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Chen X, Qi D, Fan S, He Y, Jing H, Wang D. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) inhibits lung endothelial regeneration following inflammation-induced acute lung injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:367-383. [PMID: 36857175 PMCID: PMC10011169 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a respiratory condition caused by severe endothelial barrier dysfunction within the lung. In ARDS, excessive inflammation, tissue edema, and immune cell influx prevents endothelial cell regeneration that is crucial in repairing the endothelial barrier. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism that underpin endothelial cell regeneration in ARDS. METHODS R-based bioinformatics tools were used to analyze microarray-derived transcription profiles in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs) subjected to non-treatment or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. We generated endothelial cell-specific interferon regulatory factor 1 (Irf1) knockout (Irf1EC-/-) and Irf1fl/fl control mice for use in an endotoxemic murine model of acute lung injury (ALI). In vitro studies (qPCR, immunoblotting, and ChIP-qPCR) were conducted in mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs) and HLMVECs. Dual-luciferase promoter reporter assays were performed in HLMVECs. RESULTS Bioinformatics analyses identified IRF1 as a key up-regulated gene in HLMVECs post-LPS exposure. Endothelial-specific knockout of Irf1 in ALI mice resulted in enhanced regeneration of lung endothelium, while liposomal delivery of endothelial-specific Irf1 to wild-type ALI mice inhibited lung endothelial regeneration in a leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif)-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that LPS-induced Stat1Ser727 phosphorylation promotes Irf1 transactivation, resulting in downstream up-regulation of Lif that inhibits endothelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the existence of a p-Stat1Ser727-Irf1-Lif axis that inhibits lung endothelial cell regeneration post-LPS injury. Thus, direct inhibition of IRF1 or LIF may be a promising strategy for enhancing endothelial cell regeneration and improving clinical outcomes in ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Correspondence: Xiaorui Chen () or Daoxin Wang ()
| | - Di Qi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shulei Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yirui He
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hekun Jing
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daoxin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Correspondence: Xiaorui Chen () or Daoxin Wang ()
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mTOR contributes to endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by promoting eNOS expression and preventing eNOS uncoupling. Commun Biol 2022; 5:726. [PMID: 35869262 PMCID: PMC9307829 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically used inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) negatively impacts endothelial-dependent vasodilatation (EDD) through unidentified mechanisms. Here we show that either the endothelium-specific deletion of Mtor to inhibit both mTOR complexes, or depletion of Raptor or Rictor to disrupt mTORC1 or mTORC2, causes impaired EDD, accompanied by reduced NO in the serum of mice. Consistently, inhibition of mTOR decreases NO production by human and mouse EC. Specifically, inhibition of mTORC1 suppresses eNOS gene expression, due to impairment in p70S6K-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of the transcription factor KLF2 expression. In contrast to mTORC1 inhibition, a positive-feedback between MAPK (p38 and JNK) activation and Nox2 upregulation contributes to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes eNOS uncoupling and decreased NO bioavailability in mTORC2-inhibited EC. Adeno-associated virus-mediated EC-specific overexpression of KLF2 or suppression of Nox2 restores EDD function in endothelial mTORC1- or mTORC2-inhibited mice. The endothelium-specific inhibition of either of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes impairs endothelial-dependent vasodilatation (EDD), accompanied by decreased nitric oxide bioavailability in both human and mice endothelial cells.
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Non-canonical NF-κB contributes to endothelial pyroptosis and atherogenesis dependent on IRF-1. Transl Res 2022; 255:1-13. [PMID: 36384204 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell inflammation and death are closely linked processes contributing to endothelial dysfunction, which plays a critical role in atherogenesis. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome causes pyroptosis, the Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated inflammatory cell death. The non-canonical NF-κB pathway has been implicated in inflammation; however, its role in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated endothelial dysfunction has not been investigated. This study investigated a role for the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in regulating endothelial pyroptosis as it relates to atherogenesis. Immunohistochemistry indicated inflammasome activation in the endothelial cells (EC) of human atherosclerotic arteries. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis revealed that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, concomitant with the activation of non-canonical NF-κB in primary human aortic EC. Interference of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK), the key regulator of the non-canonical pathway, significantly attenuated oxLDL- or LPS/ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, IL-1β, and IL-18 secretion. In contrast, overexpression of NIK exacerbated these responses. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway upregulated the transcription factor IRF-1 through RelB/p52 binding to its promoter region at -782/-770. In addition to the known target CASP1, RNA sequencing further identified GSDMD as a target gene of IRF-1. IRF-1 but not RelB/p52 interacted with the GSDMD promoter at -526/-515 and the CASP1 promoter at -11/10 to promote the expression and CASP1-mediated activation of GSDMD. Consistent with the observations in cultured endothelium, endothelial-specific deficiency of NIK or IRF-1 attenuated atherosclerosis in high-fat diet-fed Apoe-null mice. These data demonstrate that the non-canonical NF-κB pathway contributes to NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated endothelial pyroptosis and the development of atherosclerosis through GSDMD activation in a manner dependent on IRF-1. Further investigation may facilitate the identification of specific therapeutic targets for atherosclerotic heart diseases.
