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Hanrio E, Bogema D, Davern K, Batley J, Clarke M, Abudulai L, Severn-Ellis A, Dang C. Characterisation of common hypothetical surface peptides between protozoan parasites (Perkinsus olseni) originating from different geographical locations. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 158:143-155. [PMID: 38813855 DOI: 10.3354/dao03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Perkinsus olseni and P. marinus are classified as notifiable pathogens by the World Organisation for Animal Health and are known to cause perkinsosis in a variety of molluscs globally. Mass mortalities due to these parasites in farms and in the wild have been a recurrent issue. Diagnosis for these protozoans is currently done using Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium method followed by optical microscopy or molecular assays. Both require a high level of skill and are time-consuming. An immunoassay method would make the diagnosis of perkinsosis quicker and cheaper. The present study used mass spectrometry-based proteomics to investigate common hypothetical surface peptides between different geographical isolates of P. olseni, which could be used to develop immunoassays in the future. Two peptides were identified: POLS_08089, which is a 42.7 kDa peptide corresponding to the 60S ribosomal subunit protein L4; and POLS_15916, which is a conserved hypothetical protein of 55.6 kDa. The identification of peptides may allow the development of immunoassays through a more targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Hanrio
- The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Daniel Bogema
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Kathleen Davern
- Monoclonal Antibody Facility, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Laila Abudulai
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anita Severn-Ellis
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Cécile Dang
- The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
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Zhang X, Zheng YD, Yuan T, Liu CF, Huang BW, Xin LS, Wang CM, Bai CM. Occurrence and seasonal variation of Perkinsus sp. Infection in wild mollusk populations from coastal waters of Qingdao, northern China. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108044. [PMID: 38123122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsosis has been recognized as one of the major threats to natural and farmed bivalve populations, many of which are of commercial as well as environmental significance. Three Perkinsus species have been identified in China, and the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was the most frequently infected species in northern China. Although the occurrence and seasonal variation of Perkinsus spp. have previously been examined, the pathological characteristics of these infections in wild Manila clams and sympatric species in China have seldom been reported. In the present study, the prevalence and intensity of Perkinsus infection in wild populations of Manila clams and 10 sympatric species from three sites were investigated by Ray's fluid thioglycolate medium (RFTM) assay seasonally across a single year. Perkinsus infection was only identified in Manila clams, with a high prevalence (274/284 = 96.48 %) and low intensity (89.8 % with a Mackin value ≤ 2, suggesting generally low-intensity infections) throughout the year. Heavily infected clams were mainly identified in Tianheng in January, which displayed no macroscopic signs of disease. An overview of the whole visceral mass section showed that the trophozoites mostly aggregated in gills and connective tissue of the digestive tract, to a lesser extent in the mantle and foot, and even less frequently in adductor muscle and connective tissues of the gonad. PCR and ITS-5.8S rRNA sequencing of 93 representative RFTM-positive samples revealed a 99.69 to 100 % DNA sequence identity to Perkinsus olseni. Unexpectedly, significantly higher infection intensities were usually identified in January and April when the Condition Index (CI) was relatively high. We propose that factors associated with the anthropogenic harvesting pressure and irregular disturbances should be responsible for the uncommon seasonal infection dynamics of perkinsosis observed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Dandong Fishery Development Service Center, Dandong 118000, China
| | - Chen-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bo-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lu-Sheng Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chang-Ming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Orosz F. p25alpha Domain-Containing Proteins of Apicomplexans and Related Taxa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1528. [PMID: 37375031 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TPPP (tubulin polymerization promoting protein)-like proteins contain one or more p25alpha (Pfam05517) domains. TPPP-like proteins occur in different types as determined by their length (e.g., long-, short-, truncated-, and fungal-type TPPP) and include the protein apicortin, which possesses another domain, doublecortin (DCX, Pfam 03607). These various TPPP-like proteins are found in various phylogenomic groups. In particular, short-type TPPPs and apicortin are well-represented in the Myzozoa, which include apicomplexans and related taxa, chrompodellids, dinoflagellates, and perkinsids. The long-, truncated-, and fungal-type TPPPs are not found in the myzozoans. Apicortins are found in all apicomplexans except one piroplasmid species, present in several other myzozoans, and seem to be correlated with the conoid and apical complex. Short-type TPPPs are predominantly found in myzozoans that have flagella, suggesting a role in flagellum assembly or structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Orosz
