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Urbonavicius S, Srinanthalogen R, Sandermann J, Valius M, Kaupinis A, Ludvigsen M. A novel view to varicose veins pathogenesis: Proteomic profiling suggests a pivotal role of extracellular matrix degradation. Phlebology 2024; 39:20-28. [PMID: 37846077 DOI: 10.1177/02683555231206891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although morphological and anatomical studies indicate that venous wall weakening and subendothelial fibrosis characterize varicose veins (VV), the pathogenesis of VV remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to obtain protein expression profiles in patients with VV and thereby get a step closer to understanding the pathogenesis of VV. METHODS Specimens were obtained from total of 10 patients, that is, from 5 patients undergoing VV surgical stripping and from 5 non-VV patients undergoing bypass surgery. Specimens were collected from the same layers of venous wall. Proteins were extracted from each specimen and analyzed by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS-MS). In total, 1387 were identified and 486 proteins were identified in all samples. From these, 15 proteins were differentially expressed between VV and non-VV samples (p < .05) and 12 of these showed a fold change >1.5. RESULTS Interestingly, among the differentially expressed proteins, only two proteins were significantly increased in the VV tissue, that is, GAPDH (p = .028, fold change 2.74), where several proteins involved in maintaining the homeostasis in the extracellular matrix, that is, the CXXC zinc finger protein 5 (CXXC5) and nucleoporin (SEH1) were prominently downregulated (p = .049, fold change 37.8, and p = .040, fold change 3.46). The downregulation in protein expression of CXXC5 and SEH1 as well as upregulation of GAPDH were validated by Western blotting. CONCLUSION The identified differentially expressed proteins suggest an altered profile of the connective tissue proteins as well as an increased proteolytic enzyme activity which both may be central in the pathophysiology of varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Urbonavicius
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Research Unit, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reshaabi Srinanthalogen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Research Unit, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jes Sandermann
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Research Unit, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Proteomic Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- Proteomic Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maja Ludvigsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Non-classical functions of nuclear pore proteins in ciliopathy. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1278976. [PMID: 37908226 PMCID: PMC10614291 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1278976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoporins (NUPs) constitute integral nuclear pore protein (NPC) elements. Although traditional NUP functions have been extensively researched, evidence of additional vital non-NPC roles, referred to herein as non-classical NUP functions, is also emerging. Several NUPs localise at the ciliary base. Indeed, Nup188, Nup93 or Nup205 knockdown results in cilia loss, impacting cardiac left-right patterning in models and cell lines. Genetic variants of Nup205 and Nup188 have been identified in patients with congenital heart disease and situs inversus totalis or heterotaxy, a prevalent human ciliopathy. These findings link non-classical NUP functions to human diseases. This mini-review summarises pivotal NUP interactions with NIMA-related kinases or nephronophthisis proteins that regulate ciliary function and explores other NUPs potentially implicated in cilia-related disorders. Overall, elucidating the non-classical roles of NUPs will enhance comprehension of ciliopathy aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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Sim J, Lee A, Kim D, Kim KL, Park BJ, Park KM, Kim K. A Combination of Bio-Orthogonal Supramolecular Clicking and Proximity Chemical Tagging as a Supramolecular Tool for Discovery of Putative Proteins Associated with Laminopathic Disease. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2208088. [PMID: 36843266 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein mutations alter protein-protein interactions that can lead to a number of illnesses. Mutations in lamin A (LMNA) have been reported to cause laminopathies. However, the proteins associated with the LMNA mutation have mostly remained unexplored. Herein, a new chemical tool for proximal proteomics is reported, developed by a combination of proximity chemical tagging and a bio-orthogonal supramolecular latching based on cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7])-based host-guest interactions. As this host-guest interaction acts as a noncovalent clickable motif that can be unclicked on-demand, this new chemical tool is exploited for reliable detection of the proximal proteins of LMNA and its mutant that causes laminopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Most importantly, a comparison study reveals, for the first time, mutant-dependent alteration in LMNA proteomic environments, which allows to identify putative laminopathic DCM-linked proteins including FOXJ3 and CELF2. This study demonstrates the feasibility of this chemical tool for reliable proximal proteomics, and its immense potential as a new research platform for discovering biomarkers associated with protein mutation-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Sim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lock Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeng Min Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42471, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Baltoumas FA, Sofras D, Apostolakou AE, Litou ZI, Iconomidou VA. NucEnvDB: A Database of Nuclear Envelope Proteins and Their Interactions. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:62. [PMID: 36676869 PMCID: PMC9861991 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a double-membrane system surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. A large number of proteins are localized in the NE, performing a wide variety of functions, from the bidirectional exchange of molecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleus to chromatin tethering, genome organization, regulation of signaling cascades, and many others. Despite its importance, several aspects of the NE, including its protein-protein interactions, remain understudied. In this work, we present NucEnvDB, a publicly available database of NE proteins and their interactions. Each database entry contains useful annotation including a description of its position in the NE, its interactions with other proteins, and cross-references to major biological repositories. In addition, the database provides users with a number of visualization and analysis tools, including the ability to construct and visualize protein-protein interaction networks and perform functional enrichment analysis for clusters of NE proteins and their interaction partners. The capabilities of NucEnvDB and its analysis tools are showcased by two informative case studies, exploring protein-protein interactions in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria and during SARS-CoV-2 infection at the level of the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis A. Baltoumas
