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Song X, Wang M, Jiao H, Zhao J, Wang X, Lin H. Ghrelin is a signal to facilitate the utilization of fatty acids and save glucose by the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues in chicks. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159081. [PMID: 34856413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, classically known as a central appetite-stimulating hormone, has recently been recognized to play an important role in peripheral tissue energy metabolism. In chicken, contrary to mammal, ghrelin acts as an anorexia signal, increased by fasting and further elevated after refed. In the present study, the effect of ghrelin on glucose/lipid utilization by peripheral tissues was investigated. Injection of exogenous acyl ghrelin reduced plasma triglyceride and glucose levels of chickens at both fasting and fed status. In the in vitro cultured chicken primary hepatocytes, adipocytes, and myoblasts, ghrelin suppressed glucose uptake, stimulated fatty acids uptake and oxidation, and decreased TG content. In hepatocyte, ghrelin increased the activities of LPL and HL, and upregulated the expression levels of gene ACC, CPT1, and PPARα. Ghrelin treatment markedly increased the protein level of p-ACC, PPARγ, PGC1α, and CPT1 in hepatocytes, adipocytes and myoblasts. Inhibition of AMPK activity by Compound C had no influence on glucose uptake by hepatocyte, adipocyte, and myoblast, but further amplified the stimulated fatty acid uptake of adipocyte by ghrelin. The present result demonstrates that ghrelin facilitates the uptake and oxidation of fatty acid and cut down the utilization of glucose by the liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. The result suggests that ghrelin functions as a signal of fatty acid oxidation. The study provides a vital framework for understanding the intrinsic role of ghrelin as a crucial factor in the concerted regulation of metabolic substrate of hepatocytes, adipocytes, and myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China; School of Sport Social Science, Shandong Sport University, No. 10600 Shiji Street, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hai Lin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Hu X, Li X, Xiao C, Kong L, Zhu Q, Song Z. Effects of Dietary Energy Level on Performance, Plasma Parameters, and Central AMPK Levels in Stressed Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:681858. [PMID: 34124230 PMCID: PMC8192699 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.681858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the effects of diets with different energy levels on the growth performance, plasma parameters, and central AMPK signaling pathway in broilers under dexamethasone (DEX)-induced stress. A total of 216 1-day-old male broiler chickens were allocated to groups fed with high (HED), National Research Council-recommended (control), or low (LED) energy diets. At 10 days old, chickens were treated with or without dexamethasone (DEX, 2 mg/kg body weight) for 3 consecutive days. HED increased broiler average daily gain (ADG) at 10 days old, compared with the LED (P < 0.05), while average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) decreased as the dietary energy level increased (P < 0.05). Chickens fed a HED had higher total protein (TP) content, albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TCHO), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, compared with the control group (P < 0.05). At 13 days old, DEX decreased ADG and increased FCR in broilers fed with different energy diets (P < 0.05). The DEX-HED group had a higher ADFI than non-DEX treated HED group chickens. In addition, TP, ALB, triglycerides (TG), TCHO, HDL, and LDL content levels in the DEX group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The uric acid (UA) content of the LED group was higher than that of the HED group (P < 0.05). Further, gene expression levels of liver kinase B1, AMP-activated protein kinase α1, neuropeptide Y, and GC receptor in the hypothalamus were increased in chickens treated with DEX (P < 0.05). There was a trend toward interaction between plasma TCHO and hypothalamic LKB1 expression (0.05 < P < 0.1). In conclusion, this study suggests that HED improves growth performance, plasma glucose and total cholesterol at 10 days old broilers, but had no significant effect on performance, plasma parameters, and central AMPK in stressed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xianlei Li
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Chuanpi Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Linglian Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Qidong Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Wang H, Wang X, Zhao J, Jiao H, Lin H. Low protein diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids suppressing appetite and apo-lipoprotein synthesis in laying hens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hu X, Wang Y, Sheikhahmadi A, Li X, Buyse J, Lin H, Song Z. Effects of dietary energy level on appetite and central adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in broilers. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:4488-4495. [PMID: 31586423 PMCID: PMC6827410 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a sensor of cellular energy changes and is involved in the control of food intake. A total of 216 1-d-old broilers were randomly allotted into 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 12 broilers in each cage. The dietary treatments included 1) high-energy (HE) diet (3,500 kcal/kg), 2) normal-energy (NE) diet (3,200 kcal/kg), and 3) low-energy (LE) diet (2,900 kcal/kg). The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy level on appetite and the central AMPK signal pathway. The results showed that a HE diet increased average daily gain (ADG), whereas a LE diet had the opposite effect (P < 0.05, N = 6). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the chickens fed the LE diet was significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.05, N = 6). Overall, the feed conversion rate gradually decreased with increasing dietary energy level (P < 0.05, N = 6). Moreover, the chickens fed the LE and HE diets demonstrated markedly improved urea content compared with the control group (P < 0.0001, N = 8). The triglyceride (TG) content in the LE group was obviously higher than that in the HE group but showed no change compared with the control (P = 0.0678, N = 8). The abdominal fat rate gradually increased with increased dietary energy level (P = 0.0927, N = 8). The HE group showed downregulated gene expression levels of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hypothalamus compared with the control group (P < 0.05, N = 8). However, LE treatment significantly increased the mRNA level of AMP-activated protein kinase α2 (AMPKα2) compared with other groups (P = 0.0110, N = 8). In conclusion, a HE diet inhibited appetite and central AMPK signaling. In contrast, a LE diet activated central AMPK and appetite. Overall, the central AMPK signal pathway and appetite were modulated in accordance with the energy level in the diet to regulate nutritional status and maintain energy homeostasis in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ardashir Sheikhahmadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Xianlei Li
