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Transcriptomic Analysis of Gill and Kidney from Asian Seabass ( Lates calcarifer) Acclimated to Different Salinities Reveals Pathways Involved with Euryhalinity. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070733. [PMID: 32630108 PMCID: PMC7397140 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian seabass (or commonly known as barramundi), Lates calcarifer, is a bony euryhaline teleost from the Family Latidae, inhabiting nearshore, estuarine, and marine connected freshwaters throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific region. The species is catadromous, whereby adults spawn in salinities between 28 and 34 ppt at the mouth of estuaries, with resultant juveniles usually moving into brackish and freshwater systems to mature, before returning to the sea to spawn again as adults. The species lives in both marine and freshwater habitats and can move quickly between the two; thus, the species' ability to tolerate changes in salinity makes it a good candidate for studying the salinity acclimation response in teleosts. In this study, the transcriptome of two major osmoregulatory organs (gills and kidneys) of young juvenile Asian seabass reared in freshwater and seawater were compared. The euryhaline nature of Asian seabass was found to be highly pliable and the moldability of the trait was further confirmed by histological analyses of gills and kidneys. Differences in major expression pathways were observed, with differentially expressed genes including those related to osmoregulation, tissue/organ morphogenesis, and cell volume regulation as central to the osmo-adaptive response. Additionally, genes coding for mucins were upregulated specifically under saline conditions, whereas several genes important for growth and development, as well as circadian entrainment were specifically enriched in fish reared in freshwater. Routing of the circadian rhythm mediated by salinity changes could be the initial step in salinity acclimation and possibly migration in euryhaline fish species such as the Asian seabass.
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Yada T, Fukuda N, Abe M, Tsukamoto K. Changes in PRL Gene Expression During Upstream Movement of the Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:521-527. [PMID: 31833323 DOI: 10.2108/zs190012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mRNA levels of prolactin (PRL) during upstream movement were examined in juvenile Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica. Glass eels and elvers were collected from 2007 to 2009 near the entrance of Hamana Lake, and in a small inflowing stream, the Egawa River. Quantification of mRNA was performed by real-time PCR and expressed as whole-body content. PRL mRNA levels of glass eels caught in the coastal zone and tidal area were low. Eels that moved downward in the tidal zone and migrated upstream to enter into freshwater showed increased levels of PRL mRNA. These changes suggest the importance of up-regulation of PRL gene expression in juvenile eels during their upstream movement from seawater to fresh water, particularly in relation to hyperosmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yada
- Nikko Station, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan,
| | - Nobuto Fukuda
- Yokohama Station, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Michihisa Abe
- Nikko Station, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
| | - Katsumi Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Yamaguchi Y, Breves JP, Haws MC, Lerner DT, Grau EG, Seale AP. Acute salinity tolerance and the control of two prolactins and their receptors in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Mozambique tilapia (O. mossambicus): A comparative study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:168-176. [PMID: 28652133 PMCID: PMC5742082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osmoregulation in vertebrates is largely controlled by the neuroendocrine system. Prolactin (PRL) is critical for the survival of euryhaline teleosts in fresh water by promoting ion retention. In the euryhaline Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), pituitary PRL cells release two PRL isoforms, PRL188 and PRL177, in response to a fall in extracellular osmolality. Both PRLs function via two PRL receptors (PRLRs) denoted PRLR1 and PRLR2. We conducted a comparative study using the Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), a close relative of Mozambique tilapia that is less tolerant to increases in environmental salinity, to investigate the regulation of PRLs and PRLRs upon acute hyperosmotic challenges in vivo and in vitro. We hypothesized that differences in the regulation of PRLs and PRLRs underlie the variation in salinity tolerance of tilapias within the genus Oreochromis. When transferred from fresh water to brackish water (20‰), Nile tilapia increased plasma osmolality and decreased circulating PRLs, especially PRL177, to a greater extent than Mozambique tilapia. In dispersed PRL cell incubations, the release of both PRLs was less sensitive to variations in medium osmolality in Nile tilapia than in Mozambique tilapia. By contrast, increases in pituitary and branchial prlr2 gene expression in response to a rise in extracellular osmolality were more pronounced in Nile tilapia relative to its congener, both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results support the conclusion that inter-specific differences in salinity tolerance between the two tilapia congeners are tied, at least in part, to the distinct responses of both PRLs and their receptors to osmotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamaguchi
