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Celik B, Leal AF, Tomatsu S. Potential Targeting Mechanisms for Bone-Directed Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8339. [PMID: 39125906 PMCID: PMC11312506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone development is characterized by complex regulation mechanisms, including signal transduction and transcription factor-related pathways, glycobiological processes, cellular interactions, transportation mechanisms, and, importantly, chemical formation resulting from hydroxyapatite. Any abnormal regulation in the bone development processes causes skeletal system-related problems. To some extent, the avascularity of cartilage and bone makes drug delivery more challenging than that of soft tissues. Recent studies have implemented many novel bone-targeting approaches to overcome drawbacks. However, none of these strategies fully corrects skeletal dysfunction, particularly in growth plate-related ones. Although direct recombinant enzymes (e.g., Vimizim for Morquio, Cerezyme for Gaucher, Elaprase for Hunter, Mepsevii for Sly diseases) or hormone infusions (estrogen for osteoporosis and osteoarthritis), traditional gene delivery (e.g., direct infusion of viral or non-viral vectors with no modifications on capsid, envelope, or nanoparticles), and cell therapy strategies (healthy bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) partially improve bone lesions, novel delivery methods must be addressed regarding target specificity, less immunogenicity, and duration in circulation. In addition to improvements in bone delivery, potential regulation of bone development mechanisms involving receptor-regulated pathways has also been utilized. Targeted drug delivery using organic and inorganic compounds is a promising approach in mostly preclinical settings and future clinical translation. This review comprehensively summarizes the current bone-targeting strategies based on bone structure and remodeling concepts while emphasizing potential approaches for future bone-targeting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Celik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
| | - Andrés Felipe Leal
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
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2
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Rintz E, Celik B, Fnu N, Herreño-Pachón AM, Khan S, Benincore-Flórez E, Tomatsu S. Molecular therapy and nucleic acid adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy delivering combinations of two growth-associated genes to MPS IVA mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102211. [PMID: 38831899 PMCID: PMC11145352 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA) is caused by a deficiency of the galactosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase (GALNS) enzyme responsible for the degradation of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The progressive accumulation of GAGs leads to various skeletal abnormalities (short stature, hypoplasia, tracheal obstruction) and several symptoms in other organs. To date, no treatment is effective for patients with bone abnormalities. To improve bone pathology, we propose a novel combination treatment with the adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing GALNS enzyme and a natriuretic peptide C (CNP; NPPC gene) as a growth-promoting agent for MPS IVA. In this study, an MPS IVA mouse model was treated with an AAV vector expressing GALNS combined with another AAV vector expressing NPPC gene, followed for 12 weeks. After the combination therapy, bone growth in mice was induced with increased enzyme activity in tissues (bone, liver, heart, lung) and plasma. Moreover, there were significant changes in bone morphology in CNP-treated mice with increased CNP activity in plasma. Delivering combinations of CNP and GALNS gene therapies enhanced bone growth in MPS IVA mice more than in GALNS gene therapy alone. Enzyme expression therapy alone fails to reach the bone growth region; our results indicate that combining it with CNP offers a potential alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Rintz
- Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Betul Celik
- Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Nidhi Fnu
- Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Angélica María Herreño-Pachón
- Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shaukat Khan
- Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
| | | | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
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3
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Piechnik M, Amendum PC, Sawamoto K, Stapleton M, Khan S, Fnu N, Álvarez V, Pachon AMH, Danos O, Bruder JT, Karumuthil-Melethil S, Tomatsu S. Sex Difference Leads to Differential Gene Expression Patterns and Therapeutic Efficacy in Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA Murine Model Receiving AAV8 Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012693. [PMID: 36293546 PMCID: PMC9604118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based therapies can effectively correct some disease pathology in murine models with mucopolysaccharidoses. However, immunogenicity can limit therapeutic effect as immune responses target capsid proteins, transduced cells, and gene therapy products, ultimately resulting in loss of enzyme activity. Inherent differences in male versus female immune response can significantly impact AAV gene transfer. We aim to investigate sex differences in the immune response to AAV gene therapies in mice with mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA). MPS IVA mice, treated with different AAV vectors expressing human N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS), demonstrated a more robust antibody response in female mice resulting in subsequent decreased GALNS enzyme activity and less therapeutic efficacy in tissue pathology relative to male mice. Under thyroxine-binding globulin promoter, neutralizing antibody titers in female mice were approximately 4.6-fold higher than in male mice, with GALNS enzyme activity levels approximately 6.8-fold lower. Overall, male mice treated with AAV-based gene therapy showed pathological improvement in the femur and tibial growth plates, ligaments, and articular cartilage as determined by contrasting differences in pathology scores compared to females. Cardiac histology revealed a failure to normalize vacuolation in females, in contrast, to complete correction in male mice. These findings promote the need for further determination of sex-based differences in response to AAV-mediated gene therapy related to developing treatments for MPS IVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Piechnik
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Paige C. Amendum
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Molly Stapleton
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Shaukat Khan
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Nidhi Fnu
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Victor Álvarez
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | | | | | | | - Subha Karumuthil-Melethil
- REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Correspondence: (S.K.-M.); or (S.T.); Tel.: +1-240-552-8584 (S.K.-M.); +1-302-298-7336 (S.T.); Fax: +1-302-651-6888 (S.T.)