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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Murphy C, Fernández Robledo JA, van Walsum GP. Perkinsus marinus in bioreactor: growth and a cost-reduced growth medium. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad023. [PMID: 37669897 PMCID: PMC10500546 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsus marinus (Perkinsea) is an osmotrophic facultative intracellular marine protozoan responsible for "Dermo" disease in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. In 1993 in vitro culture of P. marinus was developed in the absence of host cells. Compared to most intracellular protozoan parasites, the availability of P. marinus to grow in the absence of host cells has provided the basis to explore its use as a heterologous expression system. As the genetic toolbox is becoming available, there is also the need for larger-scale cultivation and lower-cost media formulations. Here, we took an industrial approach to scaled-up growth from a small culture flask to bioreactors, which required developing new cultivation parameters, including aeration, mixing, pH, temperature control, and media formulation. Our approach also enabled more real-time data collection on growth. The bioreactor cultivation method showed similar or accelerated growth rates of P. marinus compared to culture in T-flasks. Redox measurements indicated sufficient oxygen availability throughout the cultivation. Replacing fetal bovine serum with chicken serum showed no differences in the growth rate and a 60% reduction in the medium cost. This study opens the door to furthering P. marinus as a valid heterologous expression system by showing the ability to grow in bioreactors. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Perkinsus marinus, a microbial parasite of oysters that could be useful for developing vaccines for humans, has been shown to grow well in laboratory equipment that can be expanded to commercial scale using a less expensive growth formula than usual laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - G Peter van Walsum
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Gornik SG, Flores V, Reinhardt F, Erber L, Salas-Leiva DE, Douvropoulou O, Lassadi I, Einarsson E, Mörl M, Git A, Stadler PF, Pain A, Waller RF. Mitochondrial Genomes in Perkinsus Decode Conserved Frameshifts in All Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6701636. [PMID: 36108082 PMCID: PMC9550989 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes of apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, and chrompodellids that collectively make up the Myzozoa, encode only three proteins (Cytochrome b [COB], Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 [COX1], Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 [COX3]), contain fragmented ribosomal RNAs, and display extensive recombination, RNA trans-splicing, and RNA-editing. The early-diverging Perkinsozoa is the final major myzozoan lineage whose mitochondrial genomes remained poorly characterized. Previous reports of Perkinsus genes indicated independent acquisition of non-canonical features, namely the occurrence of multiple frameshifts. To determine both ancestral myzozoan and novel perkinsozoan mitochondrial genome features, we sequenced and assembled mitochondrial genomes of four Perkinsus species. These data show a simple ancestral genome with the common reduced coding capacity but disposition for rearrangement. We identified 75 frameshifts across the four species that occur as distinct types and that are highly conserved in gene location. A decoding mechanism apparently employs unused codons at the frameshift sites that advance translation either +1 or +2 frames to the next used codon. The locations of frameshifts are seemingly positioned to regulate protein folding of the nascent protein as it emerges from the ribosome. The cox3 gene is distinct in containing only one frameshift and showing strong selection against residues that are otherwise frequently encoded at the frameshift positions in cox1 and cob. All genes lack cysteine codons implying a reduction to 19 amino acids in these genomes. Furthermore, mitochondrion-encoded rRNA fragment complements are incomplete in Perkinsus spp. but some are found in the nuclear DNA suggesting import into the organelle. Perkinsus demonstrates further remarkable trajectories of organelle genome evolution including pervasive integration of frameshift translation into genome expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Reinhardt
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lieselotte Erber
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dayana E Salas-Leiva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Douvropoulou
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imen Lassadi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Elin Einarsson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Mörl
- Institute for Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Git
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany,Discrete Biomathematics, Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Theoretical Biochemistry Group, Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Alsergrund, Vienna 1090, Austria,Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 North 20, West 10 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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The characterization of novel monomeric creatine kinases in the early branching Alveolata species, Perkinsus marinus: Implications for phosphagen kinase evolution. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110758. [PMID: 35598705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the unicellular molluscan parasite Perkinsus marinus contains at least five genes coding for putative creatine kinases (CK), a phosphoryl transfer enzyme which plays a key role in cellular energy transactions. Expression and kinetic analyses of three of the P. marinus CKs revealed them to be true CKs with catalytic properties in the range of typical metazoan CKs. A sequence comparison of the P. marinus CKs with a range of CK dimers and other dimeric phosphoryl transfer enzymes in this family (phosphagen kinases) showed that the P. marinus CKs lacked some of the critical residues involved in dimer stabilization, a trait all previously characterized CKs share. Size exclusion chromatography of all three expressed P. marinus CK constructs indicated they are monomeric, consistent with the observed lack of some critical dimer stabilizing residues. Phylogenetic analyses of the P. marinus CKs and putative dinoflagellate CKs with a broad range of monomeric and dimeric phosphagen kinases revealed that the Perkinsus CKs form a distinct, well-supported clade with dinoflagellate CKs which also lack the dimer stabilizing residues. Analysis of the genomic data for P. marinus showed the presence of putative genes for the two enzymes associated with creatine biosynthesis. CK in higher organisms plays a critical role in energy buffering in cell types displaying high and variable rates of ATP turnover. The presence of multiple CKs and the creatine biosynthetic pathway in P. marinus indicates that this unicellular parasite has the full complement of molecular machinery for CK-mediated energy buffering.
