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Robinson P, Sparrow AJ, Psaras Y, Steeples V, Simon JN, Broyles CN, Chang YF, Brook FA, Wang YJ, Blease A, Zhang X, Abassi YA, Geeves MA, Toepfer CN, Watkins H, Redwood C, Daniels MJ. Comparing the effects of chemical Ca 2+ dyes and R-GECO on contractility and Ca 2+ transients in adult and human iPSC cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 180:44-57. [PMID: 37127261 PMCID: PMC10659987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We compared commonly used BAPTA-derived chemical Ca2+ dyes (fura2, Fluo-4, and Rhod-2) with a newer genetically encoded indicator (R-GECO) in single cell models of the heart. We assessed their performance and effects on cardiomyocyte contractility, determining fluorescent signal-to-noise ratios and sarcomere shortening in primary ventricular myocytes from adult mouse and guinea pig, and in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Chemical Ca2+ dyes displayed dose-dependent contractile impairment in all cell types, and we observed a negative correlation between contraction and fluorescence signal-to-noise ratio, particularly for fura2 and Fluo-4. R-GECO had no effect on sarcomere shortening. BAPTA-based dyes, but not R-GECO, inhibited in vitro acto-myosin ATPase activity. The presence of fura2 accentuated or diminished changes in contractility and Ca2+ handling caused by small molecule modulators of contractility and intracellular ionic homeostasis (mavacamten, levosimendan, and flecainide), but this was not observed when using R-GECO in adult guinea pig left ventricular cardiomyocytes. Ca2+ handling studies are necessary for cardiotoxicity assessments of small molecules intended for clinical use. Caution should be exercised when interpreting small molecule studies assessing contractile effects and Ca2+ transients derived from BAPTA-like chemical Ca2+ dyes in cellular assays, a common platform for cardiac toxicology testing and mechanistic investigation of cardiac disease physiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Robinson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alexander J Sparrow
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiangos Psaras
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Violetta Steeples
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jillian N Simon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Connor N Broyles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu-Fen Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frances A Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Blease
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Agilent Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher N Toepfer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Cardiology, Oxford University NHS Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles Redwood
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Daniels
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Cardiology, Oxford University NHS Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Huang M, Gao S, Gao L, Liu D, Liu X, Sun Z, Deng H, Zhao B, Liu B, Li A, Pang Q. β-Thymosin is an essential regulator of stem cell proliferation and neuron regeneration in planarian (Dugesia japonica). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104097. [PMID: 33831480 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
β-Thymosin is a multifunctional peptide ubiquitously expressed in vertebrates and invertebrates. Many studies have found β-thymosin is critical for wound healing, angiogenesis, cardiac repair, hair regrowth, and anti-fibrosis in vertebrates, and plays an important role in antimicrobial immunity in invertebrates. However, whether β-thymosin participates in the regeneration of organisms is still poorly understood. In this study, we identified a β-thymosin gene in Dugesia japonica which played an important role in stem cell proliferation and neuron regeneration during the tissue repair process in D. japonica. Sequencing analysis showed that β-thymosin contained two conserved β-thymosin domains and two actin-binding motifs, and had a high similarity with other β-thymosins of invertebrates. In situ or fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that Djβ-thymosin was co-localized with DjPiWi in the neoblast cells of intact adult planarians and the blastema of regenerating planarians, suggesting Djβ-thymosin has a potential function of regeneration. Disruption Djβ-thymosin by RNA interference results in a slightly curled up head of planarian and stem cell proliferation defects. Additionally, we found that, upon amputation, Djβ-thymosin RNAi-treated animals had impaired regeneration ability, including impaired blastema formation, delayed eyespot formation, decreased brain area, and disrupted central CNS formation, implying Djβ-thymosin is an essential regulator of stem cell proliferation and neuron regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujie Huang
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Lili Gao
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Dongwu Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Xi Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Hongkuan Deng
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Shenzhen University of Health Science Center, District Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ao Li
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China.
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China.
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Padmanabhan K, Grobe H, Cohen J, Soffer A, Mahly A, Adir O, Zaidel-Bar R, Luxenburg C. Thymosin β4 is essential for adherens junction stability and epidermal planar cell polarity. Development 2020; 147:dev.193425. [PMID: 33310787 PMCID: PMC7758630 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is essential for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis; however, the mechanisms that orchestrate the cell shape and packing dynamics required to establish PCP are poorly understood. Here, we identified a major role for the globular (G)-actin-binding protein thymosin-β4 (TMSB4X) in PCP establishment and cell adhesion in the developing epidermis. Depletion of Tmsb4x in mouse embryos hindered eyelid closure and hair-follicle angling owing to PCP defects. Tmsb4x depletion did not preclude epidermal cell adhesion in vivo or in vitro; however, it resulted in abnormal structural organization and stability of adherens junction (AJ) due to defects in filamentous (F)-actin and G-actin distribution. In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion increased the perijunctional G/F-actin ratio and decreased G-actin incorporation into junctional actin networks, but it did not change the overall actin expression level or cellular F-actin content. A pharmacological treatment that increased the G/F-actin ratio and decreased actin polymerization mimicked the effects of Tmsb4x depletion on both AJs and PCP. Our results provide insights into the regulation of the actin pool and its involvement in AJ function and PCP establishment. Highlighted Article: By regulating actin pool distribution and incorporation into junctional actin networks, thymosin β4 regulates cell–cell adhesion, planar cell polarity and epidermal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hanna Grobe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adnan Mahly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Prill K, Dawson JF. Assembly and Maintenance of Sarcomere Thin Filaments and Associated Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E542. [PMID: 31952119 PMCID: PMC7013991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomere assembly and maintenance are essential physiological processes required for cardiac and skeletal muscle function and organism mobility. Over decades of research, components of the sarcomere and factors involved in the formation and maintenance of this contractile unit have been identified. Although we have a general understanding of sarcomere assembly and maintenance, much less is known about the development of the thin filaments and associated factors within the sarcomere. In the last decade, advancements in medical intervention and genome sequencing have uncovered patients with novel mutations in sarcomere thin filaments. Pairing this sequencing with reverse genetics and the ability to generate patient avatars in model organisms has begun to deepen our understanding of sarcomere thin filament development. In this review, we provide a summary of recent findings regarding sarcomere assembly, maintenance, and disease with respect to thin filaments, building on the previous knowledge in the field. We highlight debated and unknown areas within these processes to clearly define open research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John F. Dawson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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Hinkel R, Klett K, Bähr A, Kupatt C. Thymosin β4-mediated protective effects in the heart. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:121-129. [PMID: 30063857 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1490409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite recent advances in the treatment of coronary heart disease, a significant number of patients progressively develop heart failure. Reduction of infarct size after acute myocardial infarction and normalization of microvasculature in chronic myocardial ischemia could enhance cardiac survival. AREAS COVERED Induction of neovascularization using vascular growth factors has emerged as a promising novel approach for cardiac regeneration. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) might be a promising candidate for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. It has been characterized as a major G-actin-sequestering factor regulating cell motility, migration, and differentiation. During cardiac development, Thymosin β4 seems essential for vascularization of the myocardium. In the adult organism, Thymosin β4 has anti-inflammatory properties, increases myocyte and endothelial cell survival accompanied by differentiation of epicardial progenitor cells. In chronic myocardial ischemia, Tβ4 overexpression enhances micro- and macrovasculature in the ischemic area and thereby improves myocardial function. A comparable effect is seen in diabetic and dyslipidemic pig ischemic hearts, suggesting an attractive therapeutic potential of adeno-associated virus encoding for Tβ4 for patients with ischemic heart disease. EXPERT OPINION Induction of mature micro-vessels is a prerequisite for chronic myocardial ischemia and might be achieved via a long-term overexpression of Thymosin β4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Hinkel
- a Internal Medicine I , Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München , Munich , Germany.,b Institut for Cardiovascular Prevention , LMU Munich , Munich , Germany.,c DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) , partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany
| | - Katharina Klett
- b Institut for Cardiovascular Prevention , LMU Munich , Munich , Germany.,c DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) , partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- a Internal Medicine I , Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München , Munich , Germany.,c DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) , partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany
| | - Christian Kupatt
- a Internal Medicine I , Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München , Munich , Germany.,c DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) , partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany
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Double de novo mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy with cardiac arrest. J Electrocardiol 2018; 53:40-43. [PMID: 30611920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the identification of two novel mutations in a previously asymptomatic young man who suffered an out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest. During following evaluation, diagnosis of early stage dilated cardiomyopathy was established, while electrocardiogram monitoring showed frequent complex ventricular arrhythmias, incomplete right bundle branch block and prolonged QT duration. No reversible causes explaining the clinical presentation were established and an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator was therefore implanted. Heterozygous mutations in human protein coding genes NKX2-5 and RBM20 are associated with a wide array of pathological phenotypes some of which are sudden cardiac death, unexplained syncope and either combined or isolated congenital heart diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Ziegler T, Hinkel R, Kupatt C. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiac models: effects of Thymosin β4. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:111-120. [PMID: 30063852 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1473370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and cardiomyocytes differentiated from them generated a new platform to study pathophysiological processes and to generate drug screening platforms and iPSC-derived tissues as therapeutic agents. Although major advances have been made in iPSC-reprogramming, cardiac differentiation and EHT production, reprogramming efficiency and the maturity of iPSC-CMs need to be further improved. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize the current state of the field of iPSC research, the methodology of cardiac differentiation of iPSCs, the use of iPSC-CMs as disease models and toxicity screening platforms, and the potential of EHTs as therapeutic agents. The authors furthermore highlight the mechanisms by which Thymosin β4 might enhance the production of iPSC-CMs and EHTs to improve their maturity and performance. EXPERT OPINION iPSCs derived cardiomyocytes and EHTs represent a still young research field with many problems and pitfalls that need to be resolved to realize the full potential of iPSC-CMs and EHTs. Given that Thymosin β4 directly enhances cardiac differentiation while also promoting angiogenic sprouting and vessel maturation, Tβ4 might be of particular interest as a novel agent in tackling the difficulty of iPSC-CMs and engineered heart tissue grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Ziegler
- a I. Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany.,b DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , German
| | - Rabea Hinkel
- a I. Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany.,b DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , German.,c Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christian Kupatt
- a I. Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Technical University of Munich , Munich , Germany.,b DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , German
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Dubé KN, Smart N. Thymosin β4 and the vasculature: multiple roles in development, repair and protection against disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:131-139. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1459558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina N. Dubé
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ehler E. Actin-associated proteins and cardiomyopathy-the 'unknown' beyond troponin and tropomyosin. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1121-1128. [PMID: 29869751 PMCID: PMC6082317 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for several decades that mutations in genes that encode for proteins involved in the control of actomyosin interactions such as the troponin complex, tropomyosin and MYBP-C and thus regulate contraction can lead to hereditary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In recent years, it has become apparent that actin-binding proteins not directly involved in the regulation of contraction also can exhibit changed expression levels, show altered subcellular localisation or bear mutations that might lead to hereditary cardiomyopathies. The aim of this review is to look beyond the troponin/tropomyosin mechanism and to give an overview of the different types of actin-associated proteins and their potential roles in cardiomyocytes. It will then discuss recent findings relevant to their involvement in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics (School of Basic and Medical Biosciences), London, UK. .,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, British Heart Foundation Research Excellence Centre, King's College London, Room 3.26A, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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