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Gołąbek-Grenda A, Olejnik A. In vitro modeling of endometriosis and endometriotic microenvironment - Challenges and recent advances. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110375. [PMID: 35690293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic condition with high prevalence in reproductive age women, defined as the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the pelvic peritoneum. The ectopic endometrial lesions exist in a unique microenvironment created by the interaction of epithelial, stromal, endothelial, glandular, and immune cell components, dominated by inflammatory, angiogenic, and endocrine signals. Current research is directed at understanding the complex microenvironment of the lesions and its relationship with different endometriosis stages, phenotypes, and disease symptoms and at the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic concepts that minimalize the undesirable side effects of current medical management. Recreating pathophysiological cellular and molecular mechanisms and identifying clinically relevant metrics to assess drug efficacy is a great challenge for the experimental disease models. This review summarizes the complete range of available in vitro experimental systems used in endometriotic studies, which reflect the multifactorial nature of the endometriotic lesion. The article discusses the simplistic in vitro models such as primary endometrial cells and endometriotic cell lines to heterogeneous 2D co-cultures, and recently more common, 3D systems based on self-organization and controlled assembly, both in microfluidic or bioprinting methodologies. Basic research models allow studying fundamental pathological mechanisms by which menstrual endometrium adheres, invades, and establishes lesions in ectopic sites. The advanced endometriosis experimental models address the critical challenges and unsolved problems and provide an approach to drug screening and medicine discovery by mimicking the complicated behaviors of the endometriotic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gołąbek-Grenda
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Olejnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-627 Poznan, Poland.
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Abstract
Endometriosis is a prevalent chronic disease that affects approximately 6% to 10% of reproductive-aged women. Although numerous researchers have endeavored to explore the etiology of endometriosis over a century, its etiology still remains an enigma. The exploration of pathophysiologic mechanism and novel therapy for endometriosis depends on ideal endometriotic models. In the previous decade, various endometriotic models have been established; therefore, we made a conclusion for available information on these models. This review summarized the common experimental models used in endometriotic studies, including their origins, characteristics, applications, and limitations. Endometriotic models played an important role in studying etiologies and novel treatments of endometriosis during the last decades. Among them, animal models and endometriotic cell lines were viewed as most common studying tools to explore the intrinsic entities of endometriosis. In addition, endometrial organoid also emerged and was regarded as an ideal studying tool for endometriosis research. Different research models collectively complement each other to advance the endometriosis research. The successful establishment of endometrial organoids means that organoids are expected to become an ideal model for studying endometriosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yue Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Romano A, Xanthoulea S, Giacomini E, Delvoux B, Alleva E, Vigano P. Endometriotic cell culture contamination and authenticity: a source of bias in in vitro research? Hum Reprod 2021; 35:364-376. [PMID: 32106286 PMCID: PMC7048714 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are the primary cell cultures and cell lines used in endometriosis research of sufficient quality? SUMMARY ANSWER Primary cells used in endometriosis research lack purity and phenotypic characterisation, and cell lines are not genotypically authenticated. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The poor reproducibility of in vitro research and the lack of authenticity of the cell lines used represent reasons of concern in the field of reproductive biology and endometriosis research. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In the present study, past in vitro research in the field of endometriosis was systematically reviewed to determine whether the appropriate quality controls were considered. In addition, we explored the performance of Paired Box 2 (Pax2) as an endometrium specific marker in endometrial and endometriotic primary cell cultures; we also characterised the most diffused endometriosis cell lines with respect to important markers including the short tandem repeat (STR) profile. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Literature review part: almost 300 published protocols describing the isolation and creation of primary cell cultures from endometriosis were reviewed. Wet-lab part: primary cells isolated from 13 endometriosis patients were analysed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and FACS for the expression of Pax2. Cell lines Z11 and Z12, the most diffused endometriosis cell lines, were characterised with respect to the expression of Pax2, steroid hormone receptors and STR profile. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE From the literature review work, we underscored the lack of sufficient cell purity and phenotypic characterisation of primary cell cultures, which present high risk of contaminations from surrounding non-endometriotic tissues. Past work based on the use of cell lines was reviewed as well, and it emerged that cell line authentication was never performed. In an effort to address these weaknesses for future research, we present data on the performance of Pax2, a suitable marker to exclude ovarian (and other non-endometrial) cell contaminations from primary cell cultures; STR profiles of cell lines Z11 and Z12 were analysed and indicated that the cells were authentic. These profiles are now available for authentication purposes to researchers wishing to perform experiments with these cells. A quality control pipeline to assure sufficient quality of in vitro research in the field of reproductive biology and endometriosis is proposed. We encourage scientists, research institutes, journal reviewers, editors and funding bodies to raise awareness of the problem and adopt appropriate policies to solve it in the future. LARGE-SCALE DATA STR profiles of cell lines Z11 and Z12 are deposited at the Cellosaurus database—web.expasy.org. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION There may be additional markers suitable to assess cell quality. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Future in vitro research in endometriosis and the reliability of outcomes can be improved by using the recommendations presented in this study. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was partly financed by the ‘Stichting Fertility Foundation’ (The Netherlands). The authors declare no existing conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Non-applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giacomini
