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Zhong G, Fang Z, Sun T, Ying M, Wang A, Chen Y, Wang H, Ma C, Wang C, Ge R, Liu G, Guo Y. Ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 promotes dendritic spine and synapse formation by activating the ERK/PEA3/c-Jun pathway in rat cerebral cortical neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167319. [PMID: 38909848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for normal brain development, axon growth, synaptic growth and plasticity. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 plays a key role in the onset and development of neurological diseases, including the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms controlling the homeostasis of neuronal synaptic proteins are still poorly understood. Here, we showed that the expression level of RFWD2 gradually decreased with the age of the rats and was negatively correlated with the development of cerebral cortical neurons and dendrites in vivo. RFWD2 was shown to localize to presynaptic terminals and some postsynaptic sides of both excitatory synapses and inhibitory synapses via colocalization with neuronal synaptic proteins (SYN, PSD95, Vglut1 and GAD67). Overexpression of RFWD2 promoted dendrite development and dendritic spine formation and markedly decreased the expression of synaptophysin and PSD95 by reducing the expression of ETV1, ETV4, ETV5 and c-JUN in vitro. Furthermore, the whole-cell membrane slice clamp results showed that RFWD2 overexpression resulted in greater membrane capacitance in neuronal cells, inadequate cell repolarization, and a longer time course for neurons to emit action potentials with decreased excitability. RFWD2 regulates dendritic development and plasticity, dendritic spine formation and synaptic function in rat cerebral cortex neurons by activating the ERK/PEA3/c-Jun pathway via a posttranslational regulatory mechanism and can be used as an efficient treatment target for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshang Zhong
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Zhuling Fang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Mengjiao Ying
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Ao Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Caiyun Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Chunjing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
| | - Rongjing Ge
- School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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Carrillo B, Fernandez-Garcia JM, García-Úbeda R, Grassi D, Primo U, Blanco N, Ballesta A, Arevalo MA, Collado P, Pinos H. Neonatal inhibition of androgen activity alters the programming of body weight and orexinergic peptides differentially in male and female rats. Brain Res Bull 2024; 208:110898. [PMID: 38360152 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The involvement of androgens in the regulation of energy metabolism has been demonstrated. The main objective of the present research was to study the involvement of androgens in both the programming of energy metabolism and the regulatory peptides associated with feeding. For this purpose, androgen receptors and the main metabolic pathways of testosterone were inhibited during the first five days of postnatal life in male and female Wistar rats. Pups received a daily s.c. injection from the day of birth, postnatal day (P) 1, to P5 of Flutamide (a competitive inhibitor of androgen receptors), Letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor), Finasteride (a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor) or vehicle. Body weight, food intake and fat pads were measured. Moreover, hypothalamic Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The inhibition of androgenic activity during the first five days of life produced a significant decrease in body weight in females at P90 but did not affect this parameter in males. Moreover, the inhibition of aromatase decreased hypothalamic AgRP mRNA levels in males while the inhibition of 5α-reductase decreased hypothalamic AgRP and orexin mRNA levels in female rats. Finally, food intake and visceral fat, but not subcutaneous fat, were affected in both males and females depending on which testosterone metabolic pathway was inhibited. Our results highlight the differential involvement of androgens in the programming of energy metabolism as well as the AgRP and orexin systems during development in male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Carrillo
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Fernandez-Garcia
- University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Villanueva Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Úbeda
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Grassi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulises Primo
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Blanco
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ballesta
- Department of Psychobiology, Centro de Enseñanza Superior Cardenal Cisneros, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Arevalo
- Neuroactive Steroids Lab, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Collado
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Pinos
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.