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Maria C Haws
- Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Darren T Lerner
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - E Gordon Grau
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Andre P Seale
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Lu XJ, Zhang H, Yang GJ, Li MY, Chen J. Comparative transcriptome analysis on the alteration of gene expression in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) larvae associated with salinity change. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 37:126-35. [PMID: 27265650 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) fish, which are an amphidromous species distributed in East Asia, live in brackish water (BW) during their larval stage and in fresh water (FW) during their adult stage. In this study, we found that FW-acclimated ayu larvae exhibited a slower growth ratio compared with that of BW-acclimated larvae. However, the mechanism underlying FW acclimation on growth suppression is poorly known. We employed transcriptome analysis to investigate the differential gene expression of FW acclimation by RNA sequencing. We identified 158 upregulated and 139 downregulated transcripts in FW-acclimated ayu larvae compared with that in BW-acclimated larvae. As determined by Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway mapping, functional annotation of the genes covered diverse biological functions and processes, and included neuroendocrinology, osmotic regulation, energy metabolism, and the cytoskeleton. Transcriptional expression of several differentially expressed genes in response to FW acclimation was further confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. In accordance with transcriptome analysis, iodothyronine deiodinase (ID), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1(BHMT), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B (aldolase B), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase (NKA) were upregulated after FW acclimation. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and transgelin were downregulated after FW acclimation. Our data indicate that FW acclimation reduced the growth rate of ayu larvae, which might result from the expression alteration of genes related to endocrine hormones, energy metabolism, and direct osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jiang Lu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ming-Yun Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Yoshioka H. Mathematical analysis and validation of an exactly solvable model for upstream migration of fish schools in one-dimensional rivers. Math Biosci 2016; 281:139-148. [PMID: 27693303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Upstream migration of fish schools in 1-D rivers as an optimal control problem is formulated where their swimming velocity and the horizontal oblateness are taken as control variables. The objective function to be maximized through a migration process consists of the biological and ecological profit to be gained at the upstream-end of a river, energetic cost of swimming against the flow, and conceptual cost of forming a school. Under simplified conditions where the flow is uniform in both space and time and the profit to be gained at the goal of migration is sufficiently large, the optimal control variables are determined from a system of algebraic equations that can be solved in a cascading manner. Mathematical analysis of the system reveals that the optimal controls are uniquely found and the model is exactly solvable under certain conditions on the functions and parameters, which turn out to be realistic and actually satisfied in experimental fish migration. Identification results of the functional shapes of the functions and the parameters with experimentally observed data of swimming schools of Plecoglossus altivelis (Ayu) validate the present mathematical model from both qualitative and quantitative viewpoints. The present model thus turns out to be consistent with the reality, showing its potential applicability to assessing fish migration in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
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Yada T, Iguchi K, Yamamoto S, Sakano H, Takasawa T, Katsura K, Abe N, Aawata S, Uchida K. Prolactin and upstream migration of the amphidromous teleost, ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Zoolog Sci 2014; 31:507-14. [PMID: 25088591 DOI: 10.2108/zs130181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mRNA levels of prolactin (PRL) during the upstream migration were examined in fry of the amphidromous fish, ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Quantification of mRNA has been done with real-time PCR and expressed as whole body or pituitary contents depending the body size of fry. PRL mRNA levels of ayu caught in seawater of the coastal area remained low during early spring. Prior to the start of the upstream migration, the fish caught in the coastal area in mid spring showed increased levels of PRL mRNA. There were further increases in PRL levels in the fish caught in the river. Analysis of proportions revealed that there were significant differences among PRL mRNA in the fish caught in different environmental salinities. Body weight showed a positive relation with PRL mRNA in ayu caught in seawater. A landlocked population of ayu, which migrates from lake to river, showed no significant change in PRL mRNA levels before and after upstream migration. Results in this study indicate the importance of up-regulation of PRL gene expression of ayu during the upstream migration from seawater to fresh water. There is a possible relationship between body size and PRL in the early developmental stage of ayu in seawater, but not in the fish in fresh water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yada
