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Yang L, Kung CJS, Lu Z, Liu JYH, Ngan MP, Sakai T, Sakata I, Chan SW, Tu L, Rudd JA. Exploring the role of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Neuropharmacology 2024; 251:109919. [PMID: 38548221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Ghrelin and its mimetics have been shown to reduce cisplatin-induced emesis in preclinical studies using ferrets and shrews. This study investigated the effectiveness of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) in antagonizing cisplatin-induced emesis and physiological changes indicative of nausea in Suncus murinus. Animals implanted with radiotelemetry devices were administered ghrelin (0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 μg/day), DAG (0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 μg/day), or saline (14 μL/day) intracerebroventricularly 4 days before and 3 days after treatment with cisplatin (30 mg/kg). At the end, the anti-apoptotic potentials of ghrelin and DAG were assessed by measuring Bax expression and cytochrome C activity. Neurotransmitter changes in the brain were evaluated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Ghrelin and DAG reduced cisplatin-induced emesis in the delayed (24-72 h) but not the acute phase (0-24 h) of emesis. Ghrelin also partially reversed the inhibitory effects of cisplatin on food intake without affecting gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity or causing hypothermia; however, ghrelin or DAG did not prevent these effects. Ghrelin and DAG could attenuate the cisplatin-induced upregulation of Bax and cytochrome C in the ileum. Cisplatin dysregulated neurotransmitter levels in the frontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem, and this was partially restored by low doses of ghrelin and DAG. Our findings suggest that ghrelin and DAG exhibit protective effects against cisplatin-induced delayed emesis. The underlying antiemetic mechanism may involve GHSR and/or unspecified pathways that modulate the neurotransmitters involved in emesis control in the brain and an action to attenuate apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Yang
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Charmaine J S Kung
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Zengbing Lu
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Julia Y H Liu
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Man Piu Ngan
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Saint Francis University, Tseung Kwan O, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Longlong Tu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - John A Rudd
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Increased GABAergic projections in the paraventricular nucleus regulate colonic hypersensitivity via oxytocin in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome. Neuroreport 2023; 34:108-115. [PMID: 36608164 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by gastrointestinal dysmotility and visceral hyperalgesia, and the impaired brain-gut axis is accepted as a crucial cause for the onset of IBS. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the adaptive changes in the central neural system induced by stress on IBS-like syndromes in rats. Long-term water avoidance stress (WAS) was used to prepare IBS animals. The changes in neuronal excitation and GABA expression were shown by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein expressions of neurotransmitters were detected with Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The intestinal transit time, fecal moisture content, and abdominal withdrawal reflex scores of rats were recorded to monitor intestinal motility and visceral hyperalgesia. In the WAS-treated rats with enhanced intestinal motility and visceral hypersensitivity, more GABAergic projections were found in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, which inhibited the firing rate of neurons and decreased the expression of oxytocin. Exogenous oxytocin improved gut motility and decreased AWR scores. The inhibition of oxytocin by the adaptive GABAergic projection in the PVN might be an important mediator of IBS, which indicates a potential novel therapeutic target.