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Fernandez-Garcia JM, Carrillo B, Tezanos P, Pinos H, Collado P. Genistein early in life Modifies the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus morphology differentially in male and female rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111933. [PMID: 37080379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we analyzed the effects of postnatal exposure to two doses of genistein (10 μg/g or 50 μg/g) from postnatal (P) day 6 to P13, on the morphology of the arcuate nucleus (Arc). The analyses of Arc coronal brain sections at 90 days showed that the ArcMP had higher values in volume, Nissl-stained neurons and GPER-ir neurons in males than in females and the treatment with genistein abolished these sex differences in most of the parameters studied. Moreover, in males, but not in females, the GPER-ir neurons decreased in the ArcMP but increased in the ArcL with both doses of genistein. In the ArcLP, GPER-ir population increased with the lowest doses and decreased with the highest one in males. Our results confirm that the Arc subdivisions have differential vulnerability to the effects of genistein during development, depending on which neuromorphological parameters, dose and sex are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Fernandez-Garcia
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Carrillo
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Tezanos
- Departamento de Neurociencia Traslacional, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, 28002, Spain
| | - Helena Pinos
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Collado
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
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Blanco N, Fernández-García JM, Carrillo B, Ballesta A, García-Úbeda R, Collado P, Pinos H. Prenatal Low-Protein and Low-Calorie Diets Differentially Alter Arcuate Nucleus Morphology in Newborn Male Rats. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:896732. [PMID: 35783578 PMCID: PMC9243364 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.896732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMalnutrition during the early stages of development produces alterations that can compromise the functioning of the hypothalamic circuits that regulate food intake. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects that a low-protein and low-calorie diet has on the morphology of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus in newborn male and female rats.MethodsOn gestational day 6 (G6), six pregnant rats were divided into two groups. One group was made up of three pregnant rats, which were fed ad libitum with a control diet (20% casein), and the other one was made up of three pregnant rats, which were fed ad libitum with a low-protein diet (8% casein) and 30% of a calorie-restricted diet. On the day of birth, pups were sacrificed, resulting in four experimental groups: control male, control female, low-protein and low-calorie diet male, and low-protein and low-calorie diet female (n = 5 in each group). The volume and number of neurons, together with the neuronal density and number of apoptotic cells, were measured.ResultsMales on a low-protein and low-calorie diet showed a significant increase in the number of neurons and in the neuronal density of the ARC with regard to the rest of the groups studied. These increases were also reflected in the posterior part of the nucleus. Although the existence of sexual dimorphism was not detected in any of the parameters studied in the control groups, the number of neurons and neuronal density showed differences between males and females fed with a low-protein and low-calorie diets due to the increase in the number of neurons shown by the male. No significant differences were found in the number of apoptotic cells.ConclusionOur results show that a low-protein and low-calorie diet during the prenatal stage produces alterations in the ARC of the hypothalamus in newborn animals and, more importantly, that the effects of malnutrition are evident in males but not in females. Therefore, it is essential to follow a balanced diet during the early stages of life to ensure optimal development of the neural circuits that regulate eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Blanco
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
- University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Fernández-García
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
- University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Villanueva Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Carrillo
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
- University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ballesta
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Úbeda
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Collado
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
- University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Pinos
- Department of Psychobiology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
- University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Helena Pinos,
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Pinos H, Carrillo B, Merchán A, Biosca-Brull J, Pérez-Fernández C, Colomina MT, Sánchez-Santed F, Martín-Sánchez F, Collado P, Arias JL, Conejo NM. Relationship between Prenatal or Postnatal Exposure to Pesticides and Obesity: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137170. [PMID: 34281107 PMCID: PMC8295932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults and children has dramatically increased. The conventional model regarding the onset of obesity is based on an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. However, other possible environmental factors involved, such as the exposure to chemicals like pesticides, cannot be discarded. These compounds could act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) that may interfere with hormone activity related to several mechanisms involved in body weight control. The main objective of this study was to systematically review the data provided in the scientific literature for a possible association between prenatal and postnatal exposure to pesticides and obesity in offspring. A total of 25 human and 9 animal studies were analyzed. The prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal exposure to organophosphate, organochlorine, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, and carbamate, as well as a combined pesticide exposure was reviewed. This systematic review reveals that the effects of pesticide exposure on body weight are mostly inconclusive, finding conflicting results in both humans and experimental animals. The outcomes reviewed are dependent on many factors, including dosage and route of administration, species, sex, and treatment duration. More research is needed to effectively evaluate the impact of the combined effects of different pesticides on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pinos
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Joint Research Institute-UNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (N.M.C.)
| | - Beatriz Carrillo
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Joint Research Institute-UNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Merchán
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (A.M.); (C.P.-F.); (F.S.-S.)
| | - Judit Biosca-Brull
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.B.-B.); (M.T.C.)
