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Shah S, Wozniak RAF. Staphylococcus aureus and P seudomonas aeruginosa infectious keratitis: key bacterial mechanisms that mediate pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1250257. [PMID: 37671149 PMCID: PMC10475732 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1250257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis (bacterial infection of the cornea) is a major cause of vision loss worldwide. Given the rapid and aggressive nature of the disease, immediate broad-spectrum antibiotics are essential to adequately treat this disease. However, rising antibiotic resistance continues to accelerate, rendering many commonly used therapeutics increasingly ineffective. As such, there is a significant effort to understand the basic pathogenesis of common causative organisms implicated in keratitis in part, to fuel the development of novel therapies to treat this blinding disease. This review explores two common causes of bacterial keratitis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with regards to the bacterial mediators of virulence as well as novel therapies on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel A. F. Wozniak
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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2
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Gómez-Martínez J, Rocha-Gracia RDC, Bello-López E, Cevallos MA, Castañeda-Lucio M, Sáenz Y, Jiménez-Flores G, Cortés-Cortés G, López-García A, Lozano-Zarain P. Comparative Genomics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Different Ecological Niches. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050866. [PMID: 37237769 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome can change to adapt to different ecological niches. We compared four genomes from a Mexican hospital and 59 genomes from GenBank from different niches, such as urine, sputum, and environmental. The ST analysis showed that high-risk STs (ST235, ST773, and ST27) were present in the genomes of the three niches from GenBank, and the STs of Mexican genomes (ST167, ST2731, and ST549) differed from the GenBank genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genomes were clustering according to their ST and not their niche. When analyzing the genomic content, we observed that environmental genomes had genes involved in adapting to the environment not found in the clinics and that their mechanisms of resistance were mutations in antibiotic resistance-related genes. In contrast, clinical genomes from GenBank had resistance genes, in mobile/mobilizable genetic elements in the chromosome, except for the Mexican genomes that carried them mostly in plasmids. This was related to the presence of CRISPR-Cas and anti-CRISPR; however, Mexican strains only had plasmids and CRISPR-Cas. blaOXA-488 (a variant of blaOXA50) with higher activity against carbapenems was more prevalent in sputum genomes. The virulome analysis showed that exoS was most prevalent in the genomes of urinary samples and exoU and pldA in sputum samples. This study provides evidence regarding the genetic variability among P. aeruginosa isolated from different niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gómez-Martínez
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones de Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Rosa Del Carmen Rocha-Gracia
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones de Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Elena Bello-López
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Cevallos
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Miguel Castañeda-Lucio
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones de Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Sáenz
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Jiménez-Flores
- Laboratorio Clínico, Área de Microbiología, Hospital Regional Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Cortés-Cortés
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Alma López-García
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones de Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Patricia Lozano-Zarain
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones de Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
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Grace A, Sahu R, Owen DR, Dennis VA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains PAO1 and PA14: A genomic, phenotypic, and therapeutic review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1023523. [PMID: 36312971 PMCID: PMC9607943 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous, motile, gram-negative bacterium that has been recently identified as a multi-drug resistant pathogen in critical need of novel therapeutics. Of the approximately 5,000 strains, PAO1 and PA14 are common laboratory reference strains, modeling moderately and hyper-virulent phenotypes, respectively. PAO1 and PA14 have been instrumental in facilitating the discovery of novel drug targets, testing novel therapeutics, and supplying critical genomic information on the bacterium. While the two strains have contributed to a wide breadth of knowledge on the natural behaviors and therapeutic susceptibilities of P. aeruginosa, they have demonstrated significant deviations from observations in human infections. Many of these deviations are related to experimental inconsistencies in laboratory strain environment that complicate and, at times, terminate translation from laboratory results to clinical applications. This review aims to provide a comparative analysis of the two strains and potential methods to improve their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Grace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | | | - Vida A. Dennis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Vida A. Dennis,
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Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Diversity of Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Collected through CDC's Emerging Infections Program, United States, 2016-2018. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0049622. [PMID: 36066241 PMCID: PMC9487505 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00496-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP) conducted population- and laboratory-based surveillance of US carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) from 2016 through 2018. To characterize the pathotype, 1,019 isolates collected through this project underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Sequenced genomes were classified using the seven-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme and a core genome (cg)MLST scheme was used to determine phylogeny. Both chromosomal and horizontally transmitted mechanisms of carbapenem resistance were assessed. There were 336 sequence types (STs) among the 1,019 sequenced genomes, and the genomes varied by an average of 84.7% of the cgMLST alleles used. Mutations associated with dysfunction of the porin OprD were found in 888 (87.1%) of the genomes and were correlated with carbapenem resistance, and a machine learning model incorporating hundreds of genetic variations among the chromosomal mechanisms of resistance was able to classify resistant genomes. While only 7 (0.1%) isolates harbored carbapenemase genes, 66 (6.5%) had acquired non-carbapenemase β-lactamase genes, and these were more likely to have OprD dysfunction and be resistant to all carbapenems tested. The genetic diversity demonstrates that the pathotype includes a variety of strains, and clones previously identified as high-risk make up only a minority of CRPA strains in the United States. The increased carbapenem resistance in isolates with acquired non-carbapenemase β-lactamase genes suggests that horizontally transmitted mechanisms aside from carbapenemases themselves may be important drivers of the spread of carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa.
