1
|
Wong B, Birtch R, Rezaei R, Jamieson T, Crupi MJF, Diallo JS, Ilkow CS. Optimal delivery of RNA interference by viral vectors for cancer therapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3127-3145. [PMID: 37735876 PMCID: PMC10638062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a surge in the innovative modification and application of the viral vector-based gene therapy field. Significant and consistent improvements in the engineering, delivery, and safety of viral vectors have set the stage for their application as RNA interference (RNAi) delivery tools. Viral vector-based delivery of RNAi has made remarkable breakthroughs in the treatment of several debilitating diseases and disorders (e.g., neurological diseases); however, their novelty has yet to be fully applied and utilized for the treatment of cancer. This review highlights the most promising and emerging viral vector delivery tools for RNAi therapeutics while discussing the variables limiting their success and suitability for cancer therapy. Specifically, we outline different integrating and non-integrating viral platforms used for gene delivery, currently employed RNAi targets for anti-cancer effect, and various strategies used to optimize the safety and efficacy of these RNAi therapeutics. Most importantly, we provide great insight into what challenges exist in their application as cancer therapeutics and how these challenges can be effectively navigated to advance the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Wong
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rayanna Birtch
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Taylor Jamieson
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mathieu J F Crupi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang K, Chen L, Zhang Z, Cao J, He L, Li L. Ubiquitin-like protein FAT10: A potential cardioprotective factor and novel therapeutic target in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:802-811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
3
|
Yi X, Deng X, Zhao Y, Deng B, Deng J, Fan H, Du Y, Hao L. Ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 promotes osteosarcoma growth by modifying the ubiquitination and degradation of YAP1. Exp Cell Res 2019; 387:111804. [PMID: 31877302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common malignancy of the bone tissue. The rapid growth exhibited by this cancer is a primary challenge in its treatment. In many types of cancers, FAT10, a ubiquitin-like protein, is involved in several biological activities, especially cell proliferation. Herein, we demonstrate that FAT10 plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and is overexpressed in tumor tissues compared to its expression in adjacent normal tissues. Functional assays revealed that knockdown of FAT10 expression significantly repressed the proliferation of osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our results indicate that FAT10 exhibits oncogenic functions by regulating the level of YAP1, a key protein of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway, and a significant positive correlation exists between the levels of FAT10 and YAP1. Further analysis showed that FAT10-induced growth of osteosarcoma cells is dependent on YAP1. Mechanistically, FAT10 stabilizes YAP1 expression by regulating its ubiquitination and degradation. Taken together, our results link the two drivers of cell growth in osteosarcoma and reveal a novel pathway for FAT10 regulation. We provide new evidence for the biological and clinical significance of FAT10 as a potential biomarker for osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xueqiang Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanzhi Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Binbin Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianyong Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunyan Du
- Department of Medical, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China.
| | - Liang Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Ding M, Xu K, Mao L, Zheng J. shRNA-armed conditionally replicative adenoviruses: a promising approach for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29824-34. [PMID: 26980708 PMCID: PMC5045436 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been employed to knockdown the expression of cancer-associated genes and shown some promise in cancer therapy. However, synthetic siRNA duplexes or plasmid mediated delivery of siRNAs have several problems, such as short half-life, low transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity associated with transfection. Conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRAds) as the delivery vector for short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) could overcome these limitations and have shown augmented anti-tumor effects in experimental studies and preclinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the development of CRAds-shRNA for cancer treatment. Combination of CRAds-shRNA with chemotherapeutics, radiation, dendritic cells, monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors will be necessary to eradicate cancer cells and cancer stem cells and achieve superior outcomes. The use of CRAd platform for efficient delivery of shRNAs and foreign genes will open a new avenue for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lijun Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xue Y, Li T, Liu S, Zhu YY, Wang G, Fu L, Chen L. Effects of Triple Effective RNA (teRNA) on the Inhibition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. J Cancer 2017; 8:3903-3915. [PMID: 29151979 PMCID: PMC5688945 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complicate process involved in genetic mutation and epigenetic regulation. Successful HCC therapy needs multi-targets be involved. The aim of this study was to provide a triple effective RNA (teRNA) which composed of the specific siRNAs targeting NET-1 and VEGF and dsRNA activating TLR3, and explored its anti-HCC roles and mechanism. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, MTT, Annexin V-FITC flow cytometry, Transwell and in-vitro Angiogenesis assay were used to measure the cell biological functions and protein expression analysis. Furthermore in in-vivo mouse model, teRNA inhibited tumor growth were detected by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay. Results showed that the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HCC cells were inhibited by teRNA effectively, the cell apoptosis also was induced, and further tumor growth was suppressed in-vivo. The gene silencing mechanism of teRNA was in an Ago2-dependent manner with no interferon response. The study suggests that NET-1, VEGF and TLR3 might be better targets for HCC treatment and combined these targets in form of a multi-target small RNA, teRNA could be a stagey for the development of anti-HCC drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Xue
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Biomics Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - York Yuanyuan Zhu
- Small RNA Technology and Application Institute, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Biomics Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Guilan Wang
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Luyu Fu
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Z, Zhu WG, Xu X. Ubiquitin-like modifications in the DNA damage response. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:56-75. [PMID: 28734548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA is damaged at an extremely high frequency by both endogenous and environmental factors. An improper response to DNA damage can lead to genome instability, accelerate the aging process and ultimately cause various human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The mechanisms that underlie the cellular DNA damage response (DDR) are complex and are regulated at many levels, including at the level of post-translational modification (PTM). Since the discovery of ubiquitin in 1975 and ubiquitylation as a form of PTM in the early 1980s, a number of ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) have been identified, including small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs), neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10), ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFRM1), URM1 ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (URM1), autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12), autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8), fan ubiquitin-like protein 1 (FUB1) and histone mono-ubiquitylation 1 (HUB1). All of these modifiers have known roles in the cellular response to various forms of stress, and delineating their underlying molecular mechanisms and functions is fundamental in enhancing our understanding of human disease and longevity. To date, however, the molecular mechanisms and functions of these UBLs in the DDR remain largely unknown. This review summarizes the current status of PTMs by UBLs in the DDR and their implication in cancer diagnosis, therapy and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, Capital Normal University College of Life Sciences, Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xue F, Zhu L, Meng QW, Wang L, Chen XS, Zhao YB, Xing Y, Wang XY, Cai L. FAT10 is associated with the malignancy and drug resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4397-409. [PMID: 27499634 PMCID: PMC4959415 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s98410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has become one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide, and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases. Currently, platinum-based chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin and carboplatin, are the most effective treatment for NSCLC. However, the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy is markedly reduced later in the treatment because drug resistance develops during the treatment. Recently, a series of studies has suggested the involvement of FAT10 in the development and malignancy of multiple cancer types. In this study, we focused our research on the function of FAT10 in NSCLC, which has not been previously reported in the literature. We found that the expression levels of FAT10 were elevated in quick chemoresistance NSCLC tissues, and we demonstrated that FAT10 promotes NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, the protein levels of FAT10 were elevated in cisplatin- and carboplatin-resistant NSCLC cells, and knockdown of FAT10 reduced the drug resistance of NSCLC cells. In addition, we gained evidence that FAT10 regulates NSCLC malignancy and drug resistance by modulating the activity of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xue
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital; Department of Medical Oncology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Liyan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital
| | - Xue-Song Chen
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yan-Bin Zhao
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Ying Xing