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.K.-M.); or (S.T.); Tel.: +1-240-552-8584 (S.K.-M.); +1-302-298-7336 (S.T.); Fax: +1-302-651-6888 (S.T.)
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4
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MPSI Manifestations and Treatment Outcome: Skeletal Focus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911168. [PMID: 36232472 PMCID: PMC9569890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPSI) (OMIM #252800) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the IDUA gene encoding for the lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme. The deficiency of this enzyme causes systemic accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Although disease manifestations are typically not apparent at birth, they can present early in life, are progressive, and include a wide spectrum of phenotypic findings. Among these, the storage of GAGs within the lysosomes disrupts cell function and metabolism in the cartilage, thus impairing normal bone development and ossification. Skeletal manifestations of MPSI are often refractory to treatment and severely affect patients’ quality of life. This review discusses the pathological and molecular processes leading to impaired endochondral ossification in MPSI patients and the limitations of current therapeutic approaches. Understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for the skeletal phenotype in MPSI patients is crucial, as it could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting the skeletal abnormalities of MPSI in the early stages of the disease.
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Lee CL, Chuang CK, Chiu HC, Tu RY, Lo YT, Chang YH, Lin SP, Lin HY. Clinical Utility of Elosulfase Alfa in the Treatment of Morquio A Syndrome. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:143-154. [PMID: 35046639 PMCID: PMC8759989 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s219433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA or Morquio A) is an autosomal recessive disorder and is one of the lysosomal storage diseases. Patients with MPS IVA have a striking skeletal phenotype but normal intellect. The phenotypic continuum of MPS IVA ranges from severe and rapid progress to mild and slow progress. The diagnosis of MPS IVA is usually suspected based on abnormal bone findings and dysplasia on physical examination and radiographic investigation in the preschool years. In the past, only supportive care was available. Due to the early and severe skeletal abnormalities, the orthopedic specialist was usually the main care provider. However, patients need aggressive monitoring and management of their systemic disease. Therefore, they need an interdisciplinary team for their care, comprising medical geneticists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists, gastroenterologists, otolaryngologists, audiologists, and ophthalmologists. After the US Food and Drug Administration approved elosulfase alfa in 2014, patients older than 5 years could benefit from this treatment. Clinical trials showed clinically meaningful improvements with once-a-week intravenous dosing (2.0 mg/kg per week), significantly improving the 6min walk test, the 3min stair climb test, and respiratory function when compared with placebo. Elosulfase alfa is well-tolerated, and there is a good response indicated by decreasing urine glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan,MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Rare Disease Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Chuang
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ching Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yi Tu
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Lo
- Department of Rare Disease Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Rare Disease Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Rare Disease Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Infant and Child Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan,Correspondence: Shuan-Pei Lin; Hsiang-Yu Lin Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, TaiwanTel +886-2-2543-3535 ext. 3090; +886-2-2543-3535 ext. 3089Fax +886-2-2543-3642 Email ;
| | - Hsiang-Yu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan,MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Rare Disease Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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6
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Frigeni M, Rodriguez-Buritica DF, Saavedra H, Gunther KA, Hillman PR, Balaguru D, Northrup H. The youngest pair of siblings with Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA to receive enzyme replacement therapy to date: A case report. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3510-3516. [PMID: 34472180 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (OMIM 253000) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defective activity of the N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase (GALNS) enzyme. In 2014, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using recombinant human GALNS became available for affected patients. There is a limited number of studies to date that have explored the effect of ERT in infancy and there is also a lack of data assessing the effect of ERT in systems other than the skeletal. Here, we report on the effect of ERT in the youngest pair of siblings treated to date: Patient A, currently 4 years old, who started treatment at the age of 5 months; and Patient B, currently 3 years old, who started treatment at 58 days of life. Moreover, we investigate the effect of early ERT on the cardiovascular system. Our results show that, even when ERT is started before 2 months of age, it cannot fully prevent disease progression. As for the effect of ERT on the cardiovascular system, our preliminary results suggest that early treatment might play a role in preserving a normal left ventricular mass index in affected patients at least up to 1 year, but further observation over time will be required. Overall, this report shows that early diagnosis remains crucial and that prompt initiation of ERT has limited effect in slowing progression of the skeletal phenotype, thus confirming the need for new therapeutic approaches that target the skeletal system in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Frigeni