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Johan Buyse
- Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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Ma RD, Zhou GJ, Qu M, Yi JH, Tang YL, Yang XY, Nie YX, Gu HF. Corticosterone induces neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via disrupting autophagy flux mediated by AMPK/mTOR signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:167-176. [PMID: 31423743 PMCID: PMC6978254 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Our previous study indicated that chronic stress caused autophagy impairment and subsequent neuron apoptosis in hippocampus. However, the mechanism underlying the stress‐induced damage to neurons is unclear. In present work, we investigated whether stress‐level glucocorticoids (GCs) GCs promoted PC12 cell damage via AMPK/mTOR signaling‐mediated autophagy. Methods Chronic stress‐induced PC12 cell injury model was built by treatment with high level corticosterone (CORT). Cell injury was evaluated by flow cytometry assay and transmission electron microscopy observation. Results Autophagy flux was measured based on the changes in LC3‐II and P62 protein expressions, and the color alteration of mCherry‐GFP‐LC3‐II transfection. Our results showed that CORT not only increased cell injury and apoptosis, but also dysregulated AMPK/mTOR signaling‐mediated autophagy flux, as indicated by the upregulated expression of LC3‐II and P62 proteins, and the lowered ration of autolysosomes to autophagosomes. Mechanistically, our results demonstrated that autophagy activation by AMPK activator metformin or mTOR inhibitor rapamycin obviously promotes cell survival and autophagy flux, improved mitochondrial ultrastructure, and reduced expression of Cyt‐C and caspase‐3 in CORT‐induced PC12 cells. Conclusion These results indicate that high CORT triggers PC12 cell damage through disrupting AMPK/mTOR‐mediated autophagy flux. Targeting this signaling may be a promising approach to protect against high CORT and chronic stress‐induced neuronal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Dong Ma
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Gui-Juan Zhou
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Miao Qu
- Department of Physiology & Institute of Neuroscience, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ji-Hong Yi
- Institute of Neuroscience of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- Department of Physiology & Institute of Neuroscience, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Nie
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Feng Gu
- Department of Physiology & Institute of Neuroscience, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Satta V, Scherma M, Piscitelli F, Usai P, Castelli MP, Bisogno T, Fratta W, Fadda P. Limited Access to a High Fat Diet Alters Endocannabinoid Tone in Female Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:40. [PMID: 29456490 PMCID: PMC5801427 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggest an impaired endocannabinoid activity in the pathophysiology of binge eating disorder (BED). Herein, we investigated whether endocannabinoid tone could be modified as a consequence of dietary-induced binge eating in female rats. For this purpose, brain levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), as well as two endocannabinoid-like lipids, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), were assessed in different brain areas involved in the hedonic feeding (i.e., prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus). The brain density of cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1) was also evaluated. Furthermore, we determined plasma levels of leptin, ghrelin, and corticosterone hormones, which are well-known to control the levels of endocannabioids and/or CB1 receptors in the brain. To induce binge eating behavior, rats were subject to an intermittent and limited access to a high fat diet (HFD) (margarine). Three experimental groups were used, all with ad libitum access to chow: control (CTRL), with no access to margarine; low restriction (LR), with 2 h margarine access 7 days/week; high restriction (HR), with 2 h margarine access 3 days/week. Bingeing was established when margarine intake in the HR group exceeded that of the LR group. Our results show that, compared to CTRL, AEA significantly decreased in the caudate putamen, amygdala, and hippocampus of HR group. In contrast, 2-AG significantly increased in the hippocampus while OEA decreased in the hypothalamus. Similar to the HR group, AEA and OEA decreased respectively in the amygdala and hypothalamus and 2-AG increased in the hippocampus of LR group. Moreover, LR group also had AEA decreased in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens. In both groups we found the same reduction of CB1 receptor density in the prefrontal cortex compared to CTRL. Also, LR and HR groups showed alterations in both ghrelin and corticosterone levels, while leptin remained unaltered. In conclusion, our findings show a modified endocannabinoid tone due to margarine exposure, in several brain areas that are known to influence the hedonic aspect of food. Even if not uniquely specific to binge eating, margarine-induced changes in endocannabinoid tone could contributes to the development and maintenance of this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Satta
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Scherma
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Paola Castelli
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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