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 in cancer development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:451-461. [PMID: 27393295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last years it has emerged that the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is directly involved in cancer development. FAT10 expression is highly up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in all cell types and tissues and it was also found to be up-regulated in many cancer types such as glioma, colorectal, liver or gastric cancer. While pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment probably contribute to FAT10 overexpression, an increasing body of evidence argues that pro-malignant capacities of FAT10 itself largely underlie its broad and intense overexpression in tumor tissues. FAT10 thereby regulates pathways involved in cancer development such as the NF-κB- or Wnt-signaling. Moreover, FAT10 directly interacts with and influences downstream targets such as MAD2, p53 or β-catenin, leading to enhanced survival, proliferation, invasion and metastasis formation of cancer cells but also of non-malignant cells. In this review we will provide an overview of the regulation of FAT10 expression as well as its function in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen YJ, Wu H, Shen XZ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and its potential application in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 379:245-52. [PMID: 26193663 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a complicated tightly controlled system in charge of degrading 80-90% of proteins, and is central to regulating cellular function and keeping protein homeostasis. Therefore, the components of UPS attract considerable attention as potential targets for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. The clinical success of bortezomib in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma patients has set the precedent for therapeutically targeting this pathway. This review will provide an overview of the UPS in HCC and the current status of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi-Zhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peng G, Dan W, Jun W, Junjun Y, Tong R, Baoli Z, Yang X. Transcriptome profiling of the cancer and adjacent nontumor tissues from cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients by RNA sequencing. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3309-17. [PMID: 25586346 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the world. The discovery of vital diagnostic and therapeutic markers against cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) would broaden our understanding on the molecular basis of CSCC. In this study, we thoroughly analyzed the transcriptome of CSCC and matched adjacent nontumor (ATN) tissue. RNA sequencing was performed to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of three pairs of CSCC and ATN tissues. Functional enrichment analysis was used to uncover the biological functions of DEGs. Protein interaction network was carried out to reveal interaction of DEGs. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to validate the expression of DEGs. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the relationship between clinicopathological parameters of CSCC and DEGs. There were a total of 347 significantly common DEGs in the three paired examples, including 104 consistent upregulated and 148 consistent downregulated DEGs. The 347 DEGs were categorized into 73 functional categories by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis suggested six significantly signal pathways. The protein interaction network uncovered three important DEGs, including retinol dehydrogenase 12 (RDH12), ubiquitin D (UBD), and serum amyloid A1 (SAA1). We found that RDH12 expression was decreased in 74.5 % of CSCC tissues. RDH12 expression was negatively associated with tumor size and depth of cervical invasion. The UBD was overexpressed in 61.7 % of CSCC tissues and was positively related with tumor size and lymphatic metastasis. The SAA1 protein was overexpressed in 57.4 % of CSCC tissues and was positively related with clinicopathological parameters of tumor size, lymphatic metastasis, and depth of cervical invasion. The RDH12, UBD, and SAA1 genes might participate in the progression of CSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Wang Fu Jing Street, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu H, Li J, Tillman B, French BA, French SW. Ufmylation and FATylation pathways are downregulated in human alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and mice fed DDC, where Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) form. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:81-8. [PMID: 24893112 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the mechanisms involved in the formation of Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) in mice fed DDC. To further provide clinical evidence as to how ubiquitin-like protein (Ubls) modification, gene transcript expression in Ufmylation and FATylation were investigated in human archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver biopsies and frozen liver sections from DDC re-fed mice were used. Real-time PCR analysis showed that all Ufmylation molecules (Ufm1, Uba5, Ufc1, Ufl1 and UfSPs) were significantly downregulated, both in DDC re-fed mice livers and patients' livers where MDBs had formed, indicating that gene transcript changes were limited to MDB-forming livers where the protein quality control system was downregulated. FAT10 and subunits of the immunoproteasome (LMP2 and LMP7) were both upregulated as previously shown. An approximate 176- and 5-fold upregulation (respectively) of FAT10 was observed in the DDC re-fed mice liver and in the livers of human alcoholic hepatitis with MDBs present, implying that there was an important role played by this gene. The FAT10-specific E1 and E2 enzymes Uba6 and USE1, however, were found to be downregulated both in patients' livers and in the liver of DDC re-fed mice. Interestedly, the downregulation of mRNA levels was proportionate to MDB abundance in the liver tissues. Our results show the first systematic demonstration of transcript regulation of Ufmylation and FATylation in the liver of patients who form MDBs, where protein quality control is downregulated. This was also shown in the livers of DDC re-fed mice where MDBs had formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - B Tillman
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - B A French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - S W French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
| |
Collapse
|