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Abstract
The adrenal gland consists of two distinct parts, the cortex and the medulla. Molecular mechanisms controlling differentiation and growth of the adrenal gland have been studied in detail using mouse models. Knowledge also came from investigations of genetic disorders altering adrenal development and/or function. During embryonic development, the adrenal cortex acquires a structural and functional zonation in which the adrenal cortex is divided into three different steroidogenic zones. Significant progress has been made in understanding adrenal zonation. Recent lineage tracing experiments have accumulated evidence for a centripetal differentiation of adrenocortical cells from the subcapsular area to the inner part of the adrenal cortex. Understanding of the mechanism of adrenocortical cancer (ACC) development was stimulated by knowledge of adrenal gland development. ACC is a rare cancer with a very poor overall prognosis. Abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin as well as the IGF2 signaling plays an important role in ACC development. Studies examining rare genetic syndromes responsible for familial ACT have played an important role in identifying genetic alterations in these tumors (like TP53 or CTNNB1 mutations as well as IGF2 overexpression). Recently, genomic analyses of ACT have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as chromosomal and methylation alterations in ACT and exome sequencing allowed to describe the mutational landscape of these tumors. This progress leads to a new classification of these tumors, opening new perspectives for the diagnosis and prognostication of ACT. This review summarizes current knowledge of adrenocortical development, growth, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Lefèvre
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France Department of Endocrinology, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Kobayashi H, Higashiura Y, Koike N, Akasaka J, Uekuri C, Iwai K, Niiro E, Morioka S, Yamada Y. Genes Downregulated in Endometriosis Are Located Near the Known Imprinting Genes. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:966-972. [PMID: 24615936 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114526473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is now accumulating evidence that endometriosis is a disease associated with an epigenetic disorder. Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon known to regulate DNA methylation of either maternal or paternal alleles. We hypothesize that hypermethylated endometriosis-associated genes may be enriched at imprinted gene loci. We sought to determine whether downregulated genes associated with endometriosis susceptibility are associated with chromosomal location of the known paternally and maternally expressed imprinting genes. Gene information has been gathered from National Center for Biotechnology Information database geneimprint.com. Several researchers have identified specific loci with strong DNA methylation in eutopic endometrium and ectopic lesion with endometriosis. Of the 29 hypermethylated genes in endometriosis, 19 genes were located near 45 known imprinted foci. There may be an association of the genomic location between genes specifically downregulated in endometriosis and epigenetically imprinted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yumi Higashiura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Natsuki Koike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Juria Akasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Chiharu Uekuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kana Iwai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Emiko Niiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Sachiko Morioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Hamajima N, Johmura Y, Suzuki S, Nakanishi M, Saitoh S. Increased protein stability of CDKN1C causes a gain-of-function phenotype in patients with IMAGe syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75137. [PMID: 24098681 PMCID: PMC3787065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding domain of the CDKN1C gene were recently identified in patients with IMAGe syndrome. However, loss of PCNA binding and suppression of CDKN1C monoubiquitination by IMAGe-associated mutations hardly explain the reduced-growth phenotype characteristic of IMAGe syndrome. We demonstrate here that IMAGe-associated mutations in the CDKN1C gene dramatically increased the protein stability. We identified a novel heterozygous mutation, c.815T>G (p.Ile272Ser), in the CDKN1C gene in three siblings manifesting clinical symptoms associated with IMAGe syndrome and their mother (unaffected carrier). PCNA binding to CDKN1C was disrupted in the case of p.Ile272Ser, and for two other IMAGe-associated mutations, p.Asp274Asn and p.Phe276Val. Intriguingly, the IMAGe-associated mutant CDKN1C proteins were fairly stable even in the presence of cycloheximide, whereas the wild-type protein was almost completely degraded via the proteasome pathway, as shown by the lack of degradation with addition of a proteasome inhibitor, MG132. These results thus suggested that the reduced-growth phenotype of IMAGe syndrome derives from CDKN1C gain-of-function due to IMAGe-associated mutations driving increased protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hamajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Arboleda VA, Lee H, Parnaik R, Fleming A, Banerjee A, Ferraz-de-Souza B, Délot EC, Rodriguez-Fernandez IA, Braslavsky D, Bergadá I, Dell’Angelica EC, Nelson SF, Martinez-Agosto JA, Achermann JC, Vilain E. Mutations in the PCNA-binding domain of CDKN1C cause IMAGe syndrome. Nat Genet 2012; 44:788-92. [PMID: 22634751 PMCID: PMC3386373 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IMAGe syndrome (intrauterine growth restriction, metaphyseal dysplasia, adrenal hypoplasia congenita and genital anomalies) is an undergrowth developmental disorder with life-threatening consequences. An identity-by-descent analysis in a family with IMAGe syndrome identified a 17.2-Mb locus on chromosome 11p15 that segregated in the affected family members. Targeted exon array capture of the disease locus, followed by high-throughput genomic sequencing and validation by dideoxy sequencing, identified missense mutations in the imprinted gene CDKN1C (also known as P57KIP2) in two familial and four unrelated patients. A familial analysis showed an imprinted mode of inheritance in which only maternal transmission of the mutation resulted in IMAGe syndrome. CDKN1C inhibits cell-cycle progression, and we found that targeted expression of IMAGe-associated CDKN1C mutations in Drosophila caused severe eye growth defects compared to wild-type CDKN1C, suggesting a gain-of-function mechanism. All IMAGe-associated mutations clustered in the PCNA-binding domain of CDKN1C and resulted in loss of PCNA binding, distinguishing them from the mutations of CDKN1C that cause Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, an overgrowth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Arboleda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rahul Parnaik
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical & Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London UK
| | - Alice Fleming
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Abhik Banerjee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Bruno Ferraz-de-Souza
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical & Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London UK