- 1 Nikko Station, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
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Noh GE, Rho S, Chang YJ, Min BH, Kim JM. Gene encoding prolactin in cinnamon clownfish Amphiprion melanopus and its expression upon acclimation to low salinities. AQUATIC BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1. [PMID: 23276106 PMCID: PMC3562158 DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) is a key hormone for osmoregulation in fish. Levels of PRL in the pituitary gland and plasma ion composition of clownfish seem to change to regulate their hydromineral balance during adaptation to waters of different salinities. In order to understand osmoregulatory mechanism and its association with growth performance and PRL in fish, the gene encoding PRL and its expression level in cinnamon clownfish Amphiprion melanopus upon acclimation to low salinity was analyzed. RESULTS The PRL gene of A. melanopus encoded a protein of 212 amino acid residues comprised of a putative signal peptide of 24 amino acids and a mature protein of 188 amino acids. Analysis of growth performance under different salinities of 34, 25, 15, and 10 ppt indicated that cinnamon clownfish could survive under salinities as low as 10 ppt. A higher rate of growth was observed at the lower salinities as compared to that of 34 ppt. Upon shifting the salinity of the surrounding water from 34 ppt to 15 ppt, the level of the PRL transcripts gradually increased to reach the peak level until 24 h of acclimation at 15 ppt, but decreased back as adaptation continued to 144 h. In contrast, levels of plasma Na+, Cl-, and osmolality decreased at the initial stage (4-8 h) of acclimation at 15 pt but increased back as adaptation continued till 144 h. CONCLUSION Cinnamon clownfish could survive under salinities as low as 10 ppt. Upon shifting the salinity of the surrounding water from 34 ppt to 15 ppt, the level of the PRL transcripts gradually increased during the initial stage of acclimation but decreased back to the normal level as adaptation continued. An opposite pattern of changes - decrease at the beginning followed by an increase - in the levels of plasma Na+, Cl-, and osmolality was found upon acclimation to low salinity. The results suggest an involvement of PRL in the processes of osmoregulation and homeostasis in A. melanopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Eon Noh
- Department of Fishery Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
| | - Sum Rho
- COREA, Center of Ornamental Reefs and Aquariums, Jeju 690-974, South Korea
| | - Yong Jin Chang
- Department of Fishery Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
| | - Byung Hwa Min
- Aquaculture Industry Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Gangneung 210-861, South Korea
| | - Jong-Myoung Kim
- Department of Fishery Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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Sudo R, Suetake H, Suzuki Y, Aoyama J, Tsukamoto K. Profiles of mRNA expression for prolactin, growth hormone, and somatolactin in Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica: The effect of salinity, silvering and seasonal change. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 164:10-6. [PMID: 23047050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For understanding the functions of the growth hormone (GH)/prolactin (PRL)/somatolactin (SL) family of hormones, we examined pituitary mRNA expression of these hormones in anguillid eels in relation to salinity difference, silvering, and seasonal change. Female Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) were collected in the brackish Hamana Lake and its freshwater rivers from July to December. To clarify the effect of salinity, the habitat use history of the eels were determined using otolith microchemistry. Expression levels of mRNA of each hormone were determined using real time PCR. Although GH and PRL have been known to be osmoregulatory hormones, there were no consistent differences in expression levels of these hormones between different salinity habitats. In contrast, SL mRNA expression was higher in eels from freshwater rivers than from the brackish lake. GH mRNA expression clearly decreased during silvering, whereas PRL and SL mRNA expression did not change. We also showed that PRL mRNA and SL mRNA decreased in the brackish lake and PRL mRNA increased in freshwater rivers from autumn to early winter. These findings provide basic knowledge for a further understanding of the role of these hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Sudo
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
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