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Bert Delvoux
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Alleva
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Paola Vigano
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, 20132, Italy
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Hsu CY, Hsieh TH, Lin HY, Lu CY, Lo HW, Tsai CC, Tsai EM. Characterization and Proteomic Analysis of Endometrial Stromal Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1516-1529. [PMID: 33507273 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as modulators of the disease microenvironment, thereby supporting disease progression. However, the potential role of EVs and their content to the pathophysiology of endometriosis remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate whether the EVs from eutopic (Eu) and ectopic (Ec) endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) differ with respect to protein composition and role in endometriosis. METHODS Human Eu and Ec endometrium-derived ESCs were isolated from samples of the same patients (n = 3). sEVs were isolated from ESCs via ultracentrifugation; these sEVs were characterized by Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis and analyzed using mass spectrometry. The potential role of EcESCs-derived sEVs (EcESCs-sEVs) in endometriosis was explored by assaying their effects on cell viability/proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. RESULTS In total, 105 ESCs-sEV-associated proteins were identified from EcESCs-sEVs and EuESCs-sEVs by mass spectrometry analysis. The protein content differed between EcESCs-sEVs and EuESCs-sEVs, with annexin A2 (ANXA2) being the most prominent difference-present in EcESCs-sEVs but not EuESCs-sEVs. We also found that sEVs-ANXA2 regulates the motility, proliferation, and angiogenesis of ESCs via the extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK)/STAT3 pathway. Notably, treatment of ESCs with sEVs-ANXA2 resulted in increased proliferation and motility, suggesting that sEVs-ANXA2 may be involved in regulating endometriosis. Our data suggest that EcESCs-sEVs-ANXA2 regulates the motility and the angiogenic potential of ESCs, implying a role for sEVs-ANXA2 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. CONCLUSION The study of sEVs-ANXA2 from Ec endometriotic cells uncovers a new mechanism of endometriosis progression and will inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Abstract
Endometriosis is one of the most common benign gynecological diseases in women of reproductive age worldwide. In past decades, a number of in-vitro models have been used to investigate the pathology and therapeutic methods for the treatment of endometriosis. The current review summarized the majority of currently available in-vitro models, which utilize a variety of cell or tissues types, including endometriotic cell lines, primary endometrial stromal cells, endometrial stem cells, endometrial explants, peritoneal explants and immune cells. These cells or tissues are cultured individually, co-cultured in 2D or 3D systems with various matrices or cultured in chicken chorioallantotic membranes and amniotic membranes culture systems. These models are able to represent one or more aspects of the process of endometriosis. These models are helpful and can be used to investigate the development of endometriosis and the underlying mechanisms of this disorder in detail, and help investigators select appropriate models for their experiments. Recently, the new concept of endometriosis as a fibrotic condition will lead research to investigate the differentiation of myofibroblasts and the development of fibrosis in endometriotic lesions, which will increase the development of novel models that can be used to investigate endometriotic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Fan
- The Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Lakshminarasimhan R, Andreu-Vieyra C, Lawrenson K, Duymich CE, Gayther SA, Liang G, Jones PA. Down-regulation of ARID1A is sufficient to initiate neoplastic transformation along with epigenetic reprogramming in non-tumorigenic endometriotic cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 401:11-19. [PMID: 28483516 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The chromatin remodeler AT-Rich Interactive Domain 1A (ARID1A) is frequently mutated in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) and endometriosis precursor lesions. Here, we show that knocking down ARID1A in an immortalized endometriosis cell line is sufficient to induce phenotypic changes indicative of neoplastic transformation as evidenced by higher efficiency of anchorage-independent growth, increased propensity to adhere to collagen, and greater capacity to invade basement membrane extract in vitro. ARID1A knockdown is associated with expression dysregulation of 99 target genes, and many of these expression changes are also observed in primary OCCC tissues. Further, pathway analysis indicates these genes fall within networks highly relevant to tumorigenesis including integrin and paxillin pathways. We demonstrate that the down-regulation of ARID1A does not markedly alter global chromatin accessibility or DNA methylation but unexpectedly, we find strong increases in the active H3K27ac mark in promoter regions and decreases of H3K27ac at potential enhancers. Taken together, these data provide evidence that ARID1A mutation can be an early stage event in the oncogenic transformation of endometriosis cells giving rise to OCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjani Lakshminarasimhan
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Claudia Andreu-Vieyra
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 290W, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher E Duymich