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Wang XY, Chen XQ, Wang GQ, Cai RL, Wang H, Wang HT, Peng XQ, Zhang MT, Huang S, Shen GM. A neural circuit for gastric motility disorders driven by gastric dilation in mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1069198. [PMID: 36908796 PMCID: PMC9992744 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1069198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Symptoms of gastric motility disorders are common clinical manifestations of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), and are triggered and exacerbated by stress, but the neural pathways underpinning them remain unclear. Methods We set-up a mouse model by gastric dilation (GD) in which the gastric dynamics were assessed by installing strain gauges on the surface of the stomach. The neural pathway associated with gastric motility disorders was investigated by behavioral tests, electrophysiology, neural circuit tracing, and optogenetics and chemogenetics involving projections of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) to acetylcholine (ChAT) neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Results We found that GD induced gastric motility disorders were accompanied by activation of PVN CRH neurons, which could be alleviated by strategies that inhibits the activity of PVN CRH neurons. In addition, we identified a neural pathway in which PVN CRH neurons project into DMV ChAT neurons, modulated activity of the PVN CRH →DMV ChAT pathway to alleviate gastric motility disorders induced by GD. Discussion These findings indicate that the PVN CRH →DMV ChAT pathway may mediate at least some aspects of GD related gastric motility, and provide new insights into the mechanisms by which somatic stimulation modulates the physiological functions of internal organs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yang Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Quan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rong-Lin Cai
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Peng
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zhang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shun Huang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Yu Z. Neuromechanism of acupuncture regulating gastrointestinal motility. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3182-3200. [PMID: 32684734 PMCID: PMC7336328 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i23.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has been used in China for thousands of years and has become more widely accepted by doctors and patients around the world. A large number of clinical studies and animal experiments have confirmed that acupuncture has a benign adjustment effect on gastrointestinal (GI) movement; however, the mechanism of this effect is unclear, especially in terms of neural mechanisms, and there are still many areas that require further exploration. This article reviews the recent data on the neural mechanism of acupuncture on GI movements. We summarize the neural mechanism of acupuncture on GI movement from four aspects: acupuncture signal transmission, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
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Russo C, Patanè M, Vicario N, Di Bella V, Cosentini I, Barresi V, Gulino R, Pellitteri R, Russo A, Stanzani S. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells express both Ghrelin and Ghrelin Receptor in vitro: a new hypothesis in favor of a neurotrophic effect. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:101997. [PMID: 31784044 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs) are glial cells able to secrete different neurotrophic growth factors and thus promote axonal growth, also acting as a mechanical support. In the olfactory system, during development, they drive the non-myelinated axons of the Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) towards the Olfactory Bulb (OB). Ghrelin (Ghre), a gut-brain peptide hormone, and its receptor (GHS-R 1a) are expressed in different parts of the central nervous system. In the last few years, this peptide has stimulated particular interest as results show it to be a neuroprotective factor with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Our previous studies showed that OB mitral cells express Ghre, thus being able to play an important role in regulating food behavior in response to odors. In this study, we investigated the presence of Ghre and GHS-R 1a in primary mouse OECs. The expression of both Ghre and its receptor was assessed by an immunocytochemical technique, Western Blot and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis. Our results demonstrated that OECs are able to express both Ghre and GHS-R 1a and that these proteins are detectable after extensive passages in vitro; in addition, PCR analysis further confirmed these data. Therefore, we can hypothesize that Ghre and GHS-R 1a interact with a reinforcement function, in the peripheral olfactory circuit, providing a neurotrophic support to the synaptic interaction between ORNs and mitral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Patanè
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Virginia Di Bella
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cosentini
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Inst for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Stefania Stanzani
- Dept Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
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Su M, Yan M, Gong Y. Ghrelin fiber projections from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus into the dorsal vagal complex and the regulation of glycolipid metabolism. Neuropeptides 2019; 78:101972. [PMID: 31610887 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the involvement of the ghrelin pathway from the arcuate nucleus (ARC) to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and to determine its role in the regulation of glycolipid metabolism. METHODS The protein and mRNA expression of ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR-1a) were measured using immunohistochemistry and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, respectively. Ghrelin fiber projections arising from the ARC and projecting into the DVC were investigated using retrograde tracing, combined with fluorescence immunohistochemical staining. The effects of electrical stimulation (ES) of the ARC on ghrelin-responsive, glucose-sensitive DVC neurons, glycolipid metabolism, and liver lipid enzymes were determined using electrical physiological method, biochemical analysis, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. RESULTS GHSR-1a was expressed in the DVC neurons. Ghrelin fibers originating from the ARC projected into the DVC. ES of the ARC-activated the ghrelin-responsive glucose-excited (GE) and glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons in the DVC. ES of the ARC significantly elevated the serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and glucose levels; it reduced the serum high-density lipoprotein (HDLC) and insulin levels. Moreover, ES of the ARC increased liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and decreased carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) expression, resulting in lipid accumulation in the liver. All the aforementioned effects were partially blocked by pretreatment with the ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 in the DVC and were reduced by vagotomy. ES of the ARC increased agouti-related protein (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the ARC and ghrelin expression in the DVC. CONCLUSION Ghrelin fiber projections arising from the ARC and projecting into the DVC play a role in the regulation of afferent glucose metabolism and glycolipid metabolism via the ghrelin receptor GHSR-1a in the DVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Su
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Meixing Yan
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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