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Campli G, Volovych O, Kim K, Veldsman WP, Drage HB, Sheizaf I, Lynch S, Chipman AD, Daley AC, Robinson-Rechavi M, Waterhouse RM. The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39039636 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well as protection from the environment and predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating the adoption of a variety of lifestyles and the exploitation of ecological niches across all environments. Throughout the radiation that produced the more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation and exoskeletons has led to a diversity that is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because of the limited extensibility of exoskeleton chitin and cuticle components, they must be periodically shed and replaced with new larger ones, notably to accommodate the growing individuals encased within. Therefore, arthropods grow discontinuously by undergoing periodic moulting events, which follow a series of steps from the preparatory pre-moult phase to ecdysis itself and post-moult maturation of new exoskeletons. Each event represents a particularly vulnerable period in an arthropod's life cycle, so processes must be tightly regulated and meticulously executed to ensure successful transitions for normal growth and development. Decades of research in representative arthropods provide a foundation of understanding of the mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue to develop and test hypotheses on the presence and function of molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, and receptors, as well as the so-called early, late, and fate genes, across arthropod diversity. Here, we review the literature to develop a comprehensive overview of the status of accumulated knowledge of the genetic toolkit governing arthropod moulting. From biosynthesis and regulation of ecdysteroid and sesquiterpenoid hormones, to factors involved in hormonal stimulation responses and exoskeleton remodelling, we identify commonalities and differences, as well as highlighting major knowledge gaps, across arthropod groups. We examine the available evidence supporting current models of how components operate together to prepare for, execute, and recover from ecdysis, comparing reports from Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda. Evidence is generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, with most reports based on insect study systems. Biases are also evident in research on different moulting phases and processes, with the early triggers and late effectors generally being the least well explored. Our synthesis contrasts knowledge based on reported observations with reasonably plausible assumptions given current taxonomic sampling, and exposes weak assumptions or major gaps that need addressing. Encouragingly, advances in genomics are driving a diversification of tractable study systems by facilitating the cataloguing of putative genetic toolkits in previously under-explored taxa. Analysis of genome and transcriptome data supported by experimental investigations have validated the presence of an "ultra-conserved" core of arthropod genes involved in moulting processes. The molecular machinery has likely evolved with elaborations on this conserved pathway backbone, but more taxonomic exploration is needed to characterise lineage-specific changes and novelties. Furthermore, linking these to transformative innovations in moulting processes across Arthropoda remains hampered by knowledge gaps and hypotheses based on untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging from the synthesis is a framework that highlights research avenues from the underlying genetics to the dynamic molecular biology through to the complex physiology of moulting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Campli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Bâtiment Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Amphipôle, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Olga Volovych
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Bâtiment Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Amphipôle, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Werner P Veldsman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Bâtiment Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Amphipôle, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Harriet B Drage
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Quartier UNIL-Mouline, Bâtiment Géopolis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Idan Sheizaf
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Sinéad Lynch
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Quartier UNIL-Mouline, Bâtiment Géopolis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ariel D Chipman
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Allison C Daley
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Quartier UNIL-Mouline, Bâtiment Géopolis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Bâtiment Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Amphipôle, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Bâtiment Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Amphipôle, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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Yang ZM, Yan YY, Wu Y, Yu N, Liu ZW, Yu N, Liu ZW. EcR/USP-1-mediated ecdysteroid signaling regulates wolf spider ( Pardosa pseudoannulata) development and reproduction. Zool Res 2023; 44:43-52. [PMID: 36266934 PMCID: PMC9841194 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycosidae females demonstrate meticulous maternal care of offspring by carrying egg sacs and juvenile spiderlings during the reproductive stage. Nuclear receptors (NRs), especially the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP), have attracted considerable attention in the regulation of arthropod development and reproduction due to their pivotal roles in ecdysteroid signaling cascades. In the present study, 23 NRs, including one EcR and two USPs, were identified in the genome of the predatory wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata. RNA interference (RNAi) targeting EcR and USP-1 inhibited spiderling development and resulted in non-viable eggs in the egg sacs. EcR and USP-1 responded to changes in ecdysteroid levels, and interference in ecdysteroid biosynthesis led to similar phenotypes as dsEcR and dsUSP-1 treatments. These findings suggest that EcR/USP-1-mediated ecdysteroid signaling regulates P. pseudoannulata development and reproduction. The P. pseudoannulata females with suppressed ecdysteroid signaling proactively consumed their non-viable egg sacs, resulting in a 7.19 d shorter first reproductive cycle than the controls. Termination of the failed reproductive cycle enabled the spiders to produce a new egg sac more rapidly. This reproductive strategy may partially rescue the reduction in population growth due to non-viable eggs and compensate for the physiological expenditure of wasted maternal care, which would be beneficial for the conservation of P. pseudoannulata populations and their natural control of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yang-Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ze-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China,E-mail:
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Yang Z, Wu Y, Yan Y, Xu G, Yu N, Liu Z. Regulation of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid analogues on the development of the predatory spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, and its regulatory mechanisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113847. [PMID: 35809399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides harm the beneficial organisms, such as predatory spiders, through direct killing or regulation of the development and reproduction. In this study, the bioassay showed that the treatment of juvenile hormone (JH) analogue fenoxycarb delayed the moulting of Pardosa pseudoannulata, a dominant predatory spider in paddy fields. In order to figure out the regulatory mechanism of fenoxycarb on the spider development, we systematically analyzed JH biosynthesis in P. pseudoannulata. All genes involved in JH biosynthesis pathway were retrieved from the genome of P. pseudoannulata, except for CYP15A1. The absence of CYP15A1 was in agreement with the identification of methyl farnesoate (MF) rather than JH III in the spider. The delayed moulting and decreased expression of JH biosynthesis-related genes in the MF-applied spiderlings supported that MF was an active JH. Fenoxycarb treatment significantly upregulated the transcriptional level of JH biosynthesis-related genes and consequently delayed the spiderling moulting. In the spider development, ecdysteroid played the opposite role, in contrast to MF, to accelerate the development, as our previous study. Here we found that the treatment of ecdysteroid analogue tebufenozide accelerated P. pseudoannulata spiderling moulting, which resulted from the expressional suppression of ecdysteroid biosynthesis-related genes. In total, the JH and ecdysteroid analogues affected the development of P. pseudoannulata by the expressional regulation of biosynthesis-related genes, which would be helpful for the evaluation of hormone analogue insecticides in environmental safety, and useful for the protection and application of P. pseudoannulate and related spider species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Yangyang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Guangming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Tu S, Tuo P, Xu D, Wang Z, Wang M, Xie X, Zhu D. Molecular Characterization of the Cytochrome P450 Epoxidase ( CYP15) in the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus and Its Putative Roles in Methyl Farnesoate Metabolism. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 242:75-86. [PMID: 35580030 DOI: 10.1086/719047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CYP15, which encodes a microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme, could be involved in juvenile hormone biosynthesis in insects. In this study, a full-length cDNA of CYP15 was cloned from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. This PtCYP15 amino acid sequence contains six conserved domains, which is a typical feature of the cytochrome P450 family. Phylogenetic tree analysis results showed that PtCYP15 clusters in a single branch of crustacean species, suggesting that CYP15 may be more widely present in crustaceans. The PtCYP15 mRNA has a broad pattern of tissue expression in P. trituberculatus, including high levels of expression in the hepatopancreas of both sexes and in the ovary of female crabs. During ovarian development stages, PtCYP15 mRNA is highly expressed in stages I and II and less so in stages III and IV in the hepatopancreas and the ovary of the female crabs. These expression profiles are opposite those of methyl farnesoate in hemolymph, suggesting that PtCYP15 might be involved in methyl farnesoate metabolism. In vitro studies show that only methyl farnesoate upregulated vitellogenin expression in the hepatopancreas, suggesting that methyl farnesoate might be the equivalent of juvenile hormone III in crustaceans. Methyl farnesoate treatment increased levels of PtCYP15 in explants of the hepatopancreas and ovary, while juvenile hormone III treatment reduced levels of PtCYP15 mRNA in ovary explants, suggesting that PtCYP15 might be involved in degrading methyl farnesoate. Furthermore, PtCYP15 mRNA expression levels were inhibited by adding juvenile hormone III to ovary explants. These findings provide foundational information for future research on methyl farnesoate metabolism in crustaceans.
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