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Wu X, Yu X, Chen C, Chen C, Wang Y, Su D, Zhu L. Fibrinogen and tumors. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1393599. [PMID: 38779081 PMCID: PMC11109443 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1393599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma fibrinogen (Fg) levels consistently correlate with an unfavorable prognosis in various tumor patient cohorts. Within the tumor microenvironment, aberrant deposition and expression of Fg have been consistently observed, interacting with multiple cellular receptors and thereby accentuating its role as a regulator of inflammatory processes. Specifically, Fg serves to stimulate and recruit immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to the promotion of tumor progression. Additionally, Fg and its fragments exhibit dichotomous effects on tumor angiogenesis. Notably, Fg also facilitates tumor migration through both platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms. Recent studies have illuminated several tumor-related signaling pathways influenced by Fg. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the intricate involvement of Fg in tumor biology, elucidating its multifaceted role and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Wu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Hematology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenlu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongyan Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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Bai G, Zhou Y, Rong Q, Qiao S, Mao H, Liu P. Development of Nomogram Models Based on Peripheral Blood Score and Clinicopathological Parameters to Predict Preoperative Advanced Stage and Prognosis for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1227-1241. [PMID: 37006810 PMCID: PMC10064492 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s401451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nutritional and inflammatory states are crucial in cancer development. The purpose of this study is to construct a scoring system grounded on peripheral blood parameters associated with nutrition and inflammation and explore its value in stage, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) prediction for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. Patients and Methods Four hundred and fifty-three EOC patients were retrospectively identified and their clinical data and relevant peripheral blood parameters were collected. The ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte, lymphocyte to monocyte, fibrinogen to lymphocyte, total cholesterol to lymphocyte and albumin level were calculated and dichotomized. A scoring system named peripheral blood score (PBS) was constructed. Univariate and multivariate Logistic or Cox regression analyses were used to select independent factors; these factors were then used to develop nomogram models of advanced stage and OS, PFS, respectively. The internal validation and DCA analysis were performed to evaluate models. Results Lower PBS indicated a better prognosis and higher PBS indicated inferior. High PBS is associated with advanced stage, high CA125, serous histological type, poor differentiation, and accompanied ascites. The logistic regression showed age, CA125, and PBS were independent factors for the FIGO III-IV stage. The nomogram models for advanced FIGO stage based on these factors showed good efficiency. FIGO stage, residual disease, and PBS were independent factors affecting OS and PFS, the nomogram models composed of these factors had good performance. DCA curves revealed the models augmented net benefits. Conclusion PBS can be a noninvasive biomarker for EOC patients' prognosis. The related nomogram models could be powerful, cost-effective tools to provide information of advanced stage, OS, and PFS for EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaigai Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Rong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijing Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongluan Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hongluan Mao; Peishu Liu, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18560081988; +86-18560082027, Email ;
| | - Peishu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Urogynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Yan H, Chen S, Qiong Y, Cai L. Preoperative prealbumin-to-fibrinogen ratio predict Survival Outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after hepatic resection. J Med Biochem 2021; 41:290-298. [PMID: 36042905 PMCID: PMC9375540 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-32980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the clinical application of the preoperative prealbumin-to-fibrinogen ratio (PFR) in the clinical diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and its prognostic value. Methods The clinical and laboratory data of 269 HCC patients undergoing surgical treatment from January 2012 to January 2017 in Taizhou Hospital were retrospectively analysed. The Cox regression model was used to analyse the correlation between the PFR and other clinicopathological factors in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results Cox regression analysis showed that the PFR (hazard ratio (HR)=2.123; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.271-3.547; P=0.004) was an independent risk factor affecting the OS of HCC patients. Furthermore, a nomogram was built based on these risk factors. The C-index for the OS nomogram was 0.715. Conclusions Nomograms based on the PFR can be recommended as the correct and actual model to evaluate the prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixi Yan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuaishuai Chen