- Section of Cell Biology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 34 Fleming St., 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Sofras
- Section of Cell Biology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31—Box 2438, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Avgi E. Apostolakou
- Section of Cell Biology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi I. Litou
- Section of Cell Biology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A. Iconomidou
- Section of Cell Biology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece
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Raices M, D'Angelo MA. Structure, Maintenance, and Regulation of Nuclear Pore Complexes: The Gatekeepers of the Eukaryotic Genome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040691. [PMID: 34312247 PMCID: PMC8789946 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is segregated inside the nucleus. This compartmentalization of the genome requires a transport system that allows cells to move molecules across the nuclear envelope, the membrane-based barrier that surrounds the chromosomes. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the central component of the nuclear transport machinery. These large protein channels penetrate the nuclear envelope, creating a passage between the nucleus and the cytoplasm through which nucleocytoplasmic molecule exchange occurs. NPCs are one of the largest protein assemblies of eukaryotic cells and, in addition to their critical function in nuclear transport, these structures also play key roles in many cellular processes in a transport-independent manner. Here we will review the current knowledge of the NPC structure, the cellular mechanisms that regulate their formation and maintenance, and we will provide a brief description of a variety of processes that NPCs regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Raices
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Maximiliano A D'Angelo
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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van Wijk SW, Su W, Wijdeveld LFJM, Ramos KS, Brundel BJJM. Cytoskeletal Protein Variants Driving Atrial Fibrillation: Potential Mechanisms of Action. Cells 2022; 11:416. [PMID: 35159226 PMCID: PMC8834312 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common clinical tachyarrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF), is present in 1-2% of the population. Although common risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, frequently underlie AF onset, it has been recognized that in 15% of the AF population, AF is familial. In these families, genome and exome sequencing techniques identified variants in the non-coding genome (i.e., variant regulatory elements), genes encoding ion channels, as well as genes encoding cytoskeletal (-associated) proteins. Cytoskeletal protein variants include variants in desmin, lamin A/C, titin, myosin heavy and light chain, junctophilin, nucleoporin, nesprin, and filamin C. These cytoskeletal protein variants have a strong association with the development of cardiomyopathy. Interestingly, AF onset is often represented as the initial manifestation of cardiac disease, sometimes even preceding cardiomyopathy by several years. Although emerging research findings reveal cytoskeletal protein variants to disrupt the cardiomyocyte structure and trigger DNA damage, exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic AF is still in its infancy. In this review, we provide an overview of cytoskeletal (-associated) gene variants that relate to genetic AF and highlight potential pathophysiological pathways that drive this arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bianca J. J. M. Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.W.v.W.); (W.S.); (L.F.J.M.W.); (K.S.R.)
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Preston CC, Stoddard AC, Faustino RS. A Transient Mystery: Nucleolar Channel Systems. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:581-593. [PMID: 36348122 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus is a complex organelle with functions beyond being a simple repository for genomic material. For example, its actions in biomechanical sensing, protein synthesis, and epigenomic regulation showcase how the nucleus integrates multiple signaling modalities to intricately regulate gene expression. This innate dynamism is underscored by subnuclear components that facilitate these roles, with elements of the nucleoskeleton, phase-separated nuclear bodies, and chromatin safeguarding by nuclear envelope proteins providing examples of this functional diversity. Among these, one of the lesser characterized nuclear organelles is the nucleolar channel system (NCS), first reported several decades ago in human endometrial biopsies. This tubular structure, believed to be derived from the inner nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope, was first observed in secretory endometrial cells during a specific phase of the menstrual cycle. Reported as a consistent, yet transient, nuclear organelle, current interpretations of existing data suggest that it serves as a marker of a window for optimal implantation. In spite of this available data, the NCS remains incompletely characterized structurally and functionally, due in part to its transient spatial and temporal expression. As a further complication, evidence exists showing NCS expression in fetal tissue, suggesting that it may not act exclusively as a marker of uterine receptivity, but rather as a hormone sensor sensitive to estrogen and progesterone ratios. To gain a better understanding of the NCS, current technologies can be applied to profile rare cell populations or capture transient structural dynamics, for example, at a level of sensitivity and resolution not previously possible. Moving forward, advanced characterization of the NCS will shed light on an uncharacterized aspect of reproductive physiology, with the potential to refine assisted reproductive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Preston
