ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1: identification and regulation by estrogen in chickens

The role and application of small extracellular vesicles in glioma

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are cell-derived, nanometer-sized particles enclosed by a lipid bilayer. All kinds of biological molecules, including proteins, DNA fragments, RNA, lipids, and metabolites, can be selectively loaded into sEVs and transmitted to recipient cells that are near and distant. Growing shreds of evidence show the significant biological function and the clinical significance of sEVs in cancers. Numerous recent studies have validated that sEVs play an important role in tumor progression and can be utilized to diagnose, stage, grading, and monitor early tumors. In addition, sEVs have also served as drug delivery nanocarriers and cancer vaccines. Although it is still infancy, the field of basic and translational research based on sEVs has grown rapidly. In this review, we summarize the latest research on sEVs in gliomas, including their role in the malignant biological function of gliomas, and the potential of sEVs in non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, i.e., as nanocarriers for drug or gene delivery and cancer vaccines.

Effect of Autolyzed Yarrowia lipolytica on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Histology, Microbiota, and Transcriptome Profile of Juvenile Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

The improper components of formulated feed can cause the intestinal dysbiosis of juvenile largemouth bass and further affect fish health. A 28 day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of partially replacing fish meal (FM) with autolyzed Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) on juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We considered four diets—control, YL25, YL50, and YL75—in which 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the FM content, respectively, was replaced with YL. According to results, the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish with the YL25 and YL50 diets were significantly higher than the WGR and SGR with the control diet, while the YL75 diet significantly reduced fish growth and antioxidant enzymes activities, and shortened the villus height in the intestinal mucosa. The 16S rRNA analysis of the intestinal microbiota showed that the relative abundance of Mycoplasma was significantly increased with the YL25 and YL50 diets, while the Enterobacteriacea content was increased with the YL75 diet. Moreover, our transcriptome analysis revealed that certain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are associated with growth, metabolism, and immunity were modulated by YL inclusion treatment. Dietary YL25 and YL50 significantly reduced the mRNA level of ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (errfi1) and dual-specificity phosphatases (dusp), while the expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (socs1), the transporter associated with antigen processing 2 subunit type a (tap2a), and the major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene (MHC-I-l) were sharply increased with YL75 treatment. We determined that the optimum dose of dietary YL required for maximum growth without any adverse influence on intestinal health was 189.82 g/kg (with 31.63% of the fishmeal replaced by YL), while an excessive substitution of YL for fishmeal led to suppressed growth and antioxidant capacity, as well as intestinal damage for juvenile largemouth bass.

Hepatic glycerolipid metabolism is critical to the egg laying rate of Guangxi Ma chickens

Yolk formation in liver is an important process for egg production in hens. The correlations between egg laying rate decline and liver function changes in Guangxi Ma chickens remain unclear. In this study, a total of 21,750 genes and 76,288 transcripts were identified in the RNA expression profiles isolated from liver tissues of 5 groups of Guangxi Ma chickens divided according to the age and egg laying rate. Numerous differential genes (DEGs) were identified after pairwise comparison among samples, and time series analysis categorization (age-related factors) revealed that down-regulated DEGs with aging were predominantly involved in lipid transportation and metabolic processes in the low egg laying rate groups. Notably, functional enrichment analysis confirmed that DGAT2, LIPG, PNPLA2, LPL, CEL, LIPC, DGKD, AGPAT2, AGPAT1 and AGPAT3 were highlighted as hub genes in glycerolipid metabolism pathway, which may be an essential non-age related factors of egg laying rate by regulating the synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) in liver. Finally, we categorized DEGs in Guangxi Ma chickens with different egg laying rate caused by age-related factors and found that DEGs with different expression patterns performing different biological functions. The analysis of DEGs with lower egg laying rate caused by non-age related factors and showed that the transportation of TAG was suppressed. Furthermore, critical genes and pathways involved in the synthesis of TAG in livers were identified, which dynamically regulated the formation of yolk precursors. Our results expanded the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the yolk precursor synthesis in chicken livers. The results will be helpful to explore the factors that affect egg laying rate from the perspective of yolk synthesis and provide a theoretical basis for improving the egg production of Guangxi Ma chickens.

