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Usui Y, Hanashima A, Hashimoto K, Kimoto M, Ohira M, Mohri S. Comparative analysis of ventricular stiffness across species. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16013. [PMID: 38644486 PMCID: PMC11033294 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating ventricular diastolic properties is crucial for understanding the physiological cardiac functions in organisms and unraveling the pathological mechanisms of cardiovascular disorders. Ventricular stiffness, a fundamental parameter that defines ventricular diastolic functions in chordates, is typically analyzed using the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR). However, comparing ventricular stiffness accurately across chambers of varying maximum volume capacities has been a long-standing challenge. As one of the solutions to this problem, we propose calculating a relative ventricular stiffness index by applying an exponential approximation formula to the EDPVR plot data of the relationship between ventricular pressure and values of normalized ventricular volume by the ventricular weight. This article reviews the potential, utility, and limitations of using normalized EDPVR analysis in recent studies. Herein, we measured and ranked ventricular stiffness in differently sized and shaped chambers using ex vivo ventricular pressure-volume analysis data from four animals: Wistar rats, red-eared slider turtles, masu salmon, and cherry salmon. Furthermore, we have discussed the mechanical effects of intracellular and extracellular viscoelastic components, Titin (Connectin) filaments, collagens, physiological sarcomere length, and other factors that govern ventricular stiffness. Our review provides insights into the comparison of ventricular stiffness in different-sized ventricles between heterologous and homologous species, including non-model organisms.
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Grants
- JP22K15155 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP20K21453 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP20H04508 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP21K19933 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP20H04521 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP17H02092 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP23H00556 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP17H06272 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP17H00859 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP25560214 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP16K01385 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP26282127 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- The Futaba research grant program
- Research Grant from the Kawasaki Foundation in 2016 from Medical Science and Medical Welfare
- Medical Research Grant in 2010 from Takeda Science Foundation
- R03S005 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- R03B050 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- R01B054 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- H30B041 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- H30B016 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- H27B10 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- R02B039 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- H28B80 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- R05B016 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Usui
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Akira Hanashima
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Ken Hashimoto
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Misaki Kimoto
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Momoko Ohira
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Mohri
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
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2
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Shaftoe JB, Manchester EA, Gillis TE. Cardiac remodeling caused by cold acclimation is reversible with rewarming in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 283:111466. [PMID: 37302568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation of zebrafish causes changes to the structure and composition of the heart. However, little is known of the consequences of these changes on heart function or if these changes are reversible with rewarming back to the initial temperature. In the current study, zebrafish were acclimated from 27℃ to 20°C, then after 17 weeks, a subset of fish were rewarmed to 27°C and held at that temperature for 7 weeks. The length of this trial, 23 weeks, was chosen to mimic seasonal changes in temperature. Cardiac function was measured in each group at 27°C and 20°C using high frequency ultrasound. It was found that cold acclimation caused a decrease in ventricular cross-sectional area, compact myocardial thickness, and total muscle area. There was also a decrease in end-diastolic area with cold acclimation that reversed upon rewarming to control temperatures. Rewarming caused an increase in the thickness of the compact myocardium, total muscle area, and end-diastolic area back to control levels. This is the first experiment to demonstrate that cardiac remodeling, induced by cold acclimation, is reversible upon re-acclimation to control temperature (27°C). Finally, body condition measurements reveal that fish that had been cold-acclimated and then reacclimated to 27°C, were in poorer condition than the fish that remained at 20°C as well as the control fish at week 23. This suggests that the physiological responses to the multiple changes in temperature had a significant energetic cost to the animal. SUMMARY STATEMENT: The decrease in cardiac muscle density, compact myocardium thickness and diastolic area in zebrafish caused by cold acclimation, was reversed with rewarming to control temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Shaftoe
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada.
