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Won SM, Cai L, Gutruf P, Rogers JA. Wireless and battery-free technologies for neuroengineering. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:405-423. [PMID: 33686282 PMCID: PMC8423863 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tethered and battery-powered devices that interface with neural tissues can restrict natural motions and prevent social interactions in animal models, thereby limiting the utility of these devices in behavioural neuroscience research. In this Review Article, we discuss recent progress in the development of miniaturized and ultralightweight devices as neuroengineering platforms that are wireless, battery-free and fully implantable, with capabilities that match or exceed those of wired or battery-powered alternatives. Such classes of advanced neural interfaces with optical, electrical or fluidic functionality can also combine recording and stimulation modalities for closed-loop applications in basic studies or in the practical treatment of abnormal physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Le Cai
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Bio5 Institute and Neuroscience GIDP, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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2
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Pomberger T, Hage SR. Semi-chronic laminar recordings in the brainstem of behaving marmoset monkeys. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 311:186-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Hage SR. Audio-vocal interactions during vocal communication in squirrel monkeys and their neurobiological implications. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:663-8. [PMID: 23516002 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several strategies have evolved in the vertebrate lineage to facilitate signal transmission in vocal communication. Here, I present a mechanism to facilitate signal transmission in a group of communicating common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus). Vocal onsets of a conspecific affect call initiation in all other members of the group in less than 100 ms. The probability of vocal onsets in a range of 100 ms after the beginning of a vocalization of another monkey was significantly decreased compared to the mean probability of call onsets. Additionally, the probability for vocal onsets of conspecifics was significantly increased just a few hundreds of milliseconds after call onset of others. These behavioral data suggest neural mechanisms that suppress vocal output just after the onset of environmental noise, such as vocalizations of conspecifics, and increase the probability of call initiation of group mates shortly after. These findings add new audio-vocal behaviors to the known strategies that modulate signal transmission in vocal communication. The present study will guide future neurobiological studies that explore how the observed audio-vocal behaviors are implemented in the monkey brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen R Hage
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Roy S, Wang X. Wireless multi-channel single unit recording in freely moving and vocalizing primates. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 203:28-40. [PMID: 21933683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to record well-isolated action potentials from individual neurons in naturally behaving animals is crucial for understanding neural mechanisms underlying natural behaviors. Traditional neurophysiology techniques, however, require the animal to be restrained which often restricts natural behavior. An example is the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a highly vocal New World primate species, used in our laboratory to study the neural correlates of vocal production and sensory feedback. When restrained by traditional neurophysiological techniques marmoset vocal behavior is severely inhibited. Tethered recording systems, while proven effective in rodents pose limitations in arboreal animals such as the marmoset that typically roam in a three-dimensional environment. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed a wireless neural recording technique that is capable of collecting single-unit data from chronically implanted multi-electrodes in freely moving marmosets. A lightweight, low power and low noise wireless transmitter (headstage) is attached to a multi-electrode array placed in the premotor cortex of the marmoset. The wireless headstage is capable of transmitting 15 channels of neural data with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) comparable to a tethered system. To minimize radio-frequency (RF) and electro-magnetic interference (EMI), the experiments were conducted within a custom designed RF/EMI and acoustically shielded chamber. The individual electrodes of the multi-electrode array were periodically advanced to densely sample the cortical layers. We recorded single-unit data over a period of several months from the frontal cortex of two marmosets. These recordings demonstrate the feasibility of using our wireless recording method to study single neuron activity in freely roaming primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Roy
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Gilja V, Chestek CA, Nuyujukian P, Foster J, Shenoy KV. Autonomous head-mounted electrophysiology systems for freely behaving primates. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20:676-86. [PMID: 20655733 PMCID: PMC3401169 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have led to new light-weight battery-operated systems for electrophysiology. Such systems are head mounted, run for days without experimenter intervention, and can record and stimulate from single or multiple electrodes implanted in a freely behaving primate. Here we discuss existing systems, studies that use them, and how they can augment traditional, physically restrained, 'in-rig' electrophysiology. With existing technical capabilities, these systems can acquire multiple signal classes, such as spikes, local field potential, and electromyography signals, and can stimulate based on real-time processing of recorded signals. Moving forward, this class of technologies, along with advances in neural signal processing and behavioral monitoring, have the potential to dramatically expand the scope and scale of electrophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Gilja
- Dept. of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Germain G. Télémonitorage des grandes fonctions physiologiques chez les primates vigiles. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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7
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Une nouvelle procédure d’expérimentation comportementale à l’interface entre les approches « Naturalistes » et « Généralistes » de la cognition du primate1. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Automated testing of cognitive performance in monkeys: use of a battery of computerized test systems by a troop of semi-free-ranging baboons (Papio papio). Behav Res Methods 2010; 42:507-16. [PMID: 20479182 DOI: 10.3758/brm.42.2.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fagot and Paleressompoulle (2009) published an automated learning device for monkeys (ALDM) to test the cognitive functions of nonhuman primates within their social groups, but the efficiency of the ALDM procedure with large groups remains unknown. In the present study, 10 ALDM systems were provided ad lib to a troop of 26 semi-free-ranging baboons that were initially naive with computerized testing. The test program taught baboons to solve two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) and matching-to-sample (MTS) tasks. A million trials were recorded for the group during a period of 85 days (Experiment 1). Their analysis shows that 75% of the baboons participated at high frequencies and quickly learned the 2AFC and MTS tasks. In Experiment 2, we compared the baboons' behavior when the ADLM systems were either accessible or closed. ALDM reduced frequencies of object-directed behaviors, but had no overt consequence on social conflicts. In Experiment 3, we tested the process of the global or local attributes of visual stimuli in MTS-trained baboons in order to illustrate the efficiency of ALDM for behavioral studies requiring complex experimental designs. Altogether, the results of the present study validate the use of ALDM to efficiently test monkeys in large social groups. ALDM has a strong potential for a variety of scientific disciplines, including for biomedical research. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
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Miranda H, Gilja V, Chestek CA, Shenoy KV, Meng TH. HermesD: A High-Rate Long-Range Wireless Transmission System for Simultaneous Multichannel Neural Recording Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2010; 4:181-191. [PMID: 23853342 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2010.2044573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
HermesD is a high-rate, low-power wireless transmission system to aid research in neural prosthetic systems for motor disabilities and basic motor neuroscience. It is the third generation of our "Hermes systems" aimed at recording and transmitting neural activity from brain-implanted electrode arrays. This system supports the simultaneous transmission of 32 channels of broadband data sampled at 30 ks/s, 12 b/sample, using frequency-shift keying modulation on a carrier frequency adjustable from 3.7 to 4.1 GHz, with a link range extending over 20 m. The channel rate is 24 Mb/s and the bit stream includes synchronization and error detection mechanisms. The power consumption, approximately 142 mW, is low enough to allow the system to operate continuously for 33 h, using two 3.6-V/1200-mAh Li-SOCl2 batteries. The transmitter was designed using off-the-shelf components and is assembled in a stack of three 28 mm ? 28-mm boards that fit in a 38 mm ? 38 mm ? 51-mm aluminum enclosure, a significant size reduction over the initial version of HermesD. A 7-dBi circularly polarized patch antenna is used as the transmitter antenna, while on the receiver side, a 13-dBi circular horn antenna is employed. The advantages of using circularly polarized waves are analyzed and confirmed by indoor measurements. The receiver is a stand-alone device composed of several submodules and is interfaced to a computer for data acquisition and processing. It is based on the superheterodyne architecture and includes automatic frequency control that keeps it optimally tuned to the transmitter frequency. The HermesD communications performance is shown through bit-error rate measurements and eye-diagram plots. The sensitivity of the receiver is -83 dBm for a bit-error probability of 10(-9). Experimental recordings from a rhesus monkey conducting multiple tasks show a signal quality comparable to commercial acquisition systems, both in the low-frequency (local field potentials) and upper-frequency bands (action potentials) of the neural signals. This system can be easily scaled up in terms of the number of channels and data rate to accommodate future generations of Hermes systems.
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Chorev E, Epsztein J, Houweling AR, Lee AK, Brecht M. Electrophysiological recordings from behaving animals—going beyond spikes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009; 19:513-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Chestek CA, Gilja V, Nuyujukian P, Kier RJ, Solzbacher F, Ryu SI, Harrison RR, Shenoy KV. HermesC: low-power wireless neural recording system for freely moving primates. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2009; 17:330-8. [PMID: 19497829 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2009.2023293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neural prosthetic systems have the potential to restore lost functionality to amputees or patients suffering from neurological injury or disease. Current systems have primarily been designed for immobile patients, such as tetraplegics functioning in a rather static, carefully tailored environment. However, an active patient such as amputee in a normal dynamic, everyday environment may be quite different in terms of the neural control of movement. In order to study motor control in a more unconstrained natural setting, we seek to develop an animal model of freely moving humans. Therefore, we have developed and tested HermesC-INI3, a system for recording and wirelessly transmitting neural data from electrode arrays implanted in rhesus macaques who are freely moving. This system is based on the integrated neural interface (INI3) microchip which amplifies, digitizes, and transmits neural data across a approximately 900 MHz wireless channel. The wireless transmission has a range of approximately 4 m in free space. All together this device consumes 15.8 mA and 63.2 mW. On a single 2 A-hr battery pack, this device runs contiguously for approximately six days. The smaller size and power consumption of the custom IC allows for a smaller package (51 x 38 x 38 mm (3)) than previous primate systems. The HermesC-INI3 system was used to record and telemeter one channel of broadband neural data at 15.7 kSps from a monkey performing routine daily activities in the home cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Chestek
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ye X, Wang P, Liu J, Zhang S, Jiang J, Wang Q, Chen W, Zheng X. A portable telemetry system for brain stimulation and neuronal activity recording in freely behaving small animals. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 174:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Implementation of a galvanically isolated low-noise power supply board for multi-channel headstage preamplifiers. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 171:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Eliades SJ, Wang X. Chronic multi-electrode neural recording in free-roaming monkeys. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 172:201-14. [PMID: 18572250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many behaviors of interest to neurophysiologists are difficult to study under laboratory conditions because such behaviors are often inhibited when an animal is restrained and socially isolated. Even under the best conditions, such behaviors may be sparse enough as to require long duration neural recordings or simultaneous recording of multiple neurons to gather a sufficient amount of data for analysis. We have developed a preparation for chronic, multi-electrode recordings in the auditory cortex of marmoset monkeys, small primates, as well as techniques for neurophysiological recordings when the animals are free-roaming while singly caged in the environment of the monkey colony. In this report, we describe our solutions to overcome the problems associated with chronic recordings in free-roaming animals, where three-dimensional movements present particular challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Eliades
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Hage SR, Jürgens U. On the role of the pontine brainstem in vocal pattern generation: a telemetric single-unit recording study in the squirrel monkey. J Neurosci 2006; 26:7105-15. [PMID: 16807339 PMCID: PMC6673918 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1024-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study, we localized a discrete area in the ventrolateral pontine brainstem of squirrel monkeys, which seems to play a role in vocal pattern generation of frequency-modulated vocalizations. The present study compares the neuronal activity of this area with that of three motoneuron pools involved in phonation, namely the trigeminal motor nucleus, facial nucleus, and nucleus ambiguous. The experiments were performed in freely moving squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during spontaneous vocal communication, using a telemetric single-unit recording technique. We found vocalization-related activity in all motoneuron pools recorded. Each of them, however, showed a specific profile of activity properties with respect to call types uttered, syllable structure, and pre-onset time. Different activity profiles were also found for neurons showing purely vocalization-correlated activity, vocalization- and mastication-correlated activity, and vocalization- and respiration-correlated activity. By comparing the activity properties of the proposed vocal pattern generator with the three motoneuron pools, we show that the pontine vocalization area is, in fact, able to control each of the three motoneuron pools during frequency-modulated vocalizations. The present study thus supports the existence of a vocal pattern generator for frequency-modulated call types in the ventrolateral pontine brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen R Hage
- Department of Neurobiology, German Primate Center, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Hage SR, Jürgens U, Ehret G. Audio-vocal interaction in the pontine brainstem during self-initiated vocalization in the squirrel monkey. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:3297-308. [PMID: 16820019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adjustment of the voice by auditory input happens at several brain levels. The caudal pontine brainstem, though rarely investigated, is one candidate area for such audio-vocal integration. We recorded neuronal activity in this area in awake, behaving squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during vocal communication, using telemetric single-unit recording techniques. We found audio-vocal neurons at locations not described before, namely in the periolivary region of the superior olivary complex and the adjacent pontine reticular formation. They showed various responses to external sounds (noise bursts) and activity increases (excitation) or decreases (inhibition) to self-produced vocalizations, starting prior to vocal onset and continuing through vocalizations. In most of them, the responses to noise bursts and self-produced vocalizations were similar, with the only difference that neuronal activity started prior to vocal onset. About one-third responded phasically to noise bursts, independent of whether they increased or decreased their activity to vocalization. The activity of most audio-vocal neurons correlated with basic acoustic features of the vocalization, such as call duration and/or syllable structure. Auditory neurons near audio-vocal neurons showed significantly more frequent phasic response patterns than those in areas without audio-vocal activity. Based on these findings, we propose that audio-vocal neurons showing similar activity to external acoustical stimuli and vocalization play a role in olivocochlear regulation. Specifically, audio-vocal neurons with a phasic response to external auditory stimuli are candidates for the mediation of basal audio-vocal reflexes such as the Lombard reflex. Thus, our findings suggest that complex audio-vocal integration mechanisms exist in the ventrolateral pontine brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen R Hage
- Department of Neurobiology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Hage SR, Jürgens U. Localization of a vocal pattern generator in the pontine brainstem of the squirrel monkey. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:840-4. [PMID: 16487165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about the coordination of muscles involved in mammalian vocalization at the level of single neurons. In the present study, a telemetric single-unit recording technique was used to explore the ventrolateral pontine brainstem for vocalization-correlated activity in the squirrel monkey during vocal communication. We found a discrete area in the reticular formation just above the superior olivary complex showing vocalization-correlated activity. These neurons showed an increase in neuronal activity exclusively just before and during vocalization; none of them was active during mastication, swallowing or quiet respiration. Furthermore, the neuronal activity of these neurons reflected acoustic features, such as call duration or syllable structure of frequency-modulated vocalization, directly. Based on these findings and previously reported anatomical data, we propose that this area serves as a vocal pattern generator for frequency-modulated call types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen R Hage
- Department of Neurobiology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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