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David F Rodriguez-Buritica
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heather Saavedra
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn A Gunther
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul R Hillman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Duraisamy Balaguru
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hope Northrup
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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A molecular genetics view on Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108392. [PMID: 34893157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (MPS II) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that primarily affects male patients. With an incidence of 1 in 100,000 male live births, the disease is one of the orphan diseases. MPS II symptoms are caused by mutations in the lysosomal iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) gene. The mutations cause a loss of enzymatic performance and result in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, which are no longer degradable. This inadvertent accumulation causes damage in multiple organs and leads either to a severe neurological course or to an attenuated course of the disease, although the exact relationship between mutation, extent of GAG accumulation and disease progression is not yet fully understood. This review is intended to present current diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions. In times when the genetic profile of patients plays an increasingly important role in the assessment of therapeutic success and future drug design, we chose to further elucidate the impact of genetic diversity within the IDS gene on disease phenotype and potential implications in current diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. We report recent advances in the structural biological elucidation of I2S enzyme that that promises to improve our future understanding of the molecular damage of the hundreds of IDS gene variants and will aid damage prediction of novel mutations in the future.
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Kan SH, Elsharkawi I, Le SQ, Prill H, Mangini L, Cooper JD, Lawrence R, Sands MS, Crawford BE, Dickson PI. Biochemical evaluation of intracerebroventricular rhNAGLU-IGF2 enzyme replacement therapy in neonatal mice with Sanfilippo B syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 133:185-192. [PMID: 33839004 PMCID: PMC8195848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (MPS IIIB, Sanfilippo syndrome type B) is caused by a deficiency in α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) activity, which leads to the accumulation of heparan sulfate (HS). MPS IIIB causes progressive neurological decline, with affected patients having an expected lifespan of approximately 20 years. No effective treatment is available. Recent pre-clinical studies have shown that intracerebroventricular (ICV) ERT with a fusion protein of rhNAGLU-IGF2 is a feasible treatment for MPS IIIB in both canine and mouse models. In this study, we evaluated the biochemical efficacy of a single dose of rhNAGLU-IGF2 via ICV-ERT in brain and liver tissue from Naglu-/- neonatal mice. Twelve weeks after treatment, NAGLU activity levels in brain were 0.75-fold those of controls. HS and β-hexosaminidase activity, which are elevated in MPS IIIB, decreased to normal levels. This effect persisted for at least 4 weeks after treatment. Elevated NAGLU and reduced β-hexosaminidase activity levels were detected in liver; these effects persisted for up to 4 weeks after treatment. The overall therapeutic effects of single dose ICV-ERT with rhNAGLU-IGF2 in Naglu-/- neonatal mice were long-lasting. These results suggest a potential benefit of early treatment, followed by less-frequent ICV-ERT dosing, in patients diagnosed with MPS IIIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsin Kan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute (formally Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, United States of America; CHOC Research Institute, Orange, CA 92868, United States of America.
| | - Ibrahim Elsharkawi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Steven Q Le
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute (formally Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Heather Prill
- Biology Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, United States of America
| | - Linley Mangini
- Biology Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute (formally Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Biology Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, United States of America
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Brett E Crawford
- Biology Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, United States of America
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute (formally Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America.
