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Rozenblut-Kościsty B, Ogielska M, Hahn J, Kleemann D, Kossakowski R, Tamschick S, Schöning V, Krüger A, Lutz I, Lymberakis P, Kloas W, Stöck M. Impacts of the synthetic androgen Trenbolone on gonad differentiation and development - comparisons between three deeply diverged anuran families. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9623. [PMID: 31270347 PMCID: PMC6610071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a recently developed approach for testing endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) in amphibians, comprising synchronized tadpole exposure plus genetic and histological sexing of metamorphs in a flow-through-system, we tested the effects of 17β-Trenbolone (Tb), a widely used growth promoter in cattle farming, in three deeply diverged anuran families: the amphibian model species Xenopus laevis (Pipidae) and the non-models Bufo(tes) viridis (Bufonidae) and Hyla arborea (Hylidae). Trenbolone was applied in three environmentally and/or physiologically relevant concentrations (0.027 µg/L (10-10 M), 0.27 µg/L (10-9 M), 2.7 µg/L (10-8 M)). In none of the species, Tb caused sex reversals or masculinization of gonads but had negative species-specific impacts on gonad morphology and differentiation after the completion of metamorphosis, independently of genetic sex. In H. arborea and B. viridis, mounting Tb-concentration correlated positively with anatomical abnormalities at 27 µg/L (10-9 M) and 2.7 µg/L (10-8 M), occurring in X. laevis only at the highest Tb concentration. Despite anatomical aberrations, histologically all gonadal tissues differentiated seemingly normally when examined at the histological level but at various rates. Tb-concentration caused various species-specific mortalities (low in Xenopus, uncertain in Bufo). Our data suggest that deep phylogenetic divergence modifies EDC-vulnerability, as previously demonstrated for Bisphenol A (BPA) and Ethinylestradiol (EE2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Rozenblut-Kościsty
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Wroclaw University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Ogielska
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Wroclaw University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Juliane Hahn
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Kleemann
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronja Kossakowski
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Tamschick
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Schöning
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Krüger
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilka Lutz
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petros Lymberakis
- Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Knossou Ave., 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Werner Kloas
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany.
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Sexual dimorphism in brain transcriptomes of Amami spiny rats (Tokudaia osimensis): a rodent species where males lack the Y chromosome. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:87. [PMID: 30683046 PMCID: PMC6347839 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain sexual differentiation is sculpted by precise coordination of steroid hormones during development. Programming of several brain regions in males depends upon aromatase conversion of testosterone to estrogen. However, it is not clear the direct contribution that Y chromosome associated genes, especially sex-determining region Y (Sry), might exert on brain sexual differentiation in therian mammals. Two species of spiny rats: Amami spiny rat (Tokudaia osimensis) and Tokunoshima spiny rat (T. tokunoshimensis) lack a Y chromosome/Sry, and these individuals possess an XO chromosome system in both sexes. Both Tokudaia species are highly endangered. To assess the neural transcriptome profile in male and female Amami spiny rats, RNA was isolated from brain samples of adult male and female spiny rats that had died accidentally and used for RNAseq analyses. Results RNAseq analyses confirmed that several genes and individual transcripts were differentially expressed between males and females. In males, seminal vesicle secretory protein 5 (Svs5) and cytochrome P450 1B1 (Cyp1b1) genes were significantly elevated compared to females, whereas serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3 N (Serpina3n) was upregulated in females. Many individual transcripts elevated in males included those encoding for zinc finger proteins, e.g. zinc finger protein X-linked (Zfx). Conclusions This method successfully identified several genes and transcripts that showed expression differences in the brain of adult male and female Amami spiny rat. The functional significance of these findings, especially differential expression of transcripts encoding zinc finger proteins, in this unusual rodent species remains to be determined. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5426-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Oike A, Watanabe K, Min MS, Tojo K, Kumagai M, Kimoto Y, Yamashiro T, Matsuo T, Kodama M, Nakamura Y, Notsu M, Tochimoto T, Fujita H, Ota M, Ito E, Yasumasu S, Nakamura M. Origin of sex chromosomes in six groups of Rana rugosa frogs inferred from a sex-linked DNA marker. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:444-452. [PMID: 29356406 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Each vertebrate species, as a general rule, has either the XX/XY or ZZ/ZW chromosomes by which sex is determined. However, the Japanese Rana (R.) rugosa frog is an exception, possessing both sex-determining combinations within one species, varying with region of origin. We collected R. rugosa frogs from 104 sites around Japan and South Korea and determined the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene. Based on the sequences, R. rugosa frogs were divided into four groups from Japan and one from South Korea. The ZZ/ZW type is reportedly derived from the XX/XY type, although recently a new ZZ/ZW type of R. rugosa was reported. However, it still remains unclear from where the sex chromosomes in the five groups of this species were derived. In this study, we successfully isolated a sex-linked DNA maker and used it to classify R. rugosa frogs into several groupings. From the DNA marker as well as from nucleotide analysis of the promoter region of the androgen receptor (AR) gene, we identified another female heterogametic group, designated, West-Central. The sex chromosomes in the West-Central originated from the West and Central groups. The results indicate that a sex-linked DNA marker is a verifiable tool to determine the origin of the sex chromosomes in R. rugosa frogs in which the sex-determining system has changed, during two independent events, from the male to female heterogamety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oike
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Watanabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mi-Sook Min
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Koji Tojo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Yuya Kimoto
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hassaka, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Minami-josanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuo
- Department of Preschool Education, Nagasaki Women's Junior College, Yayoi-cho, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Maho Kodama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoriko Nakamura
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- Museum of Rivers, Kozono, Yorii-machi, Osato-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Maki Ota
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yasumasu
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahisa Nakamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Shi H, Gao T, Liu Z, Sun L, Jiang X, Chen L, Wang D. Blockage of androgen and administration of estrogen induce transdifferentiation of testis into ovary. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:65-80. [PMID: 28148717 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of sex reversal of XY fish has been restricted to the sex undifferentiated period. In the present study, differentiated XY tilapia were treated with trilostane (TR), metopirone (MN) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) (inhibitor of 3β-HSD, Cyp11b2 and 11β-HSD, respectively) alone or in combination with 17β-estradiol (E2) from 30 to 90 dah (days after hatching). At 180 dah, E2 alone resulted in 8.3%, and TR, MN and GA alone resulted in no secondary sex reversal (SSR), whereas TR + E2, MN + E2 and GA + E2 resulted in 88.3, 60.0 and 46.7% of SSR, respectively. This sex reversal could be rescued by simultaneous administration of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). Compared with the control XY fish, decreased serum 11-KT and increased E2 level were detected in SSR fish. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that Cyp19a1a, Cyp11b2 and Dmrt1 were expressed in the gonads of GA + E2, MN + E2 and TR + E2 SSR XY fish at 90 dah, but only Cyp19a1a was expressed at 180 dah. When the treatment was applied from 60 to 120 dah, TR + E2 resulted in 3.3% of SSR, MN + E2 and GA + E2 resulted in no SSR. These results demonstrated that once 11-KT was synthesized, it could antagonize E2-induced male-to-female SSR, which could be abolished by simultaneous treatment with the inhibitor of steroidogenic enzymes. The upper the enzyme was located in the steroidogenic pathway, the higher SSR rate was achieved when it was inhibited as some of the precursors, such as androstenedione, testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone, could act as androgens. These results highlight the key role of androgen in male sex maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Xu W, Li YY, Lou QQ, Chen XR, Qin ZF, Wie WJ. Low concentrations of dihydrotestosterone induce female-to-male sex reversal in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2370-2377. [PMID: 26226837 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that some amphibian species can be sex-reversed by high concentrations of androgens. Little attention has focused on the effects of androgenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on amphibians. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of lower concentrations of the androgenic EDC 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on gonadal differentiation and development in Pelophylax nigromaculatus, a true frog distributed widely in East Asia. Tadpoles at Gosner stage 24/25 were exposed to nominal concentrations of 40 ng/L, 400 ng/L, and 4000 ng/L DHT to complete metamorphosis. In all DHT treatment groups, males and ambiguous sexes were identified based on gonadal morphology, whereas no females were found; thus, all treatment groups exhibited male-skewed ratios compared with the control group. Gonadal histological examination revealed that ambiguous sexes displayed overall testicular structure with certain ovarian characteristics, demonstrating that DHT-induced sex-ambiguous gonads were incomplete ovary-to-testis reversals (IOTTRs). The expression levels of some ovary-biased genes in the IOTTRs were significantly higher than in the control testes but lower than in the control ovaries. These results show that low concentrations of DHT induced complete or incomplete female-to-male sex reversal in P. nigromaculatus, and incomplete sex reversal retained certain ovarian characteristics not only at gonadal morphological and histological levels but also at the molecular level. They present study highlights potential risks of DHT and other androgenic EDCs for P. nigromaculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- College of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Qin Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wu-Ji Wie
- College of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
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Li YY, Xu W, Chen XR, Lou QQ, Wei WJ, Qin ZF. Low concentrations of 17β-trenbolone induce female-to-male reversal and mortality in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 158:230-237. [PMID: 25484320 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trenbolone, as a growth promoter in animal agriculture, has become an environmental androgen in surface water. Here, we aimed to reveal the effects of 17β-trenbolone on survival, growth, and gonadal differentiation in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus, which is widespread in East Asia and undergoing population decline. P. nigromaculatus tadpoles were exposed to 17β-trenbolone (0.1, 1, 10 μg/L) from Gosner stage 24/25 to complete metamorphosis. We found that 17β-trenbolone resulted in significantly high mortality in a concentration-dependent manner, with a decrease in body weight in the high concentration group compared with the solvent control. Based on gross gonadal morphology, no females were observed, instead of about 15% ambiguous sexes and 85% males, in all 17β-trenbolone treatment groups. Like normal testes, the gonads with sex-ambiguous morphology exhibited testicular histology, showing that the sex-ambiguous gonads were incomplete ovary-to-testis reversals (IOTTRs) with certain ovarian morphological features. In the IOTTRs, the transcriptional levels of ovary-biased genes decreased drastically relative to normal ovaries, and even declined to the levels in normal testes. These observations confirmed that all test concentrations of 17β-trenbolone resulted in 100% sex reversal, although some sex-reversed testes retained some ovarian characteristics at the morphological level. To our knowledge, this is the first report strongly demonstrating that trenbolone can cause female-to-male reversal in amphibians. Given that the lowest concentration tested is environmentally relevant, our study highlights the risks of trenbolone and other environmental androgens for P. nigromaculatus and other amphibians, in particular the species with high sensitivity of gonadal differentiation to androgenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qin-Qin Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wu-Ji Wei
- College of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Aromatase, estrogen receptors and brain development in fish and amphibians. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:152-62. [PMID: 25038582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens affect brain development of vertebrates, not only by impacting activity and morphology of existing circuits, but also by modulating embryonic and adult neurogenesis. The issue is complex as estrogens can not only originate from peripheral tissues, but also be locally produced within the brain itself due to local aromatization of androgens. In this respect, teleost fishes are quite unique because aromatase is expressed exclusively in radial glial cells, which represent pluripotent cells in the brain of all vertebrates. Expression of aromatase in the brain of fish is also strongly stimulated by estrogens and some androgens. This creates a very intriguing positive auto-regulatory loop leading to dramatic aromatase expression in sexually mature fish with elevated levels of circulating steroids. Looking at the effects of estrogens or anti-estrogens in the brain of adult zebrafish showed that estrogens inhibit rather than stimulate cell proliferation and newborn cell migration. The functional meaning of these observations is still unclear, but these data suggest that the brain of fish is experiencing constant remodeling under the influence of circulating steroids and brain-derived neurosteroids, possibly permitting a diversification of sexual strategies, notably hermaphroditism. Recent data in frogs indicate that aromatase expression is limited to neurons and do not concern radial glial cells. Thus, until now, there is no other example of vertebrates in which radial progenitors express aromatase. This raises the question of when and why these new features were gained and what are their adaptive benefits. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
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