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Tumurbaatar T, Kanasaki H, Yacca SS, Cairang Z, Tumurgan Z, Oride A, Okada H, Kyo S. Kisspeptin induces Kiss-1 and GnRH gene expression in mHypoA-55 hypothalamic cell models: Involvement of the ERK and PKA signaling pathways. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 337:114260. [PMID: 36933747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
mHypoA-55 cells are kisspeptin-expressing neuronal cells originating from the arcuate nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus. These cells are called KNDy neurons because they co-express kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin A. In addition, they express gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Here, we found that kisspeptin 10 (KP10) increased Kiss-1 (encoding kisspeptin) and GnRH gene expression in kisspeptin receptor (Kiss-1R)-overexpressing mHypoA-55 cells. KP10 greatly increased serum response element (SRE) promoter activity, which is a target of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) (20.0 ± 2.54-fold). KP10 also increased cAMP-response element (CRE) promoter activity in these cells (2.32 ± 0.36-fold). KP10-increased SRE promoter activity was significantly prevented in the presence of PD098095, a MEK kinase (MEKK) inhibitor, and KP10-induced CRE promoter activity was also inhibited by PD098059. Similarly, H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, significantly inhibited the KP10 induction of SRE and CRE promoters. KP10-induced Kiss-1 and GnRH gene expressions were inhibited in the presence of PD098059. Likewise, H89 significantly inhibited the KP10-induced increase in Kiss-1 and GnRH. Transfection of mHypoA-55 cells with constitutively active MEKK (pFC-MEKK) increased SRE and CRE promoter activities by 9.75 ± 1.77- and 1.36 ± 0.12-fold, respectively. Induction of constitutively active PKA (pFC-PKA) also increased SRE and CRE promoter activities by 2.41 ± 0.42- and 40.71 ± 7.77-fold, respectively. Furthermore, pFC-MEKK and -PKA transfection of mHypoA-55 cells increased both Kiss-1 and GnRH gene expression. Our current observations suggest that KP10 increases both the ERK and PKA pathways and that both pathways mutually interact in mHypoA-55 hypothalamic cells. Activation of both ERK and PKA signaling might be necessary to induce Kiss-1 and GnRH gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuvshintugs Tumurbaatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kanasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Susdiaman Sudin Yacca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Zhuoma Cairang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Oride
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroe Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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Haddad M, Khazali H, Janahmadi M, Ghanbarian H. Inhibition of the retinal orexin receptors affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis through retinal pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in male Wistar rats. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 337:114242. [PMID: 36801394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Orexins A and B (OXA and OXB) and their receptors are expressed in the retina of both human and rodents and play a vital role in regulating signal transmission circuits in the retina. There is an anatomical-physiological relationship between the retinal ganglion cells and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) through glutamate as a neurotransmitter and retinal pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as a co-transmitter. SCN is the main brain center for regulating the circadian rhythm, which governs the reproductive axis. The impact of retinal orexin receptors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis has not been investigated. Retinal OX1R or/and OX2R in adult male rats by 3 µl of SB-334867 (1 µg) or/and 3 µl of JNJ-10397049 (2 µg) were antagonized via intravitreal injection (IVI). Four time-periods were considered (3, 6, 12, and 24 h) for the controls without any treatment, SB-334867, JNJ-10397049, and SB-334867 + JNJ-10397049 groups. Antagonizing retinal OX1R or/and OX2R resulted in a significant elevation of retinal PACAP expression compared to control animals. In addition, expression of GnRH increased non-significantly in the hypothalamus over the 6 h of the study, and the serum concentration of LH decreased significantly in the SB-334867 group after 3 h of injection. Furthermore, testosterone serum levels declined significantly, especially within 3 h of injection; serum levels of progesterone were also exposed to a significant rise at least within 3 h of injection. However, the retinal PACAP expression changes were mediated by OX1R more effectively than by OX2R. In this study, we report the retinal orexins and their receptors as light-independent factors by which the retina affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haddad
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Koppan M, Nagy Z, Bosnyak I, Reglodi D. Female reproductive functions of the neuropeptide PACAP. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:982551. [PMID: 36204113 PMCID: PMC9531758 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.982551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide originally isolated as a hypothalamic peptide. It has a widespread distribution in the body and has a diverse spectrum of actions. Among other processes, PACAP has been shown to be involved in reproduction. In this review we summarize findings related to the entire spectrum of female reproduction. PACAP is a regulatory factor in gonadal hormone production, influences follicular development and plays a role in fertilization and embryonic/placental development. Furthermore, PACAP is involved in hormonal changes during and after birth and affects maternal behavior. Although most data come from cell cultures and animal experiments, increasing number of evidence suggests that similar effects of PACAP can be found in humans. Among other instances, PACAP levels show changes in the serum during pregnancy and birth. PACAP is also present in the human follicular and amniotic fluids and in the milk. Levels of PACAP in follicular fluid correlate with the number of retrieved oocytes in hyperstimulated women. Human milk contains very high levels of PACAP compared to plasma levels, with colostrum showing the highest concentration, remaining steady thereafter for the first 7 months of lactation. All these data imply that PACAP has important functions in reproduction both under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Department of Physiology, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Inez Bosnyak