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristian Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (A.M.); (C.P.-F.); (F.S.-S.)
| | - María Teresa Colomina
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.B.-B.); (M.T.C.)
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (A.M.); (C.P.-F.); (F.S.-S.)
| | - Fernando Martín-Sánchez
- Joint Research Institute-UNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, University Institute of Research-UNED-Institute of Health Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Collado
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Joint Research Institute-UNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMIENS), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge L. Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nélida M. Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (N.M.C.)
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Fernandez-Garcia JM, Carrillo B, Tezanos P, Collado P, Pinos H. Genistein during Development Alters Differentially the Expression of POMC in Male and Female Rats. Metabolites 2021; 11:293. [PMID: 34063209 PMCID: PMC8147459 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are considered beneficial for health, but some studies have shown that they may cause adverse effects. This study investigated the effects of genistein administration during the second week of life on energy metabolism and on the circuits regulating food intake. Two different genistein doses, 10 or 50 µg/g, were administered to male and female rats from postnatal day (P) 6 to P13. Physiological parameters, such as body weight and caloric intake, were then analyzed at P90. Moreover, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and orexin expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), perifornical area (PF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) were studied. Our results showed a delay in the emergence of sex differences in the body weight in the groups with higher genistein doses. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the number of POMC-immunoreactive (POMC-ir) cells in the Arc in the two groups of females treated with genistein was observed. In contrast, no alteration in orexin expression was detected in any of the structures analyzed in either males or females. In conclusion, genistein can modulate estradiol's programming actions on the hypothalamic feeding circuits differentially in male and female rats during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Fernandez-Garcia
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.F.-G.); (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Carrillo
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.F.-G.); (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Tezanos
- Departamento de Neurociencia Traslacional, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paloma Collado
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.F.-G.); (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Pinos
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.F.-G.); (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Preidis GA, Soni KG, Suh JH, Halder T, Kim KH, Choi JM, Li F, Devaraj S, Conner ME, Coarfa C, Jung SY, Moore DD. Coagulopathy in Malnourished Mice Is Sexually Dimorphic and Regulated by Nutrient-Sensing Nuclear Receptors. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1835-1850. [PMID: 33305154 PMCID: PMC7706303 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver dysfunction, including coagulopathy, is a prominent feature of protein-energy malnutrition. To identify mechanisms underlying malnutrition-associated coagulopathy, we administered a low-protein low-fat diet to lactating dams and examined hepatic transcription and plasma coagulation parameters in young adult weanlings. Malnutrition impacted body composition to a greater extent in male versus female mice. Transcriptional profiles suggested opposing effects of nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors, namely induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) targets and repression of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) targets. Coagulopathy with decreased synthesis of fibrinogen-α (FGA) and factor 11 (F11) was observed in malnourished male animals but not female animals. In primary mouse hepatocytes, FXR agonist increased and PPARα agonist decreased Fga and F11 messenger RNA expression. Nuclear receptor DNA response elements were identified in the Fga and F11 gene regulatory regions, and opposing effects of FXR and PPARα were confirmed with luciferase assays. Unexpectedly, hepatic PPARα protein was markedly depleted in malnourished male liver and was not enriched on Fga or F11 response elements. Rather, there was loss of FXR binding at these response elements. Reduced PPARα protein was associated with loss of hepatocyte peroxisomes, which are necessary for bile acid biosynthesis, and with decreased concentrations of bile acids that function as FXR ligands, most notably the FXR agonist chenodeoxycholic acid. Conclusion: Malnutrition impairs growth and liver synthetic function more severely in male mice than in female mice. Malnourished male mice are coagulopathic and exhibit decreased hepatocyte peroxisomes, FXR agonist bile acids, FXR binding on Fga and F11 gene regulatory elements, and coagulation factor synthesis. These effects are absent in female mice, which have low baseline levels of PPARα, suggesting that nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors regulate coagulation factor synthesis in response to host nutritional status in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionDepartment of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Krishnakant G. Soni
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionDepartment of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ji Ho Suh
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionDepartment of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Tripti Halder