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Genetic Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Genes Associated with Keratitis in Egyptian Population. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious keratitis continues to be a prominent cause of vision impairment worldwide through a variety of causes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that frequently causes vision-threatening microbial keratitis. P. aeruginosa contains a diverse array of virulence factors, including exoA, exoS, nan1, and lasB, some of which may contribute to its pathogenicity. Because the clinical characteristics of bacterial keratitis vary, making a quick differential diagnosis can be difficult, resulting in a delay in diagnosis and worse outcome. In this study, we performed multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of nan1, toxA, exoS, and lasB, and determine their association with distinct clinical presentations of P. aeruginosa-related keratitis. We also performed antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates. A total of 49 P. aeruginosa strains were obtained from individuals with keratitis between May 2021 and December 2021 from the Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt. Results showed that lasB was most expressed gene (81.8%), followed by tox (63.6%) and exoS (31.8%), whereas nan1 was the least commonly expressed gene 1316 (22.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility profile showed that TOB was the least sensitive antibiotic (26.5%), followed by CIP (34.7%), whereas CT was the most sensitive antibiotic (89.8%), followed by GAT (83.7%) and PB (81.6%). Several virulence genes were identified in P. aeruginosa isolates, suggesting that these genes are associated with varying degrees of intrinsic virulence and pathogenicity. Substantial associations between specific virulence genes and the source of infection imply that infection control measures can aid in regulating the distribution of virulence genes among P. aeruginosa strains.
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Stapleton F, Shrestha GS, Vijay AK, Carnt N. Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Genetics of Contact Lens-Related and Non-Contact Lens-Related Infectious Keratitis. Eye Contact Lens 2022; 48:127-133. [PMID: 35192567 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Infectious keratitis is a rare but severe condition associated with a range of ocular and systemic predisposing conditions, including ocular trauma, prior surgery, surface disease, and contact lens (CL) wear. This review explores the epidemiology of infectious keratitis, specifically the differences in disease incidence and risk factors, causative organism profile and virulence characteristics and host microbiome, genetics, gene expression, proteomics, and metabolomic characteristics in CL-related and non-CL-related diseases. Differences exist in the epidemiology, demographics, causative organisms, and their virulence characteristics in CL-related and non-CL-related diseases, and there is less evidence to support differences between these groups of individuals in the ocular surface microbiome, genetics, and pathways of disease. Genetic variations, however, in the host immune profile are implicated in both the onset and severity of infectious keratitis in CL and non-CL wearers. As technologies in metabolomics, proteomics, and genomics improved to be better able to process small-volume samples from the ocular surface, there will be improved understanding of the interplay between the CL, ocular surface, host immune profile, and the microbial environment. This may result in a more personalized approach in the management of disease to reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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Singh RB, Das S, Chodosh J, Sharma N, Zegans ME, Kowalski RP, Jhanji V. Paradox of complex diversity: Challenges in the diagnosis and management of bacterial keratitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 88:101028. [PMID: 34813978 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis continues to be one of the leading causes of corneal blindness in the developed as well as the developing world, despite swift progress since the dawn of the "anti-biotic era". Although, we are expeditiously developing our understanding about the different causative organisms and associated pathology leading to keratitis, extensive gaps in knowledge continue to dampen the efforts for early and accurate diagnosis, and management in these patients, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. The ability of the causative bacteria to subdue the therapeutic challenge stems from their large genome encoding complex regulatory networks, variety of unique virulence factors, and rapid secretion of tissue damaging proteases and toxins. In this review article, we have provided an overview of the established classical diagnostic techniques and therapeutics for keratitis caused by various bacteria. We have extensively reported our recent in-roads through novel tools for accurate diagnosis of mono- and poly-bacterial corneal infections. Furthermore, we outlined the recent progress by our group and others in understanding the sub-cellular genomic changes that lead to antibiotic resistance in these organisms. Finally, we discussed in detail, the novel therapies and drug delivery systems in development for the efficacious management of bacterial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bir Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333, ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sujata Das
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Michael E Zegans
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Regis P Kowalski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Charles T Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Charles T Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Flavobacterium erciyesense sp. nov., a putative non-pathogenic fish symbiont. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5783-5792. [PMID: 34515811 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During a study aiming at isolation and genomic characterization of non-pathogenic fish symbionts, strain F-328T was isolated from skin mucus of healthy-seeming rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and subjected to polyphasic characterization, including a comprehensive genome analysis. Strain F-328T was Gram stain negative, none-gliding, strictly aerobic, and rod shaped. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F-328T exhibited the highest level of identity (98.9%) with F. turcicum F-339T. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, C15:1 ω6c, and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c, C16:1 ω6c). The polar lipid profile consisted mainly of phosphatidylethanolamine and aminolipids, while the predominant menaquinone was MK-6. The DNA G + C content and genome size of the strain were 35.3% and 3.4 Mb, respectively. Strain F-328T shows 93.8% average nucleotide identity and 53% digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the closest type strain F. turcicum F-339T. In addition, strain F-328T was found to carry antimicrobial resistance genes, which confer resistance to several antimicrobials, including aminoglycoside, macrolides, and streptogramin. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain F-328T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium for which the name Flavobacterium erciyesense sp. nov. is proposed, with F-328T as the type strain (= JCM 34201T = KCTC 82261T).