- Department of Endocrinology/LIM-18, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuèle C. Délot
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Debora Braslavsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Niños “Ricardo Gutierrez”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Niños “Ricardo Gutierrez”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban C. Dell’Angelica
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Julian A. Martinez-Agosto
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - John C. Achermann
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical & Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London UK
| | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
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Mazilu JK, McCabe ERB. Moving toward personalized cell-based interventions for adrenal cortical disorders: part 1--Adrenal development and function, and roles of transcription factors and signaling proteins. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:72-9. [PMID: 21764344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of an individual's own cells into functional differentiated cells to replace an organ's lost function would be a personalized approach to therapeutics. In this two part series, we will describe the progress toward establishing functional transdifferentiated adrenal cortical cells. In this article (Part 1), we describe adrenal development and function, and discuss genes involved in these processess and selected for use in our pilot studies of transdifferentiation that are presented in the second article (Part 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime K Mazilu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Balasubramanian M, Sprigg A, Johnson DS. IMAGe syndrome: Case report with a previously unreported feature and review of published literature. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:3138-42. [PMID: 21108398 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IMAGe syndrome is a rare condition, first reported by Vilain et al., in 1999, characterized by intrauterine growth restriction, metaphyseal dysplasia, congenital adrenal hypoplasia, and genital anomalies. Patients with this condition may present shortly after birth with severe adrenal insufficiency, which can be life-threatening if not recognized early and commenced on steroid replacement therapy. Other reported features in this condition include, hypercalciuria and/or hypercalcemia, craniosynostosis, cleft palate, and scoliosis. We report on a 7-year-old boy with IMAGe syndrome, who in addition to the features in the acronym also has bilateral sensorineural hearing loss which has not been reported in previously published cases of IMAGe syndrome. We discuss the clinical presentation in our patient and review the literature in this rare multisystem disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Balasubramanian
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
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Abstract
During the early phases of development, adrenal glands share a common origin with kidneys and gonads. The action of diverse transcription factors, signalling pathways and endocrine signals is required for the individualization of the adrenal primordium and its subsequent differentiation into an adult adrenal gland, with massive remodelling taking place around the time of birth in humans. Here I summarize the most important steps by which the adrenal cortex is shaped and present an overview of the current understanding of the genes and molecular pathways implicated in adrenal development and involved in the pathogenesis of its congenital diseases. Evidence is accumulating that some pivotal factors acting during adrenocortical development also play an important role to regulate the growth of adrenocortical tumors, representing promising therapeutical targets for a biology-oriented therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Lalli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR6097, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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McDonald S, Wilson DB, Pumbo E, Kulkarni S, Mason PJ, Else T, Bessler M, Ferkol T, Shenoy S. Acquired monosomy 7 myelodysplastic syndrome in a child with clinical features suggestive of dyskeratosis congenita and IMAGe association. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:154-7. [PMID: 19760774 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe a case of acquired monosomy 7 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in a boy with congenital adrenocortical insufficiency, genital anomalies, growth delay, skin hyperpigmentation, and chronic lung disease. Some of his clinical manifestations were suggestive of dyskeratosis congenita (DC), while other features resembled IMAGe association. DC has been linked to mutations in telomere maintenance genes. The genetic basis of IMAGe association is unknown, although mice harboring a mutation in a telomere maintenance gene, Tpp1, have adrenal hypoplasia congenita. We considered the possibility that this patient has a defect in telomere function resulting in features of both DC and IMAGe association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Herman
- 1Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Keegan CE, Hutz JE, Krause AS, Koehler K, Metherell LA, Boikos S, Stergiopoulos S, Clark AJL, Stratakis CA, Huebner A, Hammer GD. Novel polymorphisms and lack of mutations in the ACD gene in patients with ACTH resistance syndromes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67:168-74. [PMID: 17466001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ACTH resistance is a feature of several human syndromes with known genetic causes, including familial glucocorticoid deficiency (types 1 and 2) and triple A syndrome. However, many patients with ACTH resistance lack an identifiable genetic aetiology. The human homolog of the Acd gene, mutated in a mouse model of adrenal insufficiency, was sequenced in 25 patients with a clinical diagnosis of familial glucocorticoid deficiency or triple A syndrome. DESIGN A 3.4 kilobase genomic fragment containing the entire ACD gene was analysed for mutations in all 25 patients. SETTING Samples were obtained by three investigators from different institutions. PATIENTS The primary cohort consisted of 25 unrelated patients, primarily of European or Middle Eastern descent, with a clinical diagnosis of either familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) or triple A syndrome. Patients lacked mutations in other genes known to cause ACTH resistance, including AAAS for patients diagnosed with triple A syndrome and MC2R and MRAP for patients diagnosed with familial glucocorticoid deficiency. Thirty-five additional patients with adrenal disease phenotypes were added to form an expanded cohort of 60 patients. MEASUREMENTS Identification of DNA sequence changes in the ACD gene in the primary cohort and analysis of putative ACD haplotypes in the expanded cohort. RESULTS No disease-causing mutations were found, but several novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two putative haplotypes were identified. The overall frequency of SNPs in ACD is low compared to other gene families. CONCLUSIONS No mutations were identified in ACD in this collection of patients with ACTH resistance phenotypes. However, the newly identified SNPs in ACD should be more closely examined for possible links to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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