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Qiong
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Linling Cai
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, China
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Guo Y, Jiang T, Ouyang L, Li X, He W, Zhang Z, Shen H, You Z, Yang G, Lai H. A novel diagnostic nomogram based on serological and ultrasound findings for preoperative prediction of malignancy in patients with ovarian masses. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 160:704-712. [PMID: 33357959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a novel diagnostic nomogram model to predict malignancy in patients with ovarian masses. METHODS In total, 1277 patients with ovarian masses were retrospectively analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to identify valuable predictive factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for ovarian cancer. Subsequently, a predictive nomogram model was developed. The performance of the nomogram model was assessed by its calibration and discrimination in a validation cohort. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was applied to assess the clinical net benefit of the model. RESULTS Overall, 496 patients (38.8%) had ovarian cancer. Eighteen parameters were significantly different between the malignant and benign groups. Five parameters were identified as being most optimal for predicting malignancy, including age, carbohydrate antigen 125, fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, and ultrasound result. These parameters were incorporated to establish a nomogram model, and this model exhibited an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.937 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.920-0.954). The model was also well calibrated in the validation cohort and showed an AUC of 0.925 (95%CI, 0.896-0.953) at the cut-off point of 0.298. DCA confirmed that the nomogram model achieved the best clinical utility with almost the entire range of threshold probabilities. The model has demonstrated superior efficacy in predicting malignancy compared to currently available models, including the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm, copenhagen index, and the risk of malignancy index. More importantly, the nomogram established here showed potential value in identification of early-stage ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION The cost-effective and easily accessible nomogram model exhibited favorable accuracy for preoperative prediction of malignancy in patients with ovarian masses, even at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Guo
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Tengjia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Linglong Ouyang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weipeng He
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zuwei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zeshan You
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guofen Yang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Huiling Lai
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China.
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Seebacher V, Aust S, D’Andrea D, Grimm C, Reiser E, Tiringer D, Von Mersi H, Polterauer S, Reinthaller A, Helmy-Bader S. Development of a tool for prediction of ovarian cancer in patients with adnexal masses: Value of plasma fibrinogen. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182383. [PMID: 28837575 PMCID: PMC5570374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop a tool for individualized risk estimation of presence of cancer in women with adnexal masses, and to assess the added value of plasma fibrinogen. Study design We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of 906 patients with adnexal masses who underwent cystectomy or oophorectomy. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses including pre-operative plasma fibrinogen levels and established predictors were performed. A nomogram was generated to predict the probability of ovarian cancer. Internal validation with split-sample analysis was performed. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was then used to evaluate the clinical net benefit of the prediction model. Results Ovarian cancer including borderline tumours was found in 241 (26.6%) patients. In multivariate analysis, elevated plasma fibrinogen, elevated CA-125, suspicion for malignancy on ultrasound, and postmenopausal status were associated with ovarian cancer and formed the basis for the nomogram. The overall predictive accuracy of the model, as measured by AUC, was 0.91 (95% CI 0.87–0.94). DCA revealed a net benefit for using this model for predicting ovarian cancer presence compared to a strategy of treat all or treat none. Conclusion We confirmed the value of plasma fibrinogen as a strong predictor for ovarian cancer in a large cohort of patients with adnexal masses. We developed a highly accurate multivariable model to help in the clinical decision-making regarding the presence of ovarian cancer. This model provided net benefit for a wide range of threshold probabilities. External validation is needed before a recommendation for its use in routine practice can be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Seebacher
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Aust
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David D’Andrea
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Grimm
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisabeth Reiser
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Tiringer
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannah Von Mersi
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Polterauer