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Tyumentseva M, Mikhaylova Y, Prelovskaya A, Karbyshev K, Tyumentsev A, Petrova L, Mironova A, Zamyatin M, Shelenkov A, Akimkin V. CRISPR Element Patterns vs. Pathoadaptability of Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from a Medical Center in Moscow, Russia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111301. [PMID: 34827239 PMCID: PMC8615150 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of the ESKAPE opportunistic pathogen group, which includes six species of the most dangerous microbes. This pathogen is characterized by the rapid acquisition of antimicrobial resistance, thus causing major healthcare concerns. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates based on whole-genome sequencing data. The isolate collection studied was characterized by a variety of clonal lineages with a domination of high-risk epidemic clones and different CRISPR/Cas element patterns. This is the first report on the coexistence of two and even three different types of CRISPR/Cas systems simultaneously in Russian clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. The data include molecular typing and genotypic antibiotic resistance determination, as well as the phylogenetic analysis of the full-length cas gene and anti-CRISPR genes sequences, predicted prophage sequences, and conducted a detailed CRISPR array analysis. The differences between the isolates carrying different types and quantities of CRISPR/Cas systems were investigated. The pattern of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa isolates lacking putative CRISPR/Cas systems significantly differed from that of samples with single or multiple putative CRISPR/Cas systems. We found significant correlations between the numbers of prophage sequences, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence genes in P. aeruginosa isolates with different patterns of CRISPR/Cas-elements. We believe that the data presented will contribute to further investigations in the field of bacterial pathoadaptability, including antimicrobial resistance and the role of CRISPR/Cas systems in the plasticity of the P. aeruginosa genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tyumentseva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.); (Y.M.); (A.P.); (K.K.); (A.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Yulia Mikhaylova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.); (Y.M.); (A.P.); (K.K.); (A.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Anna Prelovskaya
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.); (Y.M.); (A.P.); (K.K.); (A.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Konstantin Karbyshev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.); (Y.M.); (A.P.); (K.K.); (A.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Aleksandr Tyumentsev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.); (Y.M.); (A.P.); (K.K.); (A.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Lyudmila Petrova
- National Medical and Surgical Center Named after N.I. Pirogov, Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya Str., 70, 105203 Moscow, Russia; (L.P.); (A.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Anna Mironova
- National Medical and Surgical Center Named after N.I. Pirogov, Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya Str., 70, 105203 Moscow, Russia; (L.P.); (A.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mikhail Zamyatin
- National Medical and Surgical Center Named after N.I. Pirogov, Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya Str., 70, 105203 Moscow, Russia; (L.P.); (A.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Andrey Shelenkov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.); (Y.M.); (A.P.); (K.K.); (A.T.); (V.A.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Vasiliy Akimkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.); (Y.M.); (A.P.); (K.K.); (A.T.); (V.A.)
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Shah R, Amador C, Tormanen K, Ghiam S, Saghizadeh M, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A, Kramerov AA, Ljubimov AV. Systemic diseases and the cornea. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108455. [PMID: 33485845 PMCID: PMC7946758 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a number of systemic diseases affecting the cornea. These include endocrine disorders (diabetes, Graves' disease, Addison's disease, hyperparathyroidism), infections with viruses (SARS-CoV-2, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, HTLV-1, Epstein-Barr virus) and bacteria (tuberculosis, syphilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, gout, atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, multiple sclerosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, sarcoidosis, Cogan's syndrome, immunobullous diseases), corneal deposit disorders (Wilson's disease, cystinosis, Fabry disease, Meretoja's syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis, hyperlipoproteinemia), and genetic disorders (aniridia, Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, Marfan syndrome). Corneal manifestations often provide an insight to underlying systemic diseases and can act as the first indicator of an undiagnosed systemic condition. Routine eye exams can bring attention to potentially life-threatening illnesses. In this review, we provide a fairly detailed overview of the pathologic changes in the cornea described in various systemic diseases and also discuss underlying molecular mechanisms, as well as current and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Shah
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Cynthia Amador
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Ghiam
- Sackler School of Medicine, New York State/American Program of Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithi Arumugaswami
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrei A Kramerov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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