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionDepartment of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Advanced Technology CoreMass Spectrometry Proteomics CoreBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Margaret E. Conner
- Department of Molecular Virology and MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Advanced Technology CoreMass Spectrometry Proteomics CoreBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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Guerra-Cantera S, Frago LM, Jiménez-Hernaiz M, Ros P, Freire-Regatillo A, Barrios V, Argente J, Chowen JA. Impact of Long-Term HFD Intake on the Peripheral and Central IGF System in Male and Female Mice. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110462. [PMID: 33202914 PMCID: PMC7698111 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is responsible for growth, but also affects metabolism and brain function throughout life. New IGF family members (i.e., pappalysins and stanniocalcins) control the availability/activity of IGFs and are implicated in growth. However, how diet and obesity modify this system has been poorly studied. We explored how intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) or commercial control diet (CCD) affects the IGF system in the circulation, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hypothalamus. Male and female C57/BL6J mice received HFD (60% fat, 5.1 kcal/g), CCD (10% fat, 3.7 kcal/g) or chow (3.1 % fat, 3.4 kcal/g) for 8 weeks. After 7 weeks of HFD intake, males had decreased glucose tolerance (p < 0.01) and at sacrifice increased plasma insulin (p < 0.05) and leptin (p < 0.01). Circulating free IGF1 (p < 0.001), total IGF1 (p < 0.001), IGF2 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP3 (p < 0.01) were higher after HFD in both sexes, with CCD increasing IGFBP2 in males (p < 0.001). In VAT, HFD reduced mRNA levels of IGF2 (p < 0.05), PAPP-A (p < 0.001) and stanniocalcin (STC)-1 (p < 0.001) in males. HFD increased hypothalamic IGF1 (p < 0.01), IGF2 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP5 (p < 0.01) mRNA levels, with these changes more apparent in females. Our results show that diet-induced changes in the IGF system are tissue-, sex- and diet-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jiménez-Hernaiz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Ros
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, E-28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (J.A.C.)
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9
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Accioly NE, Guedes RCA. Topical cortical application of ovarian hormones and modulation of brain electrical activity: analysis of spreading depression in well-nourished and malnourished female rats. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 23:887-895. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1575574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Ros P, Díaz F, Freire-Regatillo A, Argente-Arizón P, Barrios V, Argente J, Chowen JA. Sex Differences in Long-term Metabolic Effects of Maternal Resveratrol Intake in Adult Rat Offspring. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5851847. [PMID: 32502250 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition can affect the susceptibility of the offspring to metabolic disease later in life, suggesting that this period is a window of opportunity for intervention to reduce the risk of metabolic disease. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, has a wide range of beneficial properties including anti-obesogenic, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-diabetic effects. We previously reported that maternal resveratrol intake during pregnancy and lactation has early metabolic effects in the offspring with these effects at weaning depending on the type of diet ingested by the mother and the offspring's sex. Here we analyzed whether these metabolic changes are maintained in the adult offspring and if they remain sex and maternal diet dependent. Wistar rats received a low-fat diet (LFD; 10.2% Kcal from fat) or high fat diet (HFD; 61.6% Kcal from fat) during pregnancy and lactation. Half of each group received resveratrol in their drinking water (50 mg/L). Offspring were weaned onto standard chow on postnatal day 21. Maternal resveratrol reduced serum cholesterol levels in all adult offspring from HFD mothers and increased it in adult female offspring from LFD mothers. Resveratrol increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in LFD offspring in both sexes but decreased it in male HFD offspring. Resveratrol shifted the distribution of VAT adipocyte size to a significantly higher incidence of large adipocytes, regardless of sex or maternal diet. These results clearly demonstrate that maternal resveratrol intake has long-lasting effects on metabolic health of offspring in a sex specific manner with these effects being highly dependent on the maternal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Ros
- Hospital Universitario Puerto de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados Food Institute (IMDEA), Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados Food Institute (IMDEA), Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Carrillo B, Collado P, Díaz F, Chowen JA, Grassi D, Pinos H. Blocking of Estradiol Receptors ERα, ERβ and GPER During Development, Differentially Alters Energy Metabolism in Male and Female Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 426:59-68. [PMID: 31805254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol not only participates in the regulation of energy metabolism in adulthood, but also during the first stages of life as it modulates the alterations induced by under- and over-nutrition. The objectives of the present study were to determine: 1) If estradiol is involved in the normal programming of energy metabolism in rats; 2) If there is a specific window of time for this programming and 3) If males and females are differentially vulnerable to the action of this hormone. Estrogen receptors (ER) α, ERβ and GPER were blocked by their specific antagonists MPP, PHTPP and G15, respectively, from postnatal day (P) 1 (the day of birth) to P5 or from P5 to P13. Physiological parameters such as body weight, fat depots and caloric intake were then analysed at P90. Hypothalamic AgRP, POMC, MC4R, ERα, ERβ and GPER mRNA levels and plasma levels of estradiol, were also studied. We found that blocking ER receptors from P5 to P13 significantly decreases long-term body weight in males and hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels in females. The blocking of ERs from P1 to P5 only affected plasma estradiol levels in females. The present results indicate programming actions of estradiol from P5 to P13 on body weight in male and POMC expression in female rats and emphasize the importance of including both sexes in metabolic studies. It is necessary to unravel the mechanisms that underlie the actions of estradiol on food intake, both during development and in adulthood, and to determine how this programming differentially takes place in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Carrillo
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal n° 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS).
| | - Paloma Collado
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal n° 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS).
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo, N° 65 28009 Madrid, Spain, Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC.
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo, N° 65 28009 Madrid, Spain, Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC.
| | - Daniela Grassi
- Department of Preclinical odontology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Health Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Helena Pinos
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal n° 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS).
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12
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Abruzzese GA, Crisosto N, De Grava Kempinas W, Sotomayor-Zárate R. Developmental programming of the female neuroendocrine system by steroids. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12632. [PMID: 29968423 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental programming refers to processes that occur during early life that may have long-term consequences, modulating adult health and disease. Complex diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease, have a high prevalence in different populations, are multifactorial, and may have a strong environmental component. The environment interacts with organisms, affecting their behaviour, morphology and physiology. This interaction may induce permanent or long-term changes, and organisms may be more susceptible to environmental factors during certain developmental stages, such as the prenatal and early postnatal periods. Several factors have been identified as responsible for inducing the reprogramming of various reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. Among them, both natural and synthetic steroids, such as endocrine disruptors, are known to have either detrimental or positive effects on organisms depending on the dose of exposure, stage of development and biological sexual background. The present review focuses on the action of steroids and endocrine disruptors as agents involved in developmental programming and on their modulation and effects on female neuroendocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Adriana Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Endocrinology Unit, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wilma De Grava Kempinas
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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13
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Prevot V, Dehouck B, Sharif A, Ciofi P, Giacobini P, Clasadonte J. The Versatile Tanycyte: A Hypothalamic Integrator of Reproduction and Energy Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:333-368. [PMID: 29351662 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fertility and survival of an individual rely on the ability of the periphery to promptly, effectively, and reproducibly communicate with brain neural networks that control reproduction, food intake, and energy homeostasis. Tanycytes, a specialized glial cell type lining the wall of the third ventricle in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, appear to act as the linchpin of these processes by dynamically controlling the secretion of neuropeptides into the portal vasculature by hypothalamic neurons and regulating blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid exchanges, both processes that depend on the ability of these cells to adapt their morphology to the physiological state of the individual. In addition to their barrier properties, tanycytes possess the ability to sense blood glucose levels, and play a fundamental and active role in shuttling circulating metabolic signals to hypothalamic neurons that control food intake. Moreover, accumulating data suggest that, in keeping with their putative descent from radial glial cells, tanycytes are endowed with neural stem cell properties and may respond to dietary or reproductive cues by modulating hypothalamic neurogenesis. Tanycytes could thus constitute the missing link in the loop connecting behavior, hormonal changes, signal transduction, central neuronal activation and, finally, behavior again. In this article, we will examine these recent advances in the understanding of tanycytic plasticity and function in the hypothalamus and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We will also discuss the putative involvement and therapeutic potential of hypothalamic tanycytes in metabolic and fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Dehouck
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Jerome Clasadonte
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
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