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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Saklani P, Khan H, Gupta S, Kaur A, Singh TG. Neuropeptides: Potential neuroprotective agents in ischemic injury. Life Sci 2022; 288:120186. [PMID: 34852271 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ischemic damage to the brain is linked to an increased rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In certain parts of the world, it remains a leading cause of mortality and the primary cause of long-term impairment. Ischemic injury is exacerbated when particular neuropeptides are removed, or their function in the brain is blocked, whereas supplying such neuropeptides lowers ischemic harm. Here, we have discussed the role of neuropeptides in ischemic injury. MATERIALS & METHODS Numerous neuropeptides had their overexpression following cerebral ischemia. Neuropeptides such as NPY, CGRP, CART, SP, BK, PACAP, oxytocin, nociception, neurotensin and opioid peptides act as transmitters, documented in several "in vivo" and "in vitro" studies. Neuropeptides provide neuroprotection by activating the survival pathways or inhibiting the death pathways, i.e., MAPK, BDNF, Nitric Oxide, PI3k/Akt and NF-κB. KEY FINDINGS Neuropeptides have numerous beneficial effects in ischemic models, including antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions that provide a powerful protective impact in neurons when combined. These innovative therapeutic substances have the potential to treat ischemia injury due to their pleiotropic modes of action. SIGNIFICANCE This review emphasizes the neuroprotective role of neuropeptides in ischemic injury via modulation of various signalling pathways i.e., MAPK, BDNF, Nitric Oxide, PI3k/Akt and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saklani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
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Barabás K, Kovács G, Vértes V, Kövesdi E, Faludi P, Udvarácz I, Pham D, Reglődi D, Abraham IM, Nagy Z. Stereology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and kisspeptin neurons in PACAP gene-deficient female mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:993228. [PMID: 36387875 PMCID: PMC9640735 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.993228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-kisspeptin neuronal network regulates fertility in all mammals. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide isolated from the hypothalamus that is involved in the regulation of several releasing hormones and trop hormones. It is well-known that PACAP influences fertility at central and peripheral levels. However, the effects of PACAP on GnRH and kisspeptin neurons are not well understood. The present study investigated the integrity of the estrous cycle in PACAP-knockout (KO) mice. The number and immunoreactivity of GnRH (GnRH-ir) neurons in wild-type (WT) and PACAP KO female mice were determined using immunohistochemistry. In addition, the number of kisspeptin neurons was measured by counting kisspeptin mRNA-positive cells in the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) using the RNAscope technique. Finally, the mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) was also examined. Our data showed that the number of complete cycles decreased, and the length of each cycle was longer in PACAP KO mice. Furthermore, the PACAP KO mice experienced longer periods of diestrus and spent significantly less time in estrus. There was no difference in GnRH-ir or number of GnRH neurons. In contrast, the number of kisspeptin neurons was decreased in the ARC, but not in the R3PV, in PACAP KO mice compared to WT littermates. Furthermore, ERα mRNA and protein expression was decreased in the ARC, whereas in the R3PV region, ERα mRNA levels were elevated. Our results demonstrate that embryonic deletion of PACAP significantly changes the structure and presumably the function of the GnRH-kisspeptin neuronal network, influencing fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Barabás
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Klaudia Barabás, ; Gergely Kovács,
| | - Gergely Kovács
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Klaudia Barabás, ; Gergely Kovács,
| | - Viola Vértes
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Kövesdi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Faludi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Udvarácz
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dániel Pham
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Istvan M. Abraham