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Simon A Gayther
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 290W, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Peter A Jones
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Brüggmann D, Elizabeth-Martinez A, Klingelhöfer D, Quarcoo D, Jaque JM, Groneberg DA. Endometriosis and its global research architecture: an in-depth density-equalizing mapping analysis. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2016; 16:64. [PMID: 27653503 PMCID: PMC5031306 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-016-0336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases. It is still a chameleon in many aspects and urges intense research activities in the fields of diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Despite the need to foster research in this area, no in-depth analysis of the global architecture of endometriosis research exists yet. Methods We here used the NewQIS platform to conduct a density equalizing mapping study, using the Web of Science as database with endometriosis related entries between 1900 and 2009. Density equalizing maps of global endometriosis research encompassing country-specific publication activities, and semi-qualitative indices such as country specific citations, citation rates, h-Indices were created. Results In total, 11,056 entries related to endometriosis were found. The USA was leading the field with 3705 publications followed by the United Kingdom (952) and Japan (846). Concerning overall citations and country-specific h-Indices, the USA again was the leading nation with 74,592 citations and a modified h-Index of 103, followed by the UK with 15,175 citations (h-Index 57). Regarding the citation rate, Sweden and Belgium were at top positions with rates of 22.46 and 22.26, respectively. Concerning collaborative studies, there was a steep increase in numbers present; analysis of the chronological evolution indicated a strong increase in international collaborations in the past 10 years. Conclusions This study is the first analysis that illustrates the global endometriosis research architecture. It shows that endometriosis research is constantly gaining importance but also underlines the need for further efforts and investments to foster research and ultimately improve endometriosis management on a global scale. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12905-016-0336-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Brüggmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2020 Zonal Ave, IRD 509, Los Angeles, 90089-9300, CA, USA. .,Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Elizabeth-Martinez
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David Quarcoo
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny M Jaque
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2020 Zonal Ave, IRD 509, Los Angeles, 90089-9300, CA, USA
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
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Guan YT, Huang YQ, Wu JB, Deng ZQ, Wang Y, Lai ZY, Wang HB, Sun XX, Zhu YL, Du MM, Zhu LY, Chen LX, Wang LW. Overexpression of chloride channel-3 is associated with the increased migration and invasion ability of ectopic endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:986-98. [PMID: 26965430 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) involved in regulating the biological behavior of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER ClC-3 promotes endometriotic cell migration and invasion. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY ClC-3 plays a significant role in the migration and invasion of various kinds of cells. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An ITALIC! in vitro investigation of the effect of ClC-3 on the migration and invasion of ectopic ESCs from patients with endometriosis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The ectopic and eutopic endometrial samples from 43 female patients with endometriosis and the endometrial samples from 39 non-endometriotic female patients were collected. Primary cells from these samples were isolated and cultured. Real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect the expression of ClC-3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was employed to knock down ClC-3 expression. The migration and invasion ability of ESCs was measured by the transwell assay with uncoated or Matrigel-coated membranes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The expression of ClC-3 mRNA and proteins was significantly up-regulated in the ectopic tissues from endometriotic patients, while that in the eutopic endometrial tissues of the same patients did not significantly differ from that in non-endometriotic patients. The migration and invasion ability and MMP-9 expression was increased in the ESCs from ectopic endometrial tissues. The knockdown of ClC-3 expression by ClC-3 siRNA inhibited ESC migration and invasion and attenuated the expression of MMP-9. ClC-3 expression level was well-correlated to the clinical characteristics and symptoms of endometriosis patients, including infertility, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and diameter of endometriosis lesion. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Further studies are needed to examine the regulatory mechanism of estrogen on ClC-3 expression of ESCs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS ClC-3 is involved in the migration and invasion processes of ESCs and can regulate MMP-9 expression. Up-regulation of ClC-3 expression may contribute to endometriosis development by regulating MMP-9 expression. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81173064, 81272223, 81273539), the Ministry of Education of China (20124401110009), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (S2011010001589) and the Science and Technology Programs of Guangdong (2013B051000059), Guangzhou (2013J500015) and Dongguan (2011108102006). The authors have no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-tao Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-qing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-bao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-qin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhou-yi Lai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-bo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-xue Sun
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ya-li Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-miao Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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