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for General Gynecology and Experimental Gynecologic Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Reinthaller
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for General Gynecology and Experimental Gynecologic Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samir Helmy-Bader
- Department for Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Characterization of nanobodies binding human fibrinogen selected by E. coli display. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Watrowski R, Zeillinger R. Simple laboratory score improves the preoperative diagnosis of adnexal mass. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4343-9. [PMID: 26499778 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a newly developed laboratory score-based on CA125, platelet count (PLT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen levels-in the preoperative diagnosis of adnexal mass. In this retrospective single-center study, we analyzed records of 142 patients with 54 malignant (38 %) and 88 benign (62 %) ovarian tumors. Preoperative levels of CA125, PLT, CRP, and fibrinogen were dichotomized according to the common cutoff values (CA125, 35 U/ml; PLT, 350/nl; CRP, 5.0 mg/l; fibrinogen, 400 mg/dl), resulting in "1" for results above the cutoff and "0" for results within the normal ranges. The values (1 or 0) were summarized to a "low" (0-2) or "high" (3-4) score. Its diagnostic accuracy was compared to the "gold standard," CA125. All parameters differed significantly between malignant and benign cases. The score was false positive in 5/88 (5.7 %) and false negative in 13/54 (24 %) of cases. Conversely, CA125 was false positive in 18/88 (20.4 %) and false negative in 4/54 (7.4 %). The diagnostic accuracy of CA125 (>35 U/ml) was sensitivity 0.93, specificity 0.80, positive predictive value (PPV) 0.74, negative predictive value (NPV) 0.95, and positive likelihood ratio (weighted by prevalence) (+LH/p) 2.78. The diagnostic accuracy of the score was sensitivity 0.76, specificity 0.94, PPV 0.89, NPV 0.86, and +LH/p 8.2. In conclusion, the score is easy to use and generates no additional costs. It provides a better specificity, PPV, and +LH/p than CA125. The sensitivity and NPV are lower, but acceptable. A validation of the score in a large patient cohort is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Watrowski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Teaching Hospital of the University of Freiburg, Sautierstr. 1, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Molecular Oncology Group, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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Li XH, Wang XP, Gu WS, Lin JH, Huang H, Kang T, Zhang L, Chen H, Zheng X. Clinical Significance of Preoperative Thrombin Time in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma following Surgical Resection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140323. [PMID: 26469700 PMCID: PMC4607453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noninvasive tools for the prognosis of ESCC are urgently needed. To this end, serum coagulation tests have been researched in some cancers, but the prognostic value of the TT in ESCC has not been described. Methods The levels of pre-treatment serum coagulation markers (including the PT, APTT, PTA, INR, fibrinogen level, TT and PLT) were retrospectively analyzed in 204 patients with ESCC who underwent surgical resection at our department and in 200 healthy controls, and the two groups were compared. The prognostic significance of the coagulation tests was then determined with univariate and multivariate cox hazard analyses in patients with ESCC. Results Compared with those in normal controls, the PT, APTT, and fibrinogen levels were significantly increased, whereas the TT values significantly decreased in the 204 ESCC patients. The TT directly correlated with the 5-year survival rate, not only in the entire ESCC cohort (p = 0.023) but also in the subgroups stratified according to the T and N classifications and metastasis. Conversely, the other tests were not independent prognostic factors for ESCC. Of the clotting markers, the TT inversely correlated with the fibrinogen level (p = 0.005). Conclusions The 5-year survival was shorter in ESCC patients exhibiting decreased pre-treatment TT values. Thus, the serum TT may be a clinical prognostic factor for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Shen Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (HC)
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (HC)
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Evasion and interactions of the humoral innate immune response in pathogen invasion, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:244-54. [PMID: 26145788 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The humoral innate immune system is composed of three major branches, complement, coagulation, and natural antibodies. To persist in the host, pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancers must evade parts of the innate humoral immune system. Disruptions in the humoral innate immune system also play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases. This review will examine how Gram positive bacteria, viruses, cancer, and the autoimmune conditions systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-phospholipid syndrome, interact with these immune system components. Through examining evasion techniques it becomes clear that an interplay between these three systems exists. By exploring the interplay and the evasion/disruption of the humoral innate immune system, we can develop a better understanding of pathogenic infections, cancer, and autoimmune disease development.
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