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Kanasaki H, Tumurbaatar T, Tumurgan Z, Oride A, Okada H, Kyo S. Mutual Interactions Between GnRH and Kisspeptin in GnRH- and Kiss-1-Expressing Immortalized Hypothalamic Cell Models. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:3380-3389. [PMID: 34268716 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are central regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and control female reproductive functions. Recently established mHypoA-50 and mHypoA-55 cells are immortalized hypothalamic neuronal cell models that originated from the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) regions of the mouse hypothalamus, respectively. mHypoA-50 or mHypoA-55 cells were stimulated with kisspeptin-10 (KP10) and GnRH, after which the expression of kisspeptin and GnRH was determined. Primary cultures of fetal rat brain cells were also examined. mHypoA-50 and mHypoA-55 cells expressed mRNA for Kiss-1 (which encodes kisspeptin) and GnRH as well as receptors for kisspeptin and GnRH. We found that Kiss-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in mHypoA-50 AVPV cells by KP10 and GnRH stimulation. Kisspeptin protein expression was also increased by KP10 and GnRH stimulation in these cells. In contrast, GnRH expression was unchanged in mHypoA-50 AVPV cells by KP10 and GnRH stimulation. In mHypoA-55 ARC cells, kisspeptin expression was also significantly increased at the mRNA and protein levels by KP10 and GnRH stimulation; however, GnRH expression was also upregulated by KP10 and GnRH stimulation in these cells. KP10 and estradiol (E2) both increased Kiss-1 gene expression in mHypoA-50 AVPV cells, but combined stimulation with KP10 and E2 did not potentiate their individual effects on Kiss-1 gene expression. On the other hand, E2 did not increase Kiss-1 gene expression in mHypoA-55 ARC cells, and the KP10-induced increase of Kiss-1 gene expression was inhibited in the presence of E2 in these cells. KP10 and GnRH significantly increased c-Fos protein expression in the mHypoA-50 AVPV and mHypoA-55 ARC cell lines. In primary cultures of fetal rat neuronal cells, KP10 significantly increased Kiss-1 gene expression, whereas GnRH significantly increased GnRH gene expression. We found that kisspeptin and GnRH affected Kiss-1- and GnRH-expressing hypothalamic cells and modulated Kiss-1 and/or GnRH gene expression with a concomitant increase in c-Fos protein expression. A mutual- or self-regulatory system might be present in Kiss-1 and/or GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kanasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Tuvshintugs Tumurbaatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Oride
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroe Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
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Winters SJ, Moore JP. PACAP: A regulator of mammalian reproductive function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110912. [PMID: 32561449 PMCID: PMC7606562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an ancestral molecule that was isolated from sheep hypothalamic extracts based on its action to stimulate cAMP production by pituitary cell cultures. PACAP is one of a number of ligands that coordinate with GnRH to control reproduction. While initially viewed as a hypothalamic releasing factor, PACAP and its receptors are widely distributed, and there is growing evidence that PACAP functions as a paracrine/autocrine regulator in the CNS, pituitary, gonads and placenta, among other tissues. This review will summarize current knowledge concerning the expression and function of PACAP in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with special emphasis on its role in pituitary function in the fetus and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Winters
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Joseph P Moore
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Zhu N, Zhao M, Song Y, Ding L, Ni Y. The KiSS-1/GPR54 system: Essential roles in physiological homeostasis and cancer biology. Genes Dis 2020; 9:28-40. [PMID: 35005105 PMCID: PMC8720660 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KiSS-1, first identified as an anti-metastasis gene in melanoma, encodes C-terminally amidated peptide products, including kisspeptin-145, kisspeptin-54, kisspeptin-14, kisspeptin-13 and kisspeptin-10. These products are endogenous ligands coupled to G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54)/hOT7T175/AXOR12. To date, the regulatory activities of the KiSS-1/GPR54 system, such as puberty initiation, antitumor metastasis, fertility in adulthood, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) feedback, and trophoblast invasion, have been investigated intensively. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that KiSS-1 played a key role in reproduction and served as a promising biomarker relative to the diagnosis, identification of therapeutic targets and prognosis in various carcinomas, while few studies have systematically summarized its subjective factors and concluded the functions of KiSS-1/GPR54 signaling in physiology homeostasis and cancer biology. In this review, we retrospectively summarized the regulators of the KiSS-1/GPR54 system in different animal models and reviewed its functions according to physiological homeostasis regulations and above all, cancer biology, which provided us with a profound understanding of applying the KiSS-1/GPR54 system into medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Zhu
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Mengxiang Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Yuxian Song
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Liang Ding
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
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Suetomi Y, Tatebayashi R, Sonoda S, Munetomo A, Matsuyama S, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Takeuchi Y, Tsukamura H, Ohkura S, Matsuda F. Establishment of immortalised cell lines derived from female Shiba goat KNDy and GnRH neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12857. [PMID: 32432378 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin plays a critical role in governing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/gonadotrophin secretion and subsequent reproductive function in mammals. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) kisspeptin neurones, which co-express neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin A (Dyn) and are referred to as KNDy neurones, are considered to be involved in GnRH generation. The present study aimed to establish cell lines derived from goat KNDy and GnRH neurones. Primary-cultured cells of female Shiba goat foetal hypothalamic ARC and preoptic area (POA) tissues were immortalised with the infection of lentivirus containing the simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene. Clones of the immortalised cells were selected by the gene expression of a neuronal marker, and then the neurone-derived cell clones were further selected by the gene expression of KNDy or GnRH neurone markers. As a result, we obtained a KNDy neurone cell line (GA28) from the ARC, as well as two GnRH neurone cell lines (GP11 and GP31) from the POA. Immunocytochemistry revealed the expression of kisspeptin, NKB and Dyn in GA28 cells, as well as GnRH in GP11 and GP31 cells. GnRH secretion from GP11 and GP31 cells into the media was confirmed by an enzyme immunoassay. Moreover, kisspeptin challenge increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in subsets of both GP11 and GP31 cells. Kisspeptin mRNA expression in GA28 cells, which expressed the oestrogen receptor alpha gene, was significantly reduced by 17β-oestradiol treatment. Furthermore, the transcriptional core promoter and repressive regions of the goat NKB gene were detected using GA28 cells. In conclusion, we have established goat KNDy and GnRH neurone cell lines that could be used to analyse molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating KNDy and GnRH neurones in vitro, facilitating the clarification of reproductive neuroendocrine mechanisms in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Suetomi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoki Tatebayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sonoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa Munetomo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukari Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohkura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fuko Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Köves K, Szabó E, Kántor O, Heinzlmann A, Szabó F, Csáki Á. Current State of Understanding of the Role of PACAP in the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Gonadotropin Functions of Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:88. [PMID: 32210912 PMCID: PMC7067695 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PACAP was discovered 30 years ago in Dr. Akira Arimura's laboratory. In the past three decades since then, it has become evident that this peptide plays numerous crucial roles in mammalian organisms. The most important functions of PACAP are the following: 1. neurotransmitter, 2. neuromodulator, 3. hypophysiotropic hormone, 4. neuroprotector. This paper reviews the accumulated data regarding the distribution of PACAP and its receptors in the mammalian hypothalamus and pituitary gland, the role of PACAP in the gonadotropin hormone secretion of females and males. The review also summarizes the interaction between PACAP, GnRH, and sex steroids as well as hypothalamic peptides including kisspeptin. The possible role of PACAP in reproductive functions through the biological clock is also discussed. Finally, the significance of PACAP in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system is considered and the facts missing, that would help better understand the function of PACAP in this system, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Köves
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Szabó
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kántor
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Heinzlmann
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ágnes Csáki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Meggyes M, Lajko A, Fulop BD, Reglodi D, Szereday L. Phenotypic characterization of testicular immune cells expressing immune checkpoint molecules in wild-type and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-deficient mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 83:e13212. [PMID: 31758623 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide having several regulatory functions in the nervous system and in peripheral organs including those of the reproductive system. PACAP-deficient male mice have several morphological, biochemical, behavioral defects and show disturbed signaling in spermatogenesis affecting fertility in PACAP KO mice. Reproductive functions such as fertility, mating, and maternal behaviors have been widely investigated, but no immune analyses are available regarding the testicular immune-privileged environment in male PACAP-deficient mice. METHOD OF STUDY We performed detailed immunophenotyping of testicular immune cells and investigated the expression of TIM-3 and PD-1 Immune checkpoint molecules of immune cells together with the detection of galectin-9 and perforin. We investigated the percentage of numerous immune cell populations in the testis of wild-type and PACAP-deficient mice. RESULTS We demonstrated a significant increase in the frequency of testicular CD8+ T cells together with the decrease in Treg cell number obtained from PACAP KO mice compared with wild-type mice. Investigating Immune checkpoint receptors, only PD-1 showed a significantly decreased expression in CD8+ T cells in PACAP KO mice compared with wild-type suggesting an impaired PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Regarding TIM-3 expression, we did not find any significant difference between the investigated groups. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that these local changes may result in an immune activation with disturbed testicular immunoregulation in PACAP KO mice; however, determining the exact function requires further investigations. Our data further support the view that besides a systemic immune tolerance, localized active immunosuppression is involved in the regulation of testicular immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyas Meggyes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Center, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Lajko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Daniel Fulop
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Szereday
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Janos Szentagothai Research Center, Pecs, Hungary
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