Lopes JAG, Borges-Canha M, Pimentel-Nunes P. Innate immunity and hepatocarcinoma: Can toll-like receptors open the door to oncogenesis? World J Hepatol 2016; 8:162-182. [PMID: 26839640 PMCID: PMC4724579 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent cancer worldwide and its inflammatory background was established long ago. Recent studies have shown that innate immunity is closely related to the HCC carcinogenesis. An effective innate immunity response relies on the toll-like receptors (TLR) found in several different liver cells which, through different ligands and many signaling pathways can elicit, not only a pro-inflammatory but also an oncogenic or anti-oncogenic response. Our aim was to study the role of TLRs in the liver oncogenesis and as a consequence their value as potential therapeutic targets. We performed a systematic review of PubMed searching for original articles studying the relationship between HCC and TLRs until March 2015. TLR2 appears to be a fundamental stress-sensor as its absence reveals an augmented tendency to accumulate DNA-damages and to cell survival. However, pathways are still not fully understood as TLR2 up-regulation was also associated to enhanced tumorigenesis. TLR3 has a well-known protective role influencing crucial processes like angiogenesis, cell growth or proliferation. TLR4 works as an interesting epithelial-mesenchymal transition’s inducer and a promoter of cell survival probably inducing HCC carcinogenesis even though an anti-cancer role has already been observed. TLR9’s influence on carcinogenesis is also controversial and despite a potential anti-cancer capacity, a pro-tumorigenic role is more likely. Genetic polymorphisms in some TLRs have been found and its influence on the risk of HCC has been reported. As therapeutic targets, TLRs are already in use and have a great potential. In conclusion, TLRs have been shown to be an interesting influence on the HCC’s microenvironment, with TLR3 clearly determining an anti-tumour influence. TLR4 and TLR9 are considered to have a positive relationship with tumour development even though, in each of them anti-tumorigenic signals have been described. TLR2 presents a more ambiguous role, possibly depending on the stage of the inflammation-HCC axis.
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Lin CJ, Chiu CC, Chen YC, Chen ML, Hsu TC, Tzang BS. Taurine Attenuates Hepatic Inflammation in Chronic Alcohol-Fed Rats Through Inhibition of TLR4/MyD88 Signaling. J Med Food 2015; 18:1291-8. [PMID: 26090712 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that overconsumption of ethanol contributes in many ways to the pathogenesis of hepatic injury. Although studies indicate that taurine decreases lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines, the protective effect of taurine against alcohol-induced liver injury is still unclear. To clarify the precise signaling involved in the beneficial effect of taurine on alcohol-induced liver injury, rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: (1) control (Ctl), (2) alcohol (Alc), (3) Alc+taurine (Tau), and (4) Alc+silymarin (Sil). The Tau and Sil groups had lower lymphocyte infiltration and significantly lower TLR-4/MyD88 and IκB/NFκB compared to the Alc group. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factors (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β were also significantly lower in the Tau and Sil groups than in the Alc group. The experimental results indicated that hepatoprotection against alcohol-induced inflammation may be mediated by decreased TLR-4/MyD88 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jen Lin
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ching Chiu
- 2 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan .,3 Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua, Taiwan .,4 Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- 5 Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Lin Chen
- 6 Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsu
- 2 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan .,7 Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Show Tzang
- 6 Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan .,7 Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan .,8 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
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Neuman MG, French SW, Casey CA, Kharbanda KK, Nanau RM, Rasineni K, McVicker BL, Kong V, Donohue TM. Changes in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver disease — Preclinical studies. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:376-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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