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Gluck MJ, Beck CM, Skodras A, Bernstein ZL, Rubin TA, Hausman MR, Cagle PJ. Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy as a Novel Intraoperative Assessment of Rat Median Nerve Injury. J Hand Surg Am 2023; 48:1170.e1-1170.e7. [PMID: 36357225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nerves that are functionally injured but appear macroscopically intact pose the biggest clinical dilemma. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) Microscopy may provide a real-time assessment of nerve damage, with the ultimate goal of allowing surgeons to accurately quantify the degree of nerve damage present. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of SHG microscopy to detect nerve damage in vivo in an animal model. METHODS Ten Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and prepared for surgery. After surgical exposure and using a custom-made stretch applicator, the right median nerves were stretched by 20%, corresponding to a high strain injury, and held for 5 minutes. The left median nerve served as a sham control (SC), only being placed in the applicator for 5 minutes with no stretch. A nerve stimulator was used to assess the amount of stimulation required to induce a flicker and contraction of the paw. Nerves were then imaged using a multiphoton laser scanning microscope. RESULTS Immediately after injury (day 0), SHG images of SC median nerves exhibited parallel collagen fibers with linear, organized alignment. In comparison with SC nerves, high strain nerves demonstrated artifacts indicative of nerve damage consisting of wavy, undulating fibers with crossing fibers and tears, as well as a decrease in the linear organization, which correlated with an increase in the mean stimulation required to induce a flicker and contraction of the paw. CONCLUSIONS Second Harmonic Generation microscopy may provide the ability to detect an acute neural stretch injury in the rat median nerve. Epineurial collagen disorganization correlated with the stimulation required for nerve function. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the future, SHG may provide the ability to visualize nerve damage intraoperatively, allowing for better clinical decision-making. However, this is currently a research tool and requires further validation before translating to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gluck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY; Icahn School of Medicine- Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Christina M Beck
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Angelos Skodras
- Microscopy and Advanced Bioimaging Core, Icahn School of Medicine- Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Todd A Rubin
- Hughston Clinic Orthopaedics at TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael R Hausman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY; Icahn School of Medicine- Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Paul J Cagle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY; Icahn School of Medicine- Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Siddiq MM, Hannila SS, Zorina Y, Nikulina E, Rabinovich V, Hou J, Huq R, Richman EL, Tolentino RE, Hansen J, Velenosi A, Kwon BK, Tsirka SE, Maze I, Sebra R, Beaumont KG, Toro CA, Cardozo CP, Iyengar R, Filbin MT. Extracellular histones, a new class of inhibitory molecules of CNS axonal regeneration. Brain Commun 2022; 3:fcab271. [PMID: 34993473 PMCID: PMC8728726 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration in the mature CNS is limited by extracellular inhibitory factors. Triple knockout mice lacking the major myelin-associated inhibitors do not display spontaneous regeneration after injury, indicating the presence of other inhibitors. Searching for such inhibitors, we have detected elevated levels of histone H3 in human CSF 24 h after spinal cord injury. Following dorsal column lesions in mice and optic nerve crushes in rats, elevated levels of extracellular histone H3 were detected at the injury site. Similar to myelin-associated inhibitors, these extracellular histones induced growth cone collapse and inhibited neurite outgrowth. Histones mediate inhibition through the transcription factor Y-box-binding protein 1 and Toll-like receptor 2, and these effects are independent of the Nogo receptor. Histone-mediated inhibition can be reversed by the addition of activated protein C in vitro, and activated protein C treatment promotes axonal regeneration in the crushed optic nerve in vivo. These findings identify extracellular histones as a new class of nerve regeneration-inhibiting molecules within the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M Siddiq
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sari S Hannila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Yana Zorina
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Gene Editing and Screening Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elena Nikulina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Science University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Vera Rabinovich
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jianwei Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rumana Huq
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erica L Richman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rosa E Tolentino
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jens Hansen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Ian Maze
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Studies, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Kristin G Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Studies, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carlos A Toro
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marie T Filbin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Recovery and Regrowth After Nerve Repair: A Systematic Analysis of Four Repair Techniques. J Surg Res 2020; 251:311-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Elyahoodayan S, Larson C, Cobo AM, Meng E, Song D. Acute in vivo testing of a polymer cuff electrode with integrated microfluidic channels for stimulation, recording, and drug delivery on rat sciatic nerve. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 336:108634. [PMID: 32068010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extraneural cuffs are among the least invasive peripheral nerve interfaces as they remain outside the nerve. However, compared with more invasive interfaces, these electrodes may suffer from lower selectivity and sensitivity since the targeted nerve fibers are more distanced from the electrodes. NEW METHOD A lyse-and-attract cuff electrode (LACE) was enabled by microfabrication and developed to improve selectivity and sensitivity while maintaining a cuff format. Its engineering design was described in previous work. LACE is a hybrid cuff that integrates both microelectrodes and microfluidic channels. The ultimate goal is to increase fascicular selectivity and sensitivity by focal delivery via the microchannels of (1) lysing agent to remove connective tissue separating electrodes from nerve fibers, and (2) neurotrophic factors to promote axonal sprouting of the exposed nerve fibers into microfluidic channels where electrodes are embedded. Here, we focus on demonstrating in vivo function of microfluidics and microelectrodes in an acute preparation in which we evaluate the ability to focally remove connective tissue and record and stimulate with microchannel-embedded microelectrodes neural activity in rat sciatic nerves. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS While extraneural interfaces prioritize nerve health and intraneural interfaces prioritize functionality, LACE represents a new extraneural approach which could potentially excel at both aims. RESULTS Surgical implantation demonstrate preservation of LACE function following careful and minimal handling. In vivo electrical evaluation demonstrates the ability of microelectrodes placed within microfluidic channels to successfully stimulate and record compound action potentials from rat sciatic nerve. Furthermore, collagen-rich epineurium was focally removed following infusion of collagenase via microchannels and confirmed via microscopy. CONCLUSION The feasibility of using a cuff having integrated microelectrodes and microfluidics to stimulate, record, and deliver drug to focally lyse away the epineurium layer was demonstrated in acute experiments on rat sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Elyahoodayan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Christopher Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Angelica M Cobo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Ellis Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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A review for the peripheral nerve interface designer. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 332:108523. [PMID: 31743684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Informational density and relative accessibility of the peripheral nervous system make it an attractive site for therapeutic intervention. Electrode-based electrophysiological interfaces with peripheral nerves have been under development since the 1960s and, for several applications, have seen widespread clinical implementation. However, many applications require a combination of neural target resolution and stability which has thus far eluded existing peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs). With the goal of aiding PNI designers in development of devices that meet the demands of next-generation applications, this review seeks to collect and present practical considerations and best practices which emerge from the literature, including both lessons learned during early PNI development and recent ideas. Fundamental and practical principles guiding PNI design are reviewed, followed by an updated and critical account of existing PNI designs and strategies. Finally, a brief survey of in vitro and in vivo PNI characterization methods is presented.
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Sung J, Sikora-Klak J, Adachi SY, Orozco E, Shah SB. Decoupled epineurial and axonal deformation in mouse median and ulnar nerves. Muscle Nerve 2019; 59:619-628. [PMID: 30697763 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerves accommodate mechanical loads during joint movement. Hypothesized protective features include increased nerve compliance near joints and axonal undulation. How axons perceive nerve deformation is poorly understood. We tested whether nerves increase local axonal undulation in regions of high epineurial strain to protect nerve fibers from strain-induced damage. METHODS Regional epineurial strain was measured near the elbow in median and ulnar nerves of mice expressing axonal fluorescence before and after decompression. Regional axonal tortuosity was quantified under confocal microscopy. RESULTS Nerves showed higher epineurial strain just distal to the medial epicondyle; these differences were eliminated after decompression. Axonal tortuosity also varied regionally; however, unlike in the epineurium, it was greater in proximal regions. DISCUSSION In this study we have proposed a neuromechanical model whereby axons can unravel along their entire length due to looser mechanical coupling to the peri/epineurium. Our findings have major implications for understanding nerve biomechanics and dysfunction. Muscle Nerve 59:619-619, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemyoung Sung
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0863, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jakub Sikora-Klak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0863, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie Y Adachi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0863, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Elisabeth Orozco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0863, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Research Division, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sameer B Shah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0863, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Research Division, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Gluck MJ, Vijayaraghavan S, Sinclair EB, Ashraf A, Hausman MR, Cagle PJ. Detecting structural and inflammatory response after in vivo stretch injury in the rat median nerve via second harmonic generation. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 303:68-80. [PMID: 29454014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy is a promising method for visualizing the collagenous structure of peripheral nerves. Assessing collagen continuity and damage after a stretch injury provides inferential insight into the level of axonal damage present. NEW METHODS This study utilizes SHG microscopy after a calibrated in vivo stretch injury of rat median nerves to evaluate collagen continuity at several time points throughout the recovery process. Endoneurial collagen was qualitatively assessed in nerves that were subjected to low strain (LS) and high strain (HS) injuries using SHG microscopy, conventional histology, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Following an in vivo stretch injury, both LS and HS damaged nerves exhibit signs of structural collagen damage in comparison with sham control nerves (SC). Furthermore, LS nerves exhibit signs of full regeneration while HS nerves exhibited signs of only partial regeneration with lasting damage and intra-neural scar formation. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS SHG observations of structural changes and inflammatory response due to stretch injury were validated upon comparison with conventional histological methods CONCLUSIONS: We propose that SHG microscopy can be utilized to visualize significant structural artifacts in sectioned median nerves following in vivo stretch injury. Based on the findings in this study, we believe that the in vivo application of SHG microscopy should be further investigated as a means for real-time, intra-operative, quantitative assessment of nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gluck
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States.
| | - Surabhi Vijayaraghavan
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Elaine B Sinclair
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Asad Ashraf
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Michael R Hausman
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Paul J Cagle
- Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
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Quantification of Collagen Organization after Nerve Repair. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1586. [PMID: 29632766 PMCID: PMC5889458 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Clinical outcomes after nerve injury and repair remain suboptimal. Patients may be plagued by poor functional recovery and painful neuroma at the repair site, characterized by disorganized collagen and sprouting axons. Collagen deposition during wound healing can be intrinsically imaged using second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. The purpose of this study was to develop a protocol for SHG imaging of nerves and to assess whether collagen alignment can be quantified after nerve repair. Methods: Sciatic nerve transection and epineural repair was performed in male rats. The contralateral nerves were used as intra-animal controls. Ten-millimeter nerve segments were harvested and fixed onto slides. SHG images were collected using a 20× objective on a multiphoton microscope. Collagen fiber alignment was calculated using CurveAlign software. Alignment was calculated on a scale from 0 to 1, where 1 represents perfect alignment. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: Eight male rats underwent right sciatic nerve repair using 9-0 Nylon suture. There were gross variations in collagen fiber organization in the repaired nerves compared with the controls. Quantitatively, collagen fibers were more aligned in the control nerves (mean alignment 0.754, SE 0.055) than in the repairs (mean alignment 0.413, SE 0.047; P < 0.001). Conclusions: SHG microscopy can be used to quantitate collagen after nerve repair via fiber alignment. Given that the development of neuroma likely reflects aberrant wound healing, ex vivo and/or in vivo SHG imaging may be useful for further investigation of the variables predisposing to neuroma.
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Jayyosi C, Affagard JS, Ducourthial G, Bonod-Bidaud C, Lynch B, Bancelin S, Ruggiero F, Schanne-Klein MC, Allain JM, Bruyère-Garnier K, Coret M. Affine kinematics in planar fibrous connective tissues: an experimental investigation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:1459-1473. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bancelin S, Lynch B, Bonod-Bidaud C, Ducourthial G, Psilodimitrakopoulos S, Dokládal P, Allain JM, Schanne-Klein MC, Ruggiero F. Ex vivo multiscale quantitation of skin biomechanics in wild-type and genetically-modified mice using multiphoton microscopy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17635. [PMID: 26631592 PMCID: PMC4668561 DOI: 10.1038/srep17635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft connective tissues such as skin, tendon or cornea are made of about 90% of extracellular matrix proteins, fibrillar collagens being the major components. Decreased or aberrant collagen synthesis generally results in defective tissue mechanical properties as the classic form of Elhers-Danlos syndrome (cEDS). This connective tissue disorder is caused by mutations in collagen V genes and is mainly characterized by skin hyperextensibility. To investigate the relationship between the microstructure of normal and diseased skins and their macroscopic mechanical properties, we imaged and quantified the microstructure of dermis of ex vivo murine skin biopsies during uniaxial mechanical assay using multiphoton microscopy. We used two genetically-modified mouse lines for collagen V: a mouse model for cEDS harboring a Col5a2 deletion (a.k.a. pN allele) and the transgenic K14-COL5A1 mice which overexpress the human COL5A1 gene in skin. We showed that in normal skin, the collagen fibers continuously align with stretch, generating the observed increase in mechanical stress. Moreover, dermis from both transgenic lines exhibited altered collagen reorganization upon traction, which could be linked to microstructural modifications. These findings show that our multiscale approach provides new crucial information on the biomechanics of dermis that can be extended to all collagen-rich soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bancelin
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM U1182, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, FRANCE
| | - Barbara Lynch
- Solids Mechanics Laboratory Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Mines ParisTech, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, FRANCE
| | - Christelle Bonod-Bidaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Université Lyon 1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, cedex 07 France
| | - Guillaume Ducourthial
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM U1182, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, FRANCE
| | | | - Petr Dokládal
- Centre for Mathematical Morphology, MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, 35 rue St Honoré, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
| | - Jean-Marc Allain
- Solids Mechanics Laboratory Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Mines ParisTech, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, FRANCE
| | - Marie-Claire Schanne-Klein
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM U1182, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, FRANCE
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS-Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Université Lyon 1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, cedex 07 France
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammasi Periasamy
- University of Virginia, W.M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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