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Terranova DA, Giraldo LJM, Idrobo H, Satizabal JM. Molecular Characterization of the GBA Gene in Patients from Southwest of Colombia with Gaucher Disease. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2020-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arturo Terranova
- Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Postgraduate in Biomedical Sciences, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia
| | - Lina Johanna Moreno Giraldo
- Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia; Universidad Libre, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Postgraduate in Biomedical Sciences, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia
| | - Henry Idrobo
- Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia
| | - José María Satizabal
- Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Postgraduate in Biomedical Sciences, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia; Universidad del Valle, Colombia
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Cullufi P, Tabaku M, Velmishi V, Gjikopulli A, Tomori S, Dervishi E, Tako A, Leubauer A, Westenberger A, Cozma C, Beetz C, Bauer P, Wirth S, Rolfs A. Genetic characterization of the Albanian Gaucher disease patient population. JIMD Rep 2021; 57:52-57. [PMID: 33473340 PMCID: PMC7802630 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the GBA gene-encoded enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase. We characterized a cohort of 36 Albanian GD patients, 31 with GD type 1 and 5 affected by GD types 2, 3, and an intermediate GD phenotype between type 2 and type 3. Of the 12 different GBA alleles that we detected, the most frequently observed was p.Asn409Ser, followed by p.[Asp448His;His294Gln]. The prevalence of the p.Leu483Pro allele was approximately 10-fold lower than reported in other populations. We identified a novel pathogenic missense variant (c.1129G>A; p.Ala377Thr). All five of our non-type 1 patients had genotypes consisting of the p.[Asp448His;His294Gln] allele in combination with another severe GBA allele. The median Lyso-Gb1 level of treated patients carrying the p.[Asp448His;His294Gln] and no p.Asn409Ser allele was significantly higher than that of treated individuals homozygous or compound heterozygous for the p.Asn409Ser allele. In conclusion, the most important distinguishing features of the Albanian GD patient population are the underrepresentation of the p.Leu483Pro allele and an unusually high number of p.[Asp448His;His294Gln] alleles originating from a common Balkan founder event. The presence of at least one p.Asn409Ser allele is associated with mild disease and low Lyso-Gb1 biomarker levels, while compound heterozygosity involving p.[Asp448His;His294Gln] and no p.Asn409Ser entails severe phenotypes and high Lyso-Gb1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paskal Cullufi
- Pediatric DepartmentUniversity Hospital “Mother Teresa”TiranaAlbania
| | - Mirela Tabaku
- Pediatric DepartmentUniversity Hospital “Mother Teresa”TiranaAlbania
| | - Virtut Velmishi
- Pediatric DepartmentUniversity Hospital “Mother Teresa”TiranaAlbania
| | - Agim Gjikopulli
- Pediatric DepartmentUniversity Hospital “Mother Teresa”TiranaAlbania
| | - Sonila Tomori
- Pediatric DepartmentUniversity Hospital “Mother Teresa”TiranaAlbania
| | - Ermira Dervishi
- Pediatric DepartmentUniversity Hospital “Mother Teresa”TiranaAlbania
| | - Aferdita Tako
- Pediatric DepartmentUniversity Hospital “Mother Teresa”TiranaAlbania
| | | | - Ana Westenberger
- CENTOGENE GmbHRostockGermany
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Wirth
- Department of PediatricsHELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational ResearchWuppertalGermany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- CENTOGENE GmbHRostockGermany
- Medical FacultyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
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Puentes-Tellez MA, Lerma-Barbosa PA, Garzón-Jaramillo RG, Suarez DA, Espejo-Mojica AJ, Guevara JM, Echeverri OY, Solano-Galarza D, Uribe-Ardila A, Alméciga-Díaz CJ. A perspective on research, diagnosis, and management of lysosomal storage disorders in Colombia. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03635. [PMID: 32258481 PMCID: PMC7113438 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of about 50 inborn errors of metabolism characterized by the lysosomal accumulation of partially or non-degraded molecules due to mutations in proteins involved in the degradation of macromolecules, transport, lysosomal biogenesis or modulators of lysosomal environment. Significant advances have been achieved in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of LSDs patients. In terms of approved therapies, these include enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), substrate reduction therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and pharmacological chaperone therapy. In this review, we summarize the Colombian experience in LSDs thorough the evidence published. We identified 113 articles published between 1995 and 2019 that included Colombian researchers or physicians, and which were mainly focused in Mucopolysaccharidoses, Pompe disease, Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, and Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases. Most of these articles focused on basic research, clinical cases, and mutation reports. Noteworthy, implementation of the enzyme assay in dried blood samples, led to a 5-fold increase in the identification of LSD patients, suggesting that these disorders still remain undiagnosed in the country. We consider that the information presented in this review will contribute to the knowledge of a broad spectrum of LSDs in Colombia and will also contribute to the development of public policies and the identification of research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Puentes-Tellez
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Paula Andrea Lerma-Barbosa
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Diego A. Suarez
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Angela J. Espejo-Mojica
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Johana M. Guevara
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Olga Yaneth Echeverri
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Daniela Solano-Galarza
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Alfredo Uribe-Ardila
- Research Center in Biochemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Carlos J. Alméciga-Díaz
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Velez-Pardo C, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Moreno S, Lopera F, Cornejo-Olivas M, Torres L, Inca-Martinez M, Mazzetti P, Cosentino C, Yearout D, Waldherr SM, Zabetian CP, Mata IF. The distribution and risk effect of GBA variants in a large cohort of PD patients from Colombia and Peru. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 63:204-208. [PMID: 30765263 PMCID: PMC7175776 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are an important risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, most GBA genetic studies in PD have been performed in patients of European origin and very few data are available in other populations. METHODS We sequenced the entire GBA coding region in 602 PD patients and 319 controls from Colombia and Peru enrolled as part of the Latin American Research Consortium on the Genetics of Parkinson's disease (LARGE-PD). RESULTS We observed a significantly higher proportion of GBA mutation carriers in patients compared to healthy controls (5.5% vs 1.6%; OR = 4.3, p = 0.004). Interestingly, the frequency of mutations in Colombian patients (9.9%) was more than two-fold greater than in Peruvian patients (4.2%) and other European-derived populations reported in the literature (4-5%). This was primarily due to the presence of a population-specific mutation (p.K198E) found only in the Colombian cohort. We also observed that the age at onset was significantly earlier in GBA carriers when compared to non-carriers (47.1 ± 14.2 y vs. 55.9 ± 14.2 y; p = 0.0004). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that GBA mutations are strongly associated with PD risk and earlier age at onset in Peru and Colombia. The high frequency of GBA carriers among Colombian PD patients (∼10%) makes this population especially well-suited for novel therapeutic approaches that target GBA-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia,Correspondence to: Dr. Carlos Velez-Pardo and Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio, Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412; SIU Medellin, Colombia; , ; Dr. Ignacio F. Mata, Lerner Research Institute R4-006, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA,
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia,Correspondence to: Dr. Carlos Velez-Pardo and Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio, Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412; SIU Medellin, Colombia; , ; Dr. Ignacio F. Mata, Lerner Research Institute R4-006, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA,
| | - Sonia Moreno
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima Peru,Movement Disorders Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima Peru
| | - Luis Torres
- Movement Disorders Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima Peru,Northern Pacific Global Health Research Training Consortium,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Inca-Martinez
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima Peru
| | - Pilar Mazzetti
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima Peru,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Cosentino
- Movement Disorders Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima Peru,Northern Pacific Global Health Research Training Consortium,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Dora Yearout
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Sarah M Waldherr
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Washington, USA,Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA (present affiliation),Correspondence to: Dr. Carlos Velez-Pardo and Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio, Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412; SIU Medellin, Colombia; , ; Dr. Ignacio F. Mata, Lerner Research Institute R4-006, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by the deficiency of glucosidase beta acid (GBA). Three clinical forms of GD are available. Some mutations in the GBA gene have a high frequency in spe.cific populations. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of phenotypes and genotypes of GD in Syrian pediatric patients and assess whether a genotype-phenotype relationship could be helpful in treatment decision-making. DESIGN AND SETTINGS A cross-sectional clinical genetic study of 19 Syrian children admitted to Children's Hospital, Damascus University. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nineteen Syrian children with GD were enrolled in the study; DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. The GBA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the 9 most common mutations were studied using a Gaucher Disease Strip Assay (ViennaLab Diagnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria). RESULTS The majority of children had an early age of onset. A total of17 patients presented severe hematological and skeletal complications. Neurological involvement was encountered in 2 patients. Twelve patients (63, 2%) were homozygous for the L444P mutation, 1 patient (5.3%) was homozygous for the N370S mutation, and 1 patient (5.3%) was heterozygous for the N370S mutation. Five patients (26.3%) had unknown mutations. CONCLUSION L444P/L444P was the most common genotype in the studied patients. GD3 with severe visceral presentation in childhood was the dominant phenotype; N370S was found in the heterozygote state in 1 case and in the homozygote state in 1 case. This phenotype and genotype pattern is encountered in the Middle East. There was no genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Alasmar
- Dr. Diana Alasmar, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Unit,, Children's Hospital Damascus University,, Syria, T: 963 11 6623650, F: 963 11 6623040,
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A phase 2 study of eliglustat tartrate (Genz-112638), an oral substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease type 1. Blood 2010; 116:893-9. [PMID: 20439622 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-03-273151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliglustat tartrate (Genz-112638), a specific inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, is under development as an oral substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1). A multinational, open-label, single-arm phase 2 study of 26 GD1 patients (16 female, 10 male; mean age, 34 years) evaluated the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of eliglustat tartrate administered twice daily by mouth at 50- or 100-mg doses based on plasma drug concentrations. Entry criteria required splenomegaly with thrombocytopenia and/or anemia. The composite primary efficacy end point required improvement after 52 weeks in at least 2 of these 3 disease manifestations and was met by 77% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 58%-89%) of all patients and 91% (95% CI = 72%-98%) of the 22 patients completing 52 weeks. Statistically significant improvements occurred in mean hemoglobin level (1.62 g/dL; 95% CI =1.05-2.18 g/dL), platelet count (40.3%; 95% CI = 23.7-57.0 g/dL), spleen volume (-38.5%; 95% CI = -43.5%--33.5%), liver volume (-17.0%; 95% CI = -21.6%-12.3%), and lumbar spine bone mineral density (0.31 Z-score; 95% CI = 0.09-0.53). Elevated biomarkers (chitotriosidase; chemokine CCL18; angiotensin-converting enzyme; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) decreased by 35% to 50%. Plasma glucosylceramide and ganglioside GM3 normalized. Eliglustat tartrate was well tolerated: 7 mild, transient adverse events in 6 patients were considered treatment-related. Individual pharmacokinetics varied; mean time to maximal observed concentration was 2.3 hours and mean half-life was 6.8 hours. Eliglustat tartrate appears to be a promising oral treatment for GD1.
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Kasper DC, Iqbal F, Dvorakova L, Zeman J, Magner M, Bodamer O, Pollak A, Herkner KR, Item CB. Rapid and accurate denaturating high performance liquid chromatography protocol for the detection of α-l-iduronidase mutations causing mucopolysaccharidosis type I. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:345-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Atrian S, López-Viñas E, Gómez-Puertas P, Chabás A, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D. An evolutionary and structure-based docking model for glucocerebrosidase-saposin C and glucocerebrosidase-substrate interactions - relevance for Gaucher disease. Proteins 2008; 70:882-91. [PMID: 17803231 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder, is principally caused by malfunction of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA), a 497-amino acid membrane glycoprotein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide to ceramide and glucose in the presence of an essential 84-residue activator peptide named saposin C (SapC). Knowledge of the GBA structure, a typical (beta/alpha)(8) TIM barrel, explains the effect of few mutations, directly affecting or located near the catalytic site. To identify new regions crucial for proper GBA functionality, we analyzed the interactions of the enzyme with a second (substrate) and a third (cofactor) partner. We build 3D docking models of the GBA-SapC and the GBA-ceramide interactions, by means of methodologies that integrate both evolutive and structural information. The GBA-SapC docking model confirm the implication of three spatially closed regions of the GBA surface (TIM barrel-helix 6 and helix 7, and the Ig-like domain) in binding the SapC molecule. This model provides new basis to understand the pathogenicity of several mutations, such as the prevalent Leu444Pro, and the additive effect of Glu326Lys in the double mutant Glu326Lys-Leu444Pro. Overall, 39 positions in which amino acid changes are known to cause Gaucher disease were localized in the GBA regions identified in this work. Our model is discussed in relation to the phenotype (pathogenic effect) of these mutations, as well as to the enzymatic activity of the recombinant proteins when available. Both data fully correlates with the proposed model, which will provide a new tool to better understand Gaucher disease and to design new therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Atrian
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Rozenberg R, Fox DC, Sobreira E, Pereira LV. Detection of 12 new mutations in Gaucher disease Brazilian patients. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 37:204-9. [PMID: 17059888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is the most frequent lysosome storage disease and presents an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. It is caused by mutations at the GBA gene leading to deficient activity of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme. This report describes 12 new mutations [c.38A>G (K-27R), c.220G>A (G35S), c.448G>A (E111K), IVS4+1G>A, c.746C>T (A210V), c.776A>G (Y220C), c.793delC (Q226_fs4X), c.1102C>T (R329C), c.1300C>T (R395C), c.1309G>A (V398I), c.1324-1326delATT (delI403) and c.1583T>C (I489T)] and 4 novel silent alterations [c.342C>T (F75), c.528C>T (D137), c.1011C>T (D298) and c.1092G>A (G325)] detected among 40 unrelated Brazilian type 1 Gaucher disease patients by a combination of RFLP, dHPLC and DNA sequencing procedures. The R329C mutation, previously described in a Parkinson's disease patient (A. Lwin, E. Orvisky, O. Goker-Alpan, M.E. LaMarca, E. Sidransky. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in subjects with Parkinsonism. Mol. Genet. Metab. 81 (2004) 70-73), is described here for the first time in a Gaucher disease patient. Several genotype-phenotype correlations could be established, contributing significantly to the panel of reported mutations and conferring predictive value to their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rozenberg
- Depto de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências-Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão 277, sala 350, São Paulo-SP CEP: 05508-900, Brazil.
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Beutler E, Gelbart T, Scott CR. Hematologically important mutations: Gaucher disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005; 35:355-64. [PMID: 16185900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Beutler
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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