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Yang J, Su J, Chai K, Liu H. The role of Th9 CD4 + T cells and IL-9 during primary Sjogren's syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24646. [PMID: 35944186 PMCID: PMC9459269 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the expression levels of Th9 CD4+ T cells and IL-9 secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Further, this study aimed to investigate the role of Th9 cells in the occurrence and development of pSS. METHODS A total of 20 pSS patients and 20 healthy people, matched with age and gender, were selected as the experimental and control group, respectively. Flow cytometry and ELISA were used to detect the expression of Th9 cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and IL-9 in serum, respectively. These factors were then correlated to other clinical indicators. RESULTS The levels of Th9 CD4+ T cells and IL-9 of pSS patients were significantly higher than those of the control group. Th9 CD4+ T cells and IL-9 levels in peripheral blood of pSS patients were negatively correlated with salivary flow rate, while IL-9 level was positively correlated with globulin. The transcription levels of IL-9 and immune-related genes including IL-4, IL-7, IL-17, SMAD3, STAT5 and JAK3 were dramatically increased in serum of pSS patients. CONCLUSION The expression levels of Th9 in peripheral blood and serum IL-9 of patients with pSS were significantly increased, which were correlated with clinical immunological indexes. Together, these data suggest that Th9 cells and IL-9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Rheumatology, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Kexia Chai
- Department of Rheumatology, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
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Kapetanaki S, Kumawat AK, Persson K, Demirel I. The Fibrotic Effects of TMAO on Human Renal Fibroblasts Is Mediated by NLRP3, Caspase-1 and the PERK/Akt/mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111864. [PMID: 34769294 PMCID: PMC8584593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a product of gut microbiota metabolism, has previously been shown to be implicated in chronic kidney disease. A high TMAO-containing diet has been found to cause tubulointerstitial renal fibrosis in mice. However, today there are no data linking specific molecular pathways with the effect of TMAO on human renal fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the fibrotic effects of TMAO on renal fibroblasts and to elucidate the molecular pathways involved. We found that TMAO promoted renal fibroblast activation and fibroblast proliferation via the PERK/Akt/mTOR pathway, NLRP3, and caspase-1 signaling. We also found that TMAO increased the total collagen production from renal fibroblasts via the PERK/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, TMAO did not induce fibronectin or TGF-β1 release from renal fibroblasts. We have unraveled that the PERK/Akt/mTOR pathway, NLRP3, and caspase-1 mediates TMAO’s fibrotic effect on human renal fibroblasts. Our results can pave the way for future research to further clarify the molecular mechanism behind TMAO’s effects and to identify novel therapeutic targets in the context of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Kapetanaki
- School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.K.K.); (K.P.); (I.D.)
- Nephrology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna, Sweden
- Nephrology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-1930-3000
| | - Ashok Kumar Kumawat
- School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.K.K.); (K.P.); (I.D.)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katarina Persson
- School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.K.K.); (K.P.); (I.D.)
- iRiSC—Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (A.K.K.); (K.P.); (I.D.)
- iRiSC—Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Zhang DM, Chen SL. Potential Mechanisms of In-stent Neointimal Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:388-393. [PMID: 34029271 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Percutaneous coronary intervention has become the main revascularization strategy for coronary artery disease. Compared with early percutaneous coronary angioplasty and the extensive clinical application of bare metal stents, drug-eluting stents can significantly reduce the stenosis caused by the elastic retraction of plaque and neoatherosclerosis (NA), but there is still a high incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR), which restricts the clinical efficacy of stent implantation. In-stent neoatherosclerosis (ISNA), defined as atherosclerotic lesions in the neointima, is one of the main causes of late stent failure. ISNA plays an important role in stent thrombosis and ISR. The rate of target lesion revascularization and in-stent thrombosis is high when NA arises. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to explore the occurrence of NA and its development mechanism after stent implantation to prevent ISR and improve stent implantation efficacy and associated clinical prognosis. In this article, we systematically reviewed the existing clinical research on ISNA and the role of optical coherence tomography in its evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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Rascio F, Spadaccino F, Rocchetti MT, Castellano G, Stallone G, Netti GS, Ranieri E. The Pathogenic Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway in Cancer Onset and Drug Resistance: An Updated Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3949. [PMID: 34439105 PMCID: PMC8394096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway is one of the most frequently over-activated intracellular pathways in several human cancers. This pathway, acting on different downstream target proteins, contributes to the carcinogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumour cells. A multi-level impairment, involving mutation and genetic alteration, aberrant regulation of miRNAs sequences, and abnormal phosphorylation of cascade factors, has been found in multiple cancer types. The deregulation of this pathway counteracts common therapeutic strategies and contributes to multidrug resistance. In this review, we underline the involvement of this pathway in patho-physiological cell survival mechanisms, emphasizing its key role in the development of drug resistance. We also provide an overview of the potential inhibition strategies currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rascio
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Federica Spadaccino
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (G.S.N.); (E.R.)
| | - Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (G.S.N.); (E.R.)