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9
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Santi L, De Ponti G, Dina G, Pievani A, Corsi A, Riminucci M, Khan S, Sawamoto K, Antolini L, Gregori S, Annoni A, Biondi A, Quattrini A, Tomatsu S, Serafini M. Neonatal combination therapy improves some of the clinical manifestations in the Mucopolysaccharidosis type I murine model. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:197-208. [PMID: 32439268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I), a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme, results in the progressive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and consequent multiorgan dysfunction. Despite the effectiveness of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in correcting clinical manifestations related to visceral organs, complete improvement of musculoskeletal and neurocognitive defects remains an unmet challenge and provides an impact on patients' quality of life. We tested the therapeutic efficacy of combining HSCT and ERT in the neonatal period. Using a mouse model of MPS-I, we demonstrated that the combination therapy improved clinical manifestations in organs usually refractory to current treatment. Moreover, combination with HSCT prevented the production of anti-IDUA antibodies that negatively impact ERT efficacy. The added benefits of combining both treatments also resulted in a reduction of skeletal anomalies and a trend towards decreased neuroinflammation and metabolic abnormalities. As currently there are limited therapeutic options for MPS-I patients, our findings suggest that the combination of HSCT and ERT during the neonatal period may provide a further step forward in the treatment of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Santi
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Giada De Ponti
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alice Pievani
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Shaukat Khan
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Laura Antolini
- Centro di Biostatistica per l'epidemiologia clinica, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy.
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10
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Sawamoto K, Karumuthil-Melethil S, Khan S, Stapleton M, Bruder JT, Danos O, Tomatsu S. Liver-Targeted AAV8 Gene Therapy Ameliorates Skeletal and Cardiovascular Pathology in a Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA Murine Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:50-61. [PMID: 32577432 PMCID: PMC7301175 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA) is due to the deficiency of GALNS (N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate sulfatase) and is characterized by systemic skeletal dysplasia. We have evaluated adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) vectors expressing different forms of human GALNS under a liver-specific promoter. The vectors were delivered intravenously into 4-week-old MPS IVA knockout (KO) and immune tolerant (MTOL) mice at a dose of 5 × 1013 genome copies (GC)/kg. These mice were monitored for 12 weeks post-injection. GALNS enzyme activity was elevated significantly in plasma of all treated mice at 2 weeks post-injection. The activity observed was 4- to 19-fold higher than that in wild-type mice and was maintained throughout the monitoring period. Treatment with AAV vectors resulted in a reduction of keratan sulfate (KS) levels in plasma to normal levels 2 weeks post-injection, which were maintained until necropsy. Both vectors reduced the storage in articular cartilage, ligaments, and meniscus surrounding articular cartilage and growth plate region as well as heart muscle and valves. Our results suggest that the continuous presence of high levels of circulating enzyme increases the penetration into bone and heart and reduces the KS level, thereby improving storage in these regions. The current data support a strategy for developing a novel treatment to address the bone and heart disease in MPS IVA using AAV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
| | | | - Shaukat Khan
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
| | - Molly Stapleton
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
| | | | - Olivier Danos
- REGENXBIO, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Corresponding author: Olivier Danos, PhD, REGENXBIO, 9600 Blackwell Road, Suite 210, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corresponding author: Shunji Tomatsu, MD, PhD, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA.
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11
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Parini R, Deodato F. Intravenous Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Mucopolysaccharidoses: Clinical Effectiveness and Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2975. [PMID: 32340185 PMCID: PMC7215308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence on efficacy, effectiveness and safety of intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) available for mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) I, II, IVA, VI and VII, gained in phase III clinical trials and in observational post-approval studies. Post-marketing data are sometimes conflicting or controversial, possibly depending on disease severity, differently involved organs, age at starting treatment, and development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). There is general agreement that ERT is effective in reducing urinary glycosaminoglycans and liver and spleen volume, while heart and joints outcomes are variable in different studies. Effectiveness on cardiac valves, trachea and bronchