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Amaro-Sánchez T, Ruiz-Guzmán G, Hernández-Martínez S, Krams I, Rantala MJ, Contreras-Garduño J. Effect of juvenile hormone on phenoloxidase and hemocyte number: The role of age, sex, and immune challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 265:110827. [PMID: 36610635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are key factors in determining the response of organisms to their environment. For example, the juvenile hormone (JH) coordinates the insects' development, reproduction, and survival. However, it is still unclear how the impact of juvenile hormone on insect immunity varies depending on the sex and reproductive state of the individual, as well as the type of the immune challenge (i.e., Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria). We used Tenebrio molitor and methoprene, a JH analog (JHa) to explore these relationships. We tested the effect of methoprene on phenoloxidase activity (PO), an important component of humoral immunity in insects, and hemocyte number. Lyophilized Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative Escherichia coli were injected for the immune challenge. The results suggest that JH did not affect the proPO, PO activity, or hemocyte number of larvae. JH and immune challenge affected the immune response and consequently, affected adult developmental stage and sex. We propose that the influence of JH on the immune response depends on age, sex, the immune response parameter, and the immune challenge, which may explain the contrasting results about the role of JH in the insect immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Amaro-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Colonia Noria Alta, 36050 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Gloria Ruiz-Guzmán
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62300 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils 5401, Latvia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga 1004, Latvia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Trejo-Meléndez VJ, Méndez-López TT, Contreras-Garduño J. The Coincidental Evolution of Virulence Partially Explains the Virulence in a Generalist Entomopathogenic. Acta Parasitol 2023:10.1007/s11686-023-00663-4. [PMID: 36806112 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The parasites' virulence is labile after jumping to a new host species, and it might derivate in gaining virulence against a new host as a side effect of living in a non-host environment (coincidental evolution of virulence hypothesis). METHODS To test this hypothesis, we monitored the experimental evolution of the Rhabditis regina nematode for over 290 generations (4 years) in three environments (strains): (1) the natural host, Phyllophaga polyphylla, (2) an alternate host, Tenebrio molitor, and (3) saprophytic medium (beef; the food that may provide evidence for the coincidental evolution of virulence). Each strain was exposed to P. polyphylla, T. molitor, or Galleria mellonella. We compared the host survival and immune response (proPO, PO, and lytic activity) of infected versus uninfected hosts. RESULTS The saprophytic nematodes gained virulence only against G. mellonella. However, the P. polyphylla strain was more effective in killing P. polyphylla than T. molitor, and the T. molitor strain was more effective against T. molitor than P. polyphylla. Additionally, one dauer larva was sufficient to kill the hosts. Finally, the immune response did not differ between the challenged and control groups. CONCLUSION The coincidental evolution of virulence partially explains our results, but they might also support the short-sighted hypothesis. Additionally, we found evidence for immunomodulation because nematodes passed unnoticed to the immune response. It is crucial to analyze the virulence of entomopathogens from the point of view of the evolution of virulence to be aware of potential scenarios that might limit biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor José Trejo-Meléndez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
- ENES, Unidad Morelia, UNAM. Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701. Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta Código Postal 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Texca T Méndez-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
- ENES, Unidad Morelia, UNAM. Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701. Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta Código Postal 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- ENES, Unidad Morelia, UNAM. Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701. Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta Código Postal 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Rantala MJ, Dubovskiy IM, Pölkki M, Krama T, Contreras-Garduño J, Krams IA. Effect of Juvenile Hormone on Resistance against Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium robertsii Differs between Sexes. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040298. [PMID: 33227937 PMCID: PMC7711818 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone has been suggested to be a potential mediator in the trade-off between mating and insects’ immunity. Studies on various insect taxons have found that juvenile hormone interferes with humoral and cellular immunity. Although this was shown experimentally, studies using highly virulent parasites or pathogens are lacking so far. In this study, we tested if juvenile hormone administration affected resistance against entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium robertsii, in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. In previous studies with T. molitor, juvenile hormone has been found to reduce a major humoral immune effector-system (phenoloxidase) in both sexes and decrease the encapsulation response in males. Here, we found that juvenile hormone administration prolonged survival time after infection with M. robertsii in males but reduced survival time in females. This study indicates that the effects of juvenile hormone on insect immunity might be more complicated than previously considered. We also suggest that there might be a trade-off between specific and non-specific immunity since, in males, juvenile hormone enhances specific immunity but corrupts non-specific immunity. Our study highlights the importance of using real parasites and pathogens in immuno-ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (M.J.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Department Plant Protection, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Mari Pölkki
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (M.J.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia;
- Department of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Indrikis A. Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia;
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Rīga, Latvia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-2946-5273
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Ruiz‐Guzmán G, Cordero‐Molina S, Krams I, Contreras‐Garduño J. Interactions between oxidative stress and attractiveness to mates and individual mate choice in the beetle
Tenebrio molitor. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ruiz‐Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Sagrario Cordero‐Molina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology University of Latvia Rīga Latvia
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre Rīga Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras‐Garduño
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
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The costs of the immune memory within generations. Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Miller CW, Joseph PN, Kilner RM, Emberts Z. A weapons-testes trade-off in males is amplified in female traits. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190906. [PMID: 31362640 PMCID: PMC6710601 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually selected weapons are assumed to trade off with traits related to ejaculates, such as testes. However, remarkably little is known about what governs resource allocation and why trade-offs are found in some cases and not others. Often-used models depict competitive allocation occurring within the functional grouping of traits (e.g. reproduction); however, other factors including tissue expense and developmental timing may influence allocation. Experimental comparisons of investment across the sexes have the potential to illuminate allocation rules, because the sexes do not always use traits for the same functions. Here, we capitalize upon a species where females have weapons-testes homologues. We report that a documented trade-off in investment between hind-limb weapons and testes in leaf-footed cactus bugs, Narnia femorata, is even more pronounced in female hind limbs and ovaries. Female hind limbs in this species do not share the clear reproductive function of male hind limbs; therefore, this trade-off spans trait functional groups. Such patterns of investment suggest that future studies of reproductive trade-offs should consider factors such as tissue expense and developmental timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W. Miller
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Paul N. Joseph
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Kilner
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Zachary Emberts
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 876 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Castro-Vargas C, Linares-López C, López-Torres A, Wrobel K, Torres-Guzmán JC, Hernández GAG, Wrobel K, Lanz-Mendoza H, Contreras-Garduño J. Methylation on RNA: A Potential Mechanism Related to Immune Priming within But Not across Generations. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:473. [PMID: 28400750 PMCID: PMC5368179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate immune priming is a growing field in immunology. This phenomenon refers to the ability of invertebrates to generate a more vigorous immune response to a second encounter with a specific pathogen and can occur within and across generations. Although the precise mechanism has not been elucidated, it has been suggested that methylation of DNA is a cornerstone for this phenomenon. Here, using a novel method of analytical chemistry (a reversed-phase liquid chromatography procedure) and the beetle Tenebrio molitor as a model system, we did not find evidence to support this hypothesis taking into account the percentage of methylated cytosine entities in DNA (5mdC) within or across generations. However, we found a lower percentage of methylated cytosine entities in RNA (5mC) within but not across generations in immune priming experiments with adults against the bacteria Micrococcus lysodeikticus and larvae against the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. To our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting a role of differential methylation on RNA during immune priming within generations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | | | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, Mexico
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