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.S.); (G.S.N.); (E.R.)
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Yu J, Li W, Zhao L, Qiao Y, Yu J, Huang Q, Yang Y, Xiao X, Guo D. Quyu Shengxin capsule (QSC) inhibits Ang-II-induced abnormal proliferation of VSMCs by down-regulating TGF-β, VEGF, mTOR and JAK-STAT pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114112. [PMID: 33905820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Quyu Shengxin capsule (QSC) is an herbal compound commonly used to treat blood stasis syndrome in China, and blood stasis syndrome is considered to be the root of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the potential molecular mechanism of QSC is still unknown. AIM OF STUDY To study the therapeutic effect of QSC on the abnormal proliferation of VSMCs induced by Ang-II, and to explore its possible mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Qualitative analysis and quality control of QSC through UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC. The rat thoracic aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were cultured in vitro, and then stimulated with Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang-II) (10-7 mol/L) for 24 h to establish a cardiovascular cell model. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of QSC drug-containing serum or normal goat serum. MTT assay was used to detect the viability of VSMCs and abnormal cell proliferation. In order to analyze the possible signal transduction pathways, the content of various factors in the supernatant of VSMCs was screened and determined by means of the Luminex liquid suspension chip detection platform, and the phosphoprotein profile in VSMCs was screened by Phospho Explorer antibody array. RESULTS Compared with the model group, serum cell viability and inflammatory factor levels with QSC were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression levels of TGF-β, VEGF, mTOR and JAK-STAT in the QSC-containing serum treatment group were significantly lower than those in the model group. QSC may regulate the pathological process of CVD by reducing the levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and protecting VSMCs from the abnormal proliferation induced by Ang-II. CONCLUSION QSC inhibits Ang-II-induced abnormal proliferation of VSMCs, which is related to the down-regulation of TGF-β, VEGF, mTOR and JAK-STAT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Lintao Zhao
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yuan Qiao
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jiabao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yajie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dong Guo
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, PR China.
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Chen X, Hu C, Fan X, Wang Y, Li Q, Su YQ, Zhang DM, Yang Q, Passerini AG, Sun C. mTOR Inhibition Promotes Pneumonitis Through Inducing Endothelial Contraction and Hyperpermeability. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:646-657. [PMID: 34251297 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised endothelial (EC) barrier function is a hallmark of inflammatory diseases. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, widely applied as clinical therapies, cause pneumonitis through mechanisms not yet fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate the EC mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of pneumonitis caused by mTOR inhibition (mTORi). Mice with EC-specific deletion of mTOR complex components (Mtor, Rptor or Rictor) were administered LPS to induce pulmonary injury. Cultured EC were treated with pharmacological inhibitors, small interfering RNA or overexpression-plasmids. EC barrier function was evaluated in vivo with Evan's blue assay and in vitro by measurement of transendothelial electrical resistance and albumin flux. mTORi increased basal and TNFα-induced EC permeability, which was caused by myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation-dependent cell contraction. Inactivation of mTOR kinase activity by mTORi triggered PKCδ/p38/NF-κB signaling that significantly upregulated TNFα-induced MLC kinase (MLCK) expression, while Raptor promoted the phosphorylation of PKCα/MYPT1 independent of its interaction with mTOR, leading to suppression of MLC phosphatase (MLCP) activity. EC-specific deficiency in mTOR, Raptor or Rictor aggravated lung inflammation in LPS-treated mice. These findings reveal that mTORi induces PKC-dependent endothelial MLC phosphorylation, contraction and hyperpermeability that promote pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Nanjing Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, 540955, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, China.,2Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengxiu Hu
- Nanjing Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, 540955, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, China.,Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Nanjing Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, 540955, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, China.,Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Nanjing Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, 540955, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, China.,Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Nanjing Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, 540955, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, China.,Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - You-Qiang Su
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dai-Min Zhang
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing, China
| | - QianLu Yang
- Nanjing Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, 540955, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, China.,Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Anthony G Passerini
- University of California Davis, 8789, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States
| | - ChongXiu Sun
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Nanjing, China;
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Xu F, Na L, Li Y, Chen L. Roles of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases and tumours. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:54. [PMID: 32266056 PMCID: PMC7110906 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3 K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of signal transduction and biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and angiogenesis. Compared with those of other signalling pathways, the components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway are complicated. The regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway are important in many human diseases, including ischaemic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumours. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway inhibitors include single-component and dual inhibitors. Numerous PI3K inhibitors have exhibited good results in preclinical studies, and some have been clinically tested in haematologic malignancies and solid tumours. In this review, we briefly summarize the results of research on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and discuss the structural composition, activation, communication processes, regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai, 201318 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Lixin Na
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Linjun Chen
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
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