- Biology Department, St. Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona, MN, USA
| | | | - Randolph S Faustino
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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Nuclear pore complex maintenance and implications for age-related diseases. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:216-227. [PMID: 34782239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) bridge the nucleus and the cytoplasm and are indispensable for crucial cellular activities, such as bidirectional molecular trafficking and gene transcription regulation. The discovery of long-lived proteins (LLPs) in NPCs from postmitotic cells raises the exciting possibility that the maintenance of NPC integrity might play an inherent role in lifelong cell function. Age-dependent deterioration of NPCs and loss of nuclear integrity have been linked to age-related decline in postmitotic cell function and degenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of NPC maintenance in proliferating and postmitotic cells, and how malfunction of nucleoporins (Nups) might contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
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Singh N, Bhatnagar S. Machine Learning for Prediction of Drug Targets in Microbe Associated Cardiovascular Diseases by Incorporating Host-pathogen Interaction Network Parameters. Mol Inform 2021; 41:e2100115. [PMID: 34676983 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions play a crucial role in invasion, infection, and induction of immune response in humans. In this work, four machine learning algorithms, namely Logistic regression, K-nearest neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest were implemented for the classification of drug targets. The algorithms were trained using 3400 hosts and 3800 pathogen drug and non-drug target proteins as learning instances. For each protein, 68 pathogen and 73 host features were computed that included sequence, structure, biological and host-pathogen network centrality characteristics. The Random Forest classifier model achieved the best accuracy after 10-fold cross-validation. 99 % accuracy was achieved with a ROC-AUC score of 0.99±0.01 for both pathogen and host training sets. The Eigenvector Centrality of host-pathogen interactions and host-host interactions was the top feature in performing classification of pathogen and host targets respectively. Other features important for classification were the presence of catalytic and binding sites, low instability/aliphatic index, and cellular location. The Random Forest classifier was then used for prediction of drug targets involved in Microbe Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. 331 host and 743 pathogen proteins were predicted as drug targets by the random forest model and can be validated experimentally for therapeutic intervention in Microbe Associated Cardiovascular Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.,Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
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Ross JA, Stroud MJ. THE NUCLEUS: Mechanosensing in cardiac disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 137:106035. [PMID: 34242685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus provides a physical and selective chemical boundary to segregate the genome from the cytoplasm. The contents of the nucleus are surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which acts as a hub of mechanosensation, transducing forces from the external cytoskeleton to the nucleus, thus impacting on nuclear morphology, genome organisation, gene transcription and signalling pathways. Muscle tissues such as the heart are unique in that they actively generate large contractile forces, resulting in a distinctive mechanical environment which impacts nuclear properties, function and mechanosensing. In light of this, mutations that affect the function of the nuclear envelope (collectively known as nuclear envelopathies and laminopathies) disproportionately result in striated muscle diseases, which include dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. Here we review the nucleus and its role in mechanotransduction, as well as associated defects that lead to cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Ross
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Stroud
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Zhang Y, Chen W, Zeng W, Lu Z, Zhou X. Biallelic loss of function NEK3 mutations deacetylate α-tubulin and downregulate NUP205 that predispose individuals to cilia-related abnormal cardiac left-right patterning. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1005. [PMID: 33230144 PMCID: PMC7684299 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Defective left–right (LR) organization involving abnormalities in cilia ultrastructure causes laterality disorders including situs inversus (SI) and heterotaxy (Htx) with the prevalence approximately 1/10,000 births. In this study, we describe two unrelated family trios with abnormal cardiac LR patterning. Through whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified compound heterozygous mutations (c.805-1G >C; p. Ile269GlnfsTer8/c.1117dupA; p.Thr373AsnfsTer19) (c.29T>C; p.Ile10Thr/c.356A>G; p.His119Arg) of NEK3, encoding a NIMA (never in mitosis A)-related kinase, in two affected individuals, respectively. Protein levels of NEK3 were abrogated in Patient-1 with biallelic loss-of function (LoF) NEK3 mutations that causes premature stop codon. Subsequence transcriptome analysis revealed that NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase) and SIRT2 (sirtuin2) was upregulated by NEK3 knockdown in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro, which associates α-tubulin deacetylation by western blot and immunofluorescence. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis further identified defective ciliary ultrastructure in Patient-1. Furthermore, inner ring components of nuclear pore complex (NPC) including nucleoporin (NUP)205, NUP188, and NUP155 were significantly downregulated in NEK3-silenced cells. In conclusion, we identified biallelic mutations of NEK3 predispose individual to abnormal cardiac left–right patterning via SIRT2-mediated α-tubulin deacetylation and downregulation of inner ring nucleoporins. Our study suggested that NEK3 could be a candidate gene for human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, and Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 201204, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicheng Chen
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijia Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouping Lu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 201204, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 201204, Shanghai, China.
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