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3
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Joyce W, Ripley DM, Gillis T, Black AC, Shiels HA, Hoffmann FG. A Revised Perspective on the Evolution of Troponin I and Troponin T Gene Families in Vertebrates. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 15:6904147. [PMID: 36518048 PMCID: PMC9825255 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The troponin (Tn) complex, responsible for the Ca2+ activation of striated muscle, is composed of three interacting protein subunits: TnC, TnI, and TnT, encoded by TNNC, TNNI, and TNNT genes. TNNI and TNNT are sister gene families, and in mammals the three TNNI paralogs (TNNI1, TNNI2, TNNI3), which encode proteins with tissue-specific expression, are each in close genomic proximity with one of the three TNNT paralogs (TNNT2, TNNT3, TNNT1, respectively). It has been widely presumed that all vertebrates broadly possess genes of these same three classes, although earlier work has overlooked jawless fishes (cyclostomes) and cartilaginous fishes (chimeras, rays, and sharks), which are distantly related to other jawed vertebrates. With a new phylogenetic and synteny analysis of a diverse array of vertebrates including these taxonomic groups, we define five distinct TNNI classes (TNNI1-5), with TNNI4 and TNNI5 being only present in non-amniote vertebrates and typically found in tandem, and four classes of TNNT (TNNT1-4). These genes are located in four genomic loci that were generated by the 2R whole-genome duplications. TNNI3, encoding "cardiac TnI" in tetrapods, was independently lost in cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes. Instead, ray-finned fishes predominantly express TNNI1 in the heart. TNNI5 is highly expressed in shark hearts and contains a N-terminal extension similar to that of TNNI3 found in tetrapod hearts. Given that TNNI3 and TNNI5 are distantly related, this supports the hypothesis that the N-terminal extension may be an ancestral feature of vertebrate TNNI and not an innovation unique to TNNI3, as has been commonly believed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel M Ripley
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Todd Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amanda Coward Black
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Usui Y, Kimoto M, Hanashima A, Hashimoto K, Mohri S. Cardiac hemodynamics and ventricular stiffness of sea-run cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) differ critically from those of landlocked masu salmon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267264. [PMID: 36331913 PMCID: PMC9635730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular diastolic mechanical properties are important determinants of cardiac function and are optimized by changes in cardiac structure and physical properties. Oncorhynchus masou masou is an anadromous migratory fish of the Salmonidae family, and several ecological studies on it have been conducted; however, the cardiac functions of the fish are not well known. Therefore, we investigated ventricular diastolic function in landlocked (masu salmon) and sea-run (cherry salmon) types at 29–30 months post fertilization. Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography showed that the atrioventricular inflow waveforms of cherry salmon were biphasic with early diastolic filling and atrial contraction, whereas those of masu salmon were monophasic with atrial contraction. In addition, end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship analysis revealed that the dilatability per unit myocardial mass of the ventricle in cherry salmon was significantly suppressed compared to that in masu salmon, suggesting that the ventricle of the cherry salmon was relatively stiffer (relative ventricular stiffness index; p = 0.0263). Contrastingly, the extensibility of cardiomyocytes, characterized by the expression pattern of Connectin isoforms in their ventricles, was similar in both types. Histological analysis showed that the percentage of the collagen accumulation area in the compact layer of cherry salmon increased compared with that of the masu salmon, which may contribute to ventricle stiffness. Although the heart mass of cherry salmon was about 11-fold greater than that of masu salmon, there was no difference in the morphology of the isolated cardiomyocytes, suggesting that the heart of the cherry salmon grows by cardiomyocyte proliferation, but not cell hypertrophy. The cardiac physiological function of the teleosts varies with differences in their developmental processes and life history. Our multidimensional analysis of the O. masou heart may provide a clue to the process by which the heart acquires a biphasic blood-filling pattern, i.e., a ventricular diastolic suction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Usui
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Misaki Kimoto
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Akira Hanashima
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ken Hashimoto
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mohri
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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5
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Abramochkin DV, Haworth TE, Kuzmin VS, Dzhumaniiazova I, Pustovit KB, Gacoin M, Shiels HA. Adrenergic prolongation of action potential duration in rainbow trout myocardium via inhibition of the delayed rectifier potassium current, I Kr. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 267:111161. [PMID: 35143950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines mediate the 'fight or flight' response in a wide variety of vertebrates. The endogenous catecholamine adrenaline increases heart rate and contractile strength to raise cardiac output. The increase in contractile force is driven in large part by an increase in myocyte Ca2+ influx on the L-type Ca current (ICaL) during the cardiac action potential (AP). Here, we report a K+- based mechanism that prolongs AP duration (APD) in fish hearts following adrenergic stimulation. We show that adrenergic stimulation inhibits the delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardiomyocytes. This slows repolarization and prolongs APD which may contribute to positive inotropy following adrenergic stimulation in fish hearts. The endogenous ligand, adrenaline (1 μM), which activates both α- and β-ARs reduced maximal IKr tail current to 61.4 ± 3.9% of control in atrial and ventricular myocytes resulting in an APD prolongation of ~20% at both 50 and 90% repolarization. This effect was reproduced by the α-specific adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine (1 μM), but not the β-specific adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (1 μM). Adrenaline (1 μM) in the presence of β1 and β2-blockers (1 μM atenolol and 1 μM ICI-118551, respectively) also inhibited IKr. Thus, IKr suppression following α-adrenergic stimulation leads to APD prolongation in the rainbow trout heart. This is the first time this mechanism has been identified in fish and may act in unison with the well-known enhancement of ICaL following adrenergic stimulation to prolong APD and increase cardiac inotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of human and animal physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Eliot Haworth
- Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Vladislav S Kuzmin
- Department of human and animal physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Dzhumaniiazova
- Department of human and animal physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia B Pustovit
- Department of human and animal physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maeva Gacoin
- Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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6
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Wong S, Feng HZ, Jin JP. The evolutionarily conserved C-terminal peptide of troponin I is an independently configured regulatory structure to function as a myofilament Ca 2+-desensitizer. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 136:42-52. [PMID: 31505197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal end segment of troponin subunit I (TnI) is a structure highly conserved among the three muscle type-specific isoforms and across vertebrate species. Partial deletion or point mutation in this segment impairs cardiac muscle relaxation. In the present study, we characterized the C-terminal 27 amino acid peptide of human cardiac TnI (HcTnI-C27) for its role in modulating muscle contractility. Biologically or chemically synthesized HcTnI-C27 peptide retains an epitope structure in physiological solutions similarly to that in intact TnI as recognized by an anti-TnI C-terminus monoclonal antibody (mAb TnI-1). Protein binding studies found that HcTnI-C27 retains the binding affinity for tropomyosin as previously shown with intact cardiac TnI. A restrictive cardiomyopathy mutation R192H in this segment abolishes the bindings to mAb TnI-1 and tropomyosin, demonstrating a pathogenic loss of function. Contractility studies using skinned muscle preparations demonstrated that addition of HcTnI-C27 peptide reduces the Ca2+-sensitivity of myofibrils without decreasing maximum force production. The results indicate that the C-terminal end segment of TnI is a regulatory element of troponin, which retains the native configuration in the form of free peptide to confer an effect on myofilament Ca2+-desensitization. Without negative inotropic impact, this short peptide may be developed into a novel reagent to selectively facilitate cardiac muscle relaxation at the activated state as a potential treatment for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sienna Wong
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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7
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Rayani K, Lin E, Craig C, Lamothe M, Shafaattalab S, Gunawan M, Li AY, Hove-Madsen L, Tibbits GF. Zebrafish as a model of mammalian cardiac function: Optically mapping the interplay of temperature and rate on voltage and calcium dynamics. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 138:69-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Lindstedt S, Nishikawa K. Huxleys’ Missing Filament: Form and Function of Titin in Vertebrate Striated Muscle. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:145-166. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stan Lindstedt
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-4185
| | - Kiisa Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-4185;
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9
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Crossley DA, Burggren WW, Reiber CL, Altimiras J, Rodnick KJ. Mass Transport: Circulatory System with Emphasis on Nonendothermic Species. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:17-66. [PMID: 28134997 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass transport can be generally defined as movement of material matter. The circulatory system then is a biological example given its role in the movement in transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals. Comparative physiology has a long history of providing new insights and advancing our understanding of circulatory mass transport across a wide array of circulatory systems. Here we focus on circulatory function of nonmodel species. Invertebrates possess diverse convection systems; that at the most complex generate pressures and perform at a level comparable to vertebrates. Many invertebrates actively modulate cardiovascular function using neuronal, neurohormonal, and skeletal muscle activity. In vertebrates, our understanding of cardiac morphology, cardiomyocyte function, and contractile protein regulation by Ca2+ highlights a high degree of conservation, but differences between species exist and are coupled to variable environments and body temperatures. Key regulators of vertebrate cardiac function and systemic blood pressure include the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and ventricular filling. Further chemical factors regulating cardiovascular function include adenosine, natriuretic peptides, arginine vasotocin, endothelin 1, bradykinin, histamine, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide, to name but a few. Diverse vascular morphologies and the regulation of blood flow in the coronary and cerebral circulations are also apparent in nonmammalian species. Dynamic adjustments of cardiovascular function are associated with exercise on land, flying at high altitude, prolonged dives by marine mammals, and unique morphology, such as the giraffe. Future studies should address limits of gas exchange and convective transport, the evolution of high arterial pressure across diverse taxa, and the importance of the cardiovascular system adaptations to extreme environments. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:17-66, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Carl L Reiber