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Berná L, Rego N, Francia ME. The Elusive Mitochondrial Genomes of Apicomplexa: Where Are We Now? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:751775. [PMID: 34721355 PMCID: PMC8554336 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.751775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles of eukaryotic cells, participating in key metabolic pathways such as cellular respiration, thermogenesis, maintenance of cellular redox potential, calcium homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell death. The phylum Apicomplexa is entirely composed of obligate intracellular parasites, causing a plethora of severe diseases in humans, wild and domestic animals. These pathogens include the causative agents of malaria, cryptosporidiosis, neosporosis, East Coast fever and toxoplasmosis, among others. The mitochondria in Apicomplexa has been put forward as a promising source of undiscovered drug targets, and it has been validated as the target of atovaquone, a drug currently used in the clinic to counter malaria. Apicomplexans present a single tubular mitochondria that varies widely both in structure and in genomic content across the phylum. The organelle is characterized by massive gene migrations to the nucleus, sequence rearrangements and drastic functional reductions in some species. Recent third generation sequencing studies have reignited an interest for elucidating the extensive diversity displayed by the mitochondrial genomes of apicomplexans and their intriguing genomic features. The underlying mechanisms of gene transcription and translation are also ill-understood. In this review, we present the state of the art on mitochondrial genome structure, composition and organization in the apicomplexan phylum revisiting topological and biochemical information gathered through classical techniques. We contextualize this in light of the genomic insight gained by second and, more recently, third generation sequencing technologies. We discuss the mitochondrial genomic and mechanistic features found in evolutionarily related alveolates, and discuss the common and distinct origins of the apicomplexan mitochondria peculiarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Berná
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Biology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Sección Biomatemática-Laboratorio de Genómica Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Rego
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María E Francia
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Biology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Orosz F. Apicortin, a Constituent of Apicomplexan Conoid/Apical Complex and Its Tentative Role in Pathogen-Host Interaction. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030118. [PMID: 34209186 PMCID: PMC8293464 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, apicortin was identified in silico as a characteristic protein of apicomplexans that also occurs in the placozoa, Trichoplax adhaerens. Since then, it has been found that apicortin also occurs in free-living cousins of apicomplexans (chromerids) and in flagellated fungi. It contains a partial p25-α domain and a doublecortin (DCX) domain, both of which have tubulin/microtubule binding properties. Apicortin has been studied experimentally in two very important apicomplexan pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. It is localized in the apical complex in both parasites. In T. gondii, apicortin plays a key role in shaping the structure of a special tubulin polymer, conoid. In both parasites, its absence or downregulation has been shown to impair pathogen–host interactions. Based on these facts, it has been suggested as a therapeutic target for treatment of malaria and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Orosz
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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Yadavalli R, Umeda K, Waugh HA, Tracy AN, Sidhu AV, Hernández DE, Fernández Robledo JA. CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein-Based Genome Editing Methodology in the Marine Protozoan Parasite Perkinsus marinus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:623278. [PMID: 33898400 PMCID: PMC8062965 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.623278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perkinsus marinus (Perkinsozoa), a close relative of apicomplexans, is an osmotrophic facultative intracellular marine protozoan parasite responsible for "Dermo" disease in oysters and clams. Although there is no clinical evidence of this parasite infecting humans, HLA-DR40 transgenic mice studies strongly suggest the parasite as a natural adjuvant in oral vaccines. P. marinus is being developed as a heterologous gene expression platform for pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance and a novel platform for delivering vaccines. We previously reported the transient expression of two rodent malaria genes Plasmodium berghei HAP2 and MSP8. In this study, we optimized the original electroporation-based protocol to establish a stable heterologous expression method. Using 20 μg of pPmMOE[MOE1]:GFP and 25.0 × 106 P. marinus cells resulted in 98% GFP-positive cells. Furthermore, using the optimized protocol, we report for the first time the successful knock-in of GFP at the C-terminus of the PmMOE1 using ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing methodology. The GFP was expressed 18 h post-transfection, and expression was observed for 8 months post-transfection, making it a robust and stable knock-in system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kousuke Umeda
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hannah A. Waugh
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- Southern Maine Community College, South Portland, ME, United States
| | - Adrienne N. Tracy
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
| | - Asha V. Sidhu
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
| | - Derek E. Hernández
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
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