Angioregulatory role of miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs in glioblastoma pathogenesis

Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, occurring in the brain or spinal cord. Many factors such as angiogenesis are associated with GB development. Angiogenesis is a procedure by which the pre-existing blood vessels create new vessels that play an essential role in health and disease, including tumors. Also, angiogenesis is one of the significant factors thought to be responsible for treatment resistance in many tumors, including GB. Hence, an improved understanding of the molecular processes underlying GB angiogenesis will pave the way for developing potential new treatments. Recently, it has been found that microRNAs (miRNAs) and exosomal miRNAs have a crucial role in inducing or inhibiting the angiogenesis process in GB development. A better knowledge of the miRNA's regulation pathway in the angiogenesis process in cancer offers unique mechanistic insight into the mechanism of tumor-associated neovascularization. Because of advancements in miRNA characterization and delivery methods, miRNAs can also be employed in clinical settings as potential biomarkers for anti-angiogenic treatment response as well as therapies targeting tumor angiogenesis. The recent finding and insights about miRNAs' angioregulatory role and exosomal miRNAs in GB are provided throughout the review. Also, we discuss the new concept of miRNAs-based therapies for GB in the future.

Roles of Non-coding RNAs and Angiogenesis in Glioblastoma

One of the significant hallmarks of cancer is angiogenesis. It has a crucial function in tumor development and metastasis. Thus, angiogenesis has become one of the most exciting targets for drug development in cancer treatment. Here we discuss the regulatory effects on angiogenesis in glioblastoma (GBM) of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA). These ncRNAs may function in trans or cis forms and modify gene transcription by various mechanisms, including epigenetics. NcRNAs may also serve as crucial regulators of angiogenesis-inducing molecules. These molecules include, metalloproteinases, cytokines, several growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, and epidermal growth factor), phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and transforming growth factor signaling pathways.

Glioma exosomal microRNA-148a-3p promotes tumor angiogenesis through activating the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway via inhibiting ERRFI1

Background

Glioma is the most frequent and lethal primary brain malignancy. Amounting evidence has highlighted the importance of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) in this malignancy. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of exosomal miR-148a-3p in glioma.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was firstly used to predict the target genes of miR-148a-3p. Exosomes were then extracted from normal human astrocytes and glioma cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was applied to determine the expression patterns of miR-148a-3p and ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (ERRFI1). Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to verify the direct binding between miR-148a-3p and ERRFI1. Cell counting kit-8 and tube formation assays were further conducted to assess the proliferation and angiogenic properties of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in the co-culture system with exosomes. Lastly, glioma tumor models were established in BALB/c nude mice to study the role of exosomal miR-148a-3p in vivo.

Results

miR-148a-3p was highly expressed, while ERRFI1 was poorly expressed in glioma. miR-148a-3p was found to be enriched in glioma cells-derived exosomes and could be transferred to HUVECs via exosomes to promote their proliferation and angiogenesis. ERRFI1 was identified as a target gene of miR-148a-3p. In addition, miR-148a-3p activated the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by inhibiting ERRFI1. In the co-culture system, our data demonstrated that glioma cells-derived exosomal miR-148a-3p down-regulated ERRFI1 and activated the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway, so as to promote cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In vivo experimentation further demonstrated that this mechanism was responsible for the promotive role of exosomal miR-148a-3p in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis.

Conclusion

Taken together, glioma-derived exosomal miR-148a-3p promoted tumor angiogenesis through activation of the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway by ERRFI1 inhibition.

Avian SERPINB12 expression in the avian oviduct is regulated by estrogen and up-regulated in epithelial cell-derived ovarian carcinomas of laying hens

Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) are involved in a variety of biological processes such as blood clotting, angiogenesis, immune system, and embryogenesis. Although, of these, SERPINB12 is identified as the latest member of clade B in humans, little is known of it in chickens. Thus, in this study, we investigated SERPINB12 expression profiles in various tissues of chickens and focused on effects of steroid hormone regulation of its expression. In the chicken oviduct, SERPINB12 mRNA and protein are abundant in the luminal (LE) and glandular (GE) epithelia of the magnum in response to endogenous or exogenous estrogen. Furthermore, SERPINB12 mRNA and protein increase significantly in GE of cancerous ovaries of laying hens with epithelia-derived ovarian cancer. Collectively, these results indicate that SERPINB12 is a novel estrogen-stimulated gene that is up-regulated by estrogen in epithelial cells of the chicken oviduct and that it is a potential biomarker for early detection of ovarian carcinomas in laying hens and women.