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jordi Altimiras
- AVIAN Behavioral Genomics and Physiology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kenneth J Rodnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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10
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Keen AN, Klaiman JM, Shiels HA, Gillis TE. Temperature-induced cardiac remodelling in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:147-160. [PMID: 27852752 PMCID: PMC5278617 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.128496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal acclimation causes the heart of some fish species to undergo significant remodelling. This includes changes in electrical activity, energy utilization and structural properties at the gross and molecular level of organization. The purpose of this Review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of temperature-induced structural remodelling in the fish ventricle across different levels of biological organization, and to examine how such changes result in the modification of the functional properties of the heart. The structural remodelling response is thought to be responsible for changes in cardiac stiffness, the Ca2+ sensitivity of force generation and the rate of force generation by the heart. Such changes to both active and passive properties help to compensate for the loss of cardiac function caused by a decrease in physiological temperature. Hence, temperature-induced cardiac remodelling is common in fish that remain active following seasonal decreases in temperature. This Review is organized around the ventricular phases of the cardiac cycle – specifically diastolic filling, isovolumic pressure generation and ejection – so that the consequences of remodelling can be fully described. We also compare the thermal acclimation-associated modifications of the fish ventricle with those seen in the mammalian ventricle in response to cardiac pathologies and exercise. Finally, we consider how the plasticity of the fish heart may be relevant to survival in a climate change context, where seasonal temperature changes could become more extreme and variable. Summary: Thermal acclimation of some temperate fishes causes extensive remodelling of the heart. The resultant changes to the active and passive properties of the heart represent a highly integrated phenotypic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Keen
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Jordan M Klaiman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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11
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Genge CE, Lin E, Lee L, Sheng X, Rayani K, Gunawan M, Stevens CM, Li AY, Talab SS, Claydon TW, Hove-Madsen L, Tibbits GF. The Zebrafish Heart as a Model of Mammalian Cardiac Function. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 171:99-136. [PMID: 27538987 DOI: 10.1007/112_2016_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely used as vertebrate model in developmental genetics and functional genomics as well as in cardiac structure-function studies. The zebrafish heart has been increasingly used as a model of human cardiac function, in part, due to the similarities in heart rate and action potential duration and morphology with respect to humans. The teleostian zebrafish is in many ways a compelling model of human cardiac function due to the clarity afforded by its ease of genetic manipulation, the wealth of developmental biological information, and inherent suitability to a variety of experimental techniques. However, in addition to the numerous advantages of the zebrafish system are also caveats related to gene duplication (resulting in paralogs not present in human or other mammals) and fundamental differences in how zebrafish hearts function. In this review, we discuss the use of zebrafish as a cardiac function model through the use of techniques such as echocardiography, optical mapping, electrocardiography, molecular investigations of excitation-contraction coupling, and their physiological implications relative to that of the human heart. While some of these techniques (e.g., echocardiography) are particularly challenging in the zebrafish because of diminutive size of the heart (~1.5 mm in diameter) critical information can be derived from these approaches and are discussed in detail in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Genge
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Eric Lin
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Ling Lee
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4
| | - XiaoYe Sheng
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4
| | - Kaveh Rayani
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Marvin Gunawan
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Charles M Stevens
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4
| | - Alison Yueh Li
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Sanam Shafaat Talab
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Thomas W Claydon
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6.,Cardiovascular Research Centre CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glen F Tibbits
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6. .,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4.
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12
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Dvornikov AV, Dewan S, Alekhina OV, Pickett FB, de Tombe PP. Novel approaches to determine contractile function of the isolated adult zebrafish ventricular cardiac myocyte. J Physiol 2014; 592:1949-56. [PMID: 24591576 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.270678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used extensively in cardiovascular biology, but mainly in the study of heart development. The relative ease of its genetic manipulation may indicate the suitability of this species as a cost-effective model system for the study of cardiac contractile biology. However, whether the zebrafish heart is an appropriate model system for investigations pertaining to mammalian cardiac contractile structure-function relationships remains to be resolved. Myocytes were isolated from adult zebrafish hearts by enzymatic digestion, attached to carbon rods, and twitch force and intracellular Ca(2+) were measured. We observed the modulation of twitch force, but not of intracellular Ca(2+), by both extracellular [Ca(2+)] and sarcomere length. In permeabilized cells/myofibrils, we found robust myofilament length-dependent activation. Moreover, modulation of myofilament activation-relaxation and force redevelopment kinetics by varied Ca(2+) activation levels resembled that found previously in mammalian myofilaments. We conclude that the zebrafish is a valid model system for the study of cardiac contractile structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Dvornikov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Syme DA, Gamperl AK, Nash GW, Rodnick KJ. Increased ventricular stiffness and decreased cardiac function in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) at high temperatures. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R864-76. [PMID: 23883672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00055.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We employed the work loop method to study the ability of ventricular and atrial trabeculae from Atlantic cod to sustain power production during repeated contractions at acclimation temperatures (10°C) and when acutely warmed (20°C). Oxygen tension (Po2) was lowered from 450 to 34% air saturation to augment the thermal stress. Preparations worked under conditions simulating either a large stroke volume (35 contractions/min rate, 8-12% muscle strain) or a high heart rate (70 contractions/min, 2-4% strain), with power initially equal under both conditions. The effect of declining Po2 on power was similar under both conditions but was temperature and tissue dependent. In ventricular trabeculae at 10°C (and atria at 20°C), shortening power declined across the full range of Po2 studied, whereas the power required to lengthen the muscle was unaffected. Conversely, in ventricular trabeculae at 20°C, there was no decline in shortening power but an increase in lengthening power when Po2 fell below 100% air saturation. Finally, when ventricular trabeculae were paced at rates of up to 115 contractions/min at 20°C (vs. the maximum of 70 contractions/min in vivo), they showed marked increases in both shortening and lengthening power. Our results suggest that although elevated heart rates may not impair ventricular power as they commonly do isometric force, limited atrial power and the increased work required to expand the ventricle during diastole may compromise ventricular filling and hence, stroke volume in Atlantic cod at warm temperatures. Neither large strains nor high contraction rates convey an apparent advantage in circumventing this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Syme
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Lee EJ, Nedrud J, Schemmel P, Gotthardt M, Irving TC, Granzier HL. Calcium sensitivity and myofilament lattice structure in titin N2B KO mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 535:76-83. [PMID: 23246787 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular basis of the Frank-Starling "Law of the Heart" is the length-dependence of activation, but the mechanisms by which the sarcomere detects length changes and converts this information to altered calcium sensitivity has remained elusive. Here the effect of titin-based passive tension on the length-dependence of activation (LDA) was studied by measuring the tension-pCa relation in skinned mouse LV muscle at two sarcomere lengths (SLs). N2B KO myocardium, where the N2B spring element in titin is deleted and passive tension is elevated, was compared to WT myocardium. Myofilament lattice structure was studied with low-angle X-ray diffraction; the myofilament lattice spacing (d1,0) was measured as well as the ratio of the intensities of the 1,1 and 1,0 diffraction peaks (I1,1/I1,0) as an estimate of the degree of association of myosin heads with the thin filaments. Experiments were carried out in skinned muscle in which the lattice spacing was reduced with Dextran-T500. Experiments with and without lattice compression were also carried out following PKA phosphorylation of the skinned muscle. Under all conditions that were tested, LDA was significantly larger in N2B KO myocardium compared to WT myocardium, with the largest differences following PKA phosphorylation. A positive correlation between passive tension and LDA was found that persisted when the myofilament lattice was compressed with Dextran and that was enhanced following PKA phosphorylation. Low-angle X-ray diffraction revealed a shift in mass from thin filaments to thick filaments as sarcomere length was increased. Furthermore, a positive correlation was obtained between myofilament lattice spacing and passive tension and the change in I1,1/I1,0 and passive tension and these provide possible explanations for how titin-based passive tension might regulate calcium sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Lee
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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15
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Wignall F, Shiels HA. Contractile properties of the axolotl ventricle at 17 and 21°C. J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Patel JR, Pleitner JM, Moss RL, Greaser ML. Magnitude of length-dependent changes in contractile properties varies with titin isoform in rat ventricles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H697-708. [PMID: 22140043 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00800.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of differential expression of titin isoforms on sarcomere length (SL)-dependent changes in passive force, maximum Ca(2+)-activated force, apparent cooperativity in activation of force (n(H)), Ca(2+) sensitivity of force (pCa(50)), and rate of force redevelopment (k(tr)) were investigated in rat cardiac muscle. Skinned right ventricular trabeculae were isolated from wild-type (WT) and mutant homozygote (Ho) hearts expressing predominantly a smaller N2B isoform (2,970 kDa) and a giant N2BA-G isoform (3,830 kDa), respectively. Stretching WT and Ho trabeculae from SL 2.0 to 2.35 μm increased passive force, maximum Ca(2+)-activated force, and pCa(50), and it decreased n(H) and k(tr). Compared with WT trabeculae, the magnitude of SL-dependent changes in passive force, maximum Ca(2+)-activated force, pCa(50), and n(H) was significantly smaller in Ho trabeculae. These results suggests that, at least in rat ventricle, the magnitude of SL-dependent changes in passive force, maximum Ca(2+)-activated force, pCa(50), n(H), and k(tr) is defined by the titin isoform.
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Nishikawa KC, Monroy JA, Uyeno TE, Yeo SH, Pai DK, Lindstedt SL. Is titin a 'winding filament'? A new twist on muscle contraction. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:981-90. [PMID: 21900329 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a role for the elastic protein titin in active muscle, but the mechanisms by which titin plays this role remain to be elucidated. In active muscle, Ca(2+)-binding has been shown to increase titin stiffness, but the observed increase is too small to explain the increased stiffness of parallel elastic elements upon muscle activation. We propose a 'winding filament' mechanism for titin's role in active muscle. First, we hypothesize that Ca(2+)-dependent binding of titin's N2A region to thin filaments increases titin stiffness by preventing low-force straightening of proximal immunoglobulin domains that occurs during passive stretch. This mechanism explains the difference in length dependence of force between skeletal myofibrils and cardiac myocytes. Second, we hypothesize that cross-bridges serve not only as motors that pull thin filaments towards the M-line, but also as rotors that wind titin on the thin filaments, storing elastic potential energy in PEVK during force development and active stretch. Energy stored during force development can be recovered during active shortening. The winding filament hypothesis accounts for force enhancement during stretch and force depression during shortening, and provides testable predictions that will encourage new directions for research on mechanisms of muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiisa C Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.
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19
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Gillis TE, Klaiman JM. The influence of PKA treatment on the Ca2+ activation of force generation by trout cardiac muscle. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:1989-96. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.052084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
β-Adrenergic stimulation of the mammalian heart increases heart rate, the strength of contraction as well as the kinetics of force generation and relaxation. These effects are due to the phosphorylation of select membrane and thin filament proteins by cAMP-activated protein kinase (PKA). At the level of the sarcomere, it is typically the phosphorylation of cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) that is responsible for the change in the kinetics of contraction and relaxation. Trout cTnI (ScTnI) lacks two critical PKA targets within the N-terminus of the protein that, when phosphorylated in mammalian cTnI, cause a reduction in myofilament Ca2+ affinity. To determine what role the contractile element plays in the response of the trout heart to β-adrenergic stimulation, we characterized the influence of PKA treatment on the Ca2+ activation of skinned preparations dissected from ventricular trabeculae. In these experiments, isometric force generation and the rate of force development were measured over a range of Ca2+ concentrations. The results demonstrate that PKA treatment does not influence the Ca2+ sensitivity of force generation but it decreases maximum force generation by 25% and the rate of force re-development at maximal activation by 46%. Analysis of the trabeculae preparations for phosphoproteins revealed that PKA treatment phosphorylated myosin light chain 2 but not cTnI or cMyBP-C. These results indicate that the function of the trout cardiac contractile element is altered by PKA phosphorylation but in a manner different from that in mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E. Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Jordan M. Klaiman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Iorga B, Neacsu CD, Neiss WF, Wagener R, Paulsson M, Stehle R, Pfitzer G. Micromechanical function of myofibrils isolated from skeletal and cardiac muscles of the zebrafish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 137:255-70. [PMID: 21357732 PMCID: PMC3047611 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is a potentially important and cost-effective model for studies of development, motility, regeneration, and inherited human diseases. The object of our work was to show whether myofibrils isolated from zebrafish striated muscle represent a valid subcellular contractile model. These organelles, which determine contractile function in muscle, were used in a fast kinetic mechanical technique based on an atomic force probe and video microscopy. Mechanical variables measured included rate constants of force development (kACT) after Ca2+ activation and of force decay (τREL−1) during relaxation upon Ca2+ removal, isometric force at maximal (Fmax) or partial Ca2+ activations, and force response to an external stretch applied to the relaxed myofibril (Fpass). Myotomal myofibrils from larvae developed greater active and passive forces, and contracted and relaxed faster than skeletal myofibrils from adult zebrafish, indicating developmental changes in the contractile organelles of the myotomal muscles. Compared with murine cardiac myofibrils, measurements of adult zebrafish ventricular myofibrils show that kACT, Fmax, Ca2+ sensitivity of the force, and Fpass were comparable and τREL−1 was smaller. These results suggest that cardiac myofibrils from zebrafish, like those from mice, are suitable contractile models to study cardiac function at the sarcomeric level. The results prove the practicability and usefulness of mechanical and kinetic investigations on myofibrils isolated from larval and adult zebrafish muscles. This novel approach for investigating myotomal and myocardial function in zebrafish at the subcellular level, combined with the powerful genetic manipulations that are possible in the zebrafish, will allow the investigation of the functional primary consequences of human disease–related mutations in sarcomeric proteins in the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Iorga
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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Patrick SM, White E, Shiels HA. Rainbow trout myocardium does not exhibit a slow inotropic response to stretch. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:1118-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.048546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Mammalian myocardial studies reveal a biphasic increase in the force of contraction due to stretch. The first rapid response, known as the Frank-Starling response, occurs within one heartbeat of stretch. A second positive inotropic response occurs over the minutes following the initial stretch and is known as the slow force response (SFR). The SFR has been observed in mammalian isolated whole hearts, muscle preparations and individual myocytes. We present the first direct study into the SFR in the heart of a non-mammalian vertebrate, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We stretched ventricular trabecular muscle preparations from 88% to 98% of their optimal length and individual ventricular myocytes by 7% of their slack sarcomere length (SL). Stretch caused an immediate increase in force in both preparations, indicative of the Frank-Starling response. However, we found no significant effect of prolonged stretch on the force of contraction in either the ventricular trabecular preparations or the single myocytes. This indicates that rainbow trout ventricular myocardium does not exhibit a SFR and that, in contrast to mammals, the piscine Frank-Starling response may not be associated with the SFR. We speculate that this is due to the fish myocardium modulating cardiac output via changes in stroke volume to a larger extent than heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M. Patrick
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Ed White
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Holly A. Shiels
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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Cazorla O, Lacampagne A. Regional variation in myofilament length-dependent activation. Pflugers Arch 2011; 462:15-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-0933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Shaffer JF, Gillis TE. Evolution of the regulatory control of vertebrate striated muscle: the roles of troponin I and myosin binding protein-C. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:406-19. [PMID: 20484158 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00055.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Troponin I (TnI) and myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C) are key regulatory proteins of contractile function in vertebrate muscle. TnI modulates the Ca2+ activation signal, while MyBP-C regulates cross-bridge cycling kinetics. In vertebrates, each protein is distributed as tissue-specific paralogs in fast skeletal (fs), slow skeletal (ss), and cardiac (c) muscles. The purpose of this study is to characterize how TnI and MyBP-C have changed during the evolution of vertebrate striated muscle and how tissue-specific paralogs have adapted to different physiological conditions. To accomplish this we have completed phylogenetic analyses using the amino acid sequences of all known TnI and MyBP-C isoforms. This includes 99 TnI sequences (fs, ss, and c) from 51 different species and 62 MyBP-C sequences from 26 species, with representatives from each vertebrate group. Results indicate that the role of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in regulating contractile function has changed during the evolution of vertebrate striated muscle. This is reflected in an increased number of phosphorylatable sites in cTnI and cMyBP-C in endothermic vertebrates and the loss of two PKC sites in fsTnI in a common ancestor of mammals, birds, and reptiles. In addition, we find that His132, Val134, and Asn141 in human ssTnI, previously identified as enabling contractile function during cellular acidosis, are present in all vertebrate cTnI isoforms except those from monotremes, marsupials, and eutherian mammals. This suggests that the replacement of these residues with alternative residues coincides with the evolution of endothermy in the mammalian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F. Shaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Todd E. Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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