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de Marco A. Recombinant expression of nanobodies and nanobody-derived immunoreagents. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 172:105645. [PMID: 32289357 PMCID: PMC7151424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody fragments for which the sequence is available are suitable for straightforward engineering and expression in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. When produced as fusions with convenient tags, they become reagents which pair their selective binding capacity to an orthogonal function. Several kinds of immunoreagents composed by nanobodies and either large proteins or short sequences have been designed for providing inexpensive ready-to-use biological tools. The possibility to choose among alternative expression strategies is critical because the fusion moieties might require specific conditions for correct folding or post-translational modifications. In the case of nanobody production, the trend is towards simpler but reliable (bacterial) methods that can substitute for more cumbersome processes requiring the use of eukaryotic systems. The use of these will not disappear, but will be restricted to those cases in which the final immunoconstructs must have features that cannot be obtained in prokaryotic cells. At the same time, bacterial expression has evolved from the conventional procedure which considered exclusively the nanobody and nanobody-fusion accumulation in the periplasm. Several reports show the advantage of cytoplasmic expression, surface-display and secretion for at least some applications. Finally, there is an increasing interest to use as a model the short nanobody sequence for the development of in silico methodologies aimed at optimizing the yields, stability and affinity of recombinant antibodies. There is an increasing request for immunoreagents based on nanobodies. The multiplicity of their applications requires constructs with different structural complexity. Alternative expression methods are necessary to achieve such structural requirements. In silico optimization of nanobody biophysical characteristics becomes more and more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, S-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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Oloketuyi S, Dilkaute C, Mazzega E, Jose J, de Marco A. Purification-independent immunoreagents obtained by displaying nanobodies on bacteria surface. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4443-4453. [PMID: 30989251 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The availability of preimmune libraries of antibody fragments allows for the fast generation of binders which can be expressed in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. We exploited the recombinant nature of antibody fragments to demonstrate the possibility of expressing them as functional proteins displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli and by such a way to generate living reagents ready-to-use for diagnostics. Such immunoreagents were effectively exploited without the necessity of any purification step to prepare immunocapture surfaces suitable for the diagnostic of both cancer cells and toxic microalgae. The same nanobody-displaying bacteria were also engineered to coexpress GFP in their cytoplasm. Suspensions of such living fluorescent immunoreagents effectively bound to eukaryotic cells making them visible and quantifiable by flow cytometry analysis and using 96-well plate readers. The collected data showed the suitability of such living immunoreagents for reproducible and inexpensive diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oloketuyi
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Carina Dilkaute
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elisa Mazzega
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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Li J, Zhai X, Ding C, Liu Y, Dong Q, Xu D, Wang X, Qiu J, Zhang Q, Pan J, Liu Q. Development of a Bacterial Macroarray for the Rapid Screening of Targeted Antibody-Secreted Hybridomas. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:190-198. [PMID: 30304643 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218804990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hybridoma screening is a key step for the successful generation of high-affinity analyte-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). This work presents an innovative screening method, known as a bacterial macroarray, generated by contact printing of hybridoma cell supernatant samples on a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane initially coated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled bacteria. Given that bacterial fixation will be influenced by complex bacterial surface structures, we selected both gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Cronobacter sakazakii) to optimize the fixation conditions for binding to the NC membrane, such as the aperture of the NC membrane, the concentration of bacteria, the dosage of glycerin in the spotting buffer, and the fixation time and temperature. As a result, we found that a better bacterial macroarray could be developed when the spotting buffer, containing 1011 CFU mL-1 of FITC-labeled bacteria and 15% (V/V) glycerol, was spotted onto a 0.45 µm NC membrane with an incubation of 2 h at 37 °C. Finally, we verified the stability and specificity of the prepared bacterial macroarray by detecting cell cultures with the addition of two MAbs ( Escherichia coli O157:H7 MAb E7 and Cronobacter sakazakii MAb 1E9) to simulate the screening experiments. Here, we describe a bacterial macroarray to efficiently screen the targeted antibody-secreted hybridomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - XuZhao Zhai
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chengchao Ding
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yali Liu
- 2 Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jingxuan Qiu
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Pan
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.,3 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
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Vercellino M, Ceccarelli G, Cristofaro F, Balli M, Bertoglio F, Bruni G, Benedetti L, Avanzini MA, Imbriani M, Visai L. Nanostructured TiO₂ Surfaces Promote Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation to Osteoblasts. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6070124. [PMID: 28335251 PMCID: PMC5224601 DOI: 10.3390/nano6070124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Micro- and nano-patterning/modification are emerging strategies to improve surfaces properties that may influence critically cells adherence and differentiation. Aim of this work was to study the in vitro biological reactivity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) to a nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) surface in comparison to a coverglass (Glass) in two different culture conditions: with (osteogenic medium (OM)) and without (proliferative medium (PM)) osteogenic factors. To evaluate cell adhesion, hBMSCs phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK) foci were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at 24 h: the TiO2 surface showed a higher number of pFAK foci with respect to Glass. The hBMSCs differentiation to osteoblasts was evaluated in both PM and OM culture conditions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), CLSM and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) at 28 days. In comparison with Glass, TiO2 surface in combination with OM conditions increased the content of extracellular bone proteins, calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed, both in PM and OM, that TiO2 surface increased at seven and 28 days the expression of osteogenic genes. All together, these results demonstrate the capability of TiO2 nanostructured surface to promote hBMSCs osteoblast differentiation and its potentiality in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vercellino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Forlanini 8, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cristofaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Martina Balli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Forlanini 8, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Gianna Bruni
- Department of Chemistry-Physical-Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Forlanini 8, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico "San Matteo", P.le Golgi 19, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Marcello Imbriani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, Human Anatomy Unit, Center of Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Forlanini 8, Pavia 27100, Italy.
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, S. Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Via S.Boezio 28, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, Pavia 27100, Italy.
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, S. Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Via S.Boezio 28, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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de Marco A. Recombinant antibody production evolves into multiple options aimed at yielding reagents suitable for application-specific needs. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:125. [PMID: 26330219 PMCID: PMC4557595 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies have been a pillar of basic research, while their relevance in clinical diagnostics and therapy is constantly growing. Consequently, the production of both conventional and fragment antibodies constantly faces more demanding challenges for the improvement of their quantity and quality. The answer to such an increasing need has been the development of a wide array of formats and alternative production platforms. This review offers a critical comparison and evaluation of the different options to help the researchers interested in expressing recombinant antibodies in their choice. RESULTS Rather than the compilation of an exhaustive list of the recent publications in the field, this review intendeds to analyze the development of the most innovative or fast-growing strategies. These have been illustrated with some significant examples and, when possible, compared with the existing alternatives. Space has also been given to those solutions that might represent interesting opportunities or that investigate critical aspects of the production optimization but for which the available data as yet do not allow for a definitive judgment. CONCLUSIONS The take-home message is that there is a clear process of progressive diversification concerning the antibody expression platforms and an effort to yield directly application-adapted immune-reagents rather than generic naked antibodies that need further in vitro modification steps before becoming usable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Glavni Trg 9, 5261, Vipava, Slovenia.
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Djender S, Schneider A, Beugnet A, Crepin R, Desrumeaux KE, Romani C, Moutel S, Perez F, de Marco A. Bacterial cytoplasm as an effective cell compartment for producing functional VHH-based affinity reagents and Camelidae IgG-like recombinant antibodies. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:140. [PMID: 25223348 PMCID: PMC4172947 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The isolation of recombinant antibody fragments from displayed libraries represents a powerful alternative to the generation of IgGs using hybridoma technology. The selected antibody fragments can then be easily engineered into (multi)-tagged constructs of variable mass and complexity as well as reconstituted into Camelidae IgG-like molecules when expressed fused to Fc domains. Nevertheless, all antibody constructs depend on an oxidizing environment for correct folding and consequently still belong to the proteins difficult to express in bacteria. In such organisms they are mostly produced at low yields in the periplasmic space. RESULTS We demonstrate that fusion constructs of recombinant antibodies in combination with multiple tags can be produced at high yields and totally functional in the cytoplasm of bacteria expressing sulfhydryl oxidase. The method was applied to structurally demanding molecules such as VHHs fused to SNAP and Fc domains and was validated using the antibody-derived reagents in a variety of immune techniques (FACS, ELISA, WB, IP, SPR, and IF). CONCLUSIONS The collected data demonstrate the feasibility of a method that establishes a totally new approach for producing rapidly and inexpensively functional Camelidae IgG-like monoclonal antibodies and antibody-based reagents containing multiple disulfide bonds and suitable for both basic research and clinical applications.
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Singh AV. Biotechnological applications of supersonic cluster beam-deposited nanostructured thin films: Bottom-up engineering to optimize cell-protein-surface interactions. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:2994-3008. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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de Marco A. Recent contributions in the field of the recombinant expression of disulfide bonded proteins in bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:129. [PMID: 22978724 PMCID: PMC3462667 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of heterologous disulfide bonded proteins in bacteria remains a biotechnological challenge. A rapid literature survey results in the identification of some interesting proposals, such as the option of producing functional proteins in the cytoplasm in the presence of sulfhydryl oxidases and isomerases. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number of applications refers to recombinant proteins displayed at the bacterial surface. Time will tell whether these developments will lead to universally accepted laboratory protocols.
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de Marco A. User-friendly expression plasmids enable the fusion of VHHs to application-specific tags. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 911:507-522. [PMID: 22886273 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-968-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the advantages of using recombinant instead of conventional antibodies is that these can be easily manipulated by means of standard molecular biology techniques. Therefore this opportunity can be exploited to prepare fusion constructs composed of VHHs and suitable tags. According to the applications in which the antibodies will be applied, molecules such as fluorescent probes, biotin, and PEG can be either covalently or non-covalently linked to the antibodies. Within this chapter, practical tips for the choice and expression of the most appropriate among the available plasmids are listed, keeping in mind the experimental conditions in which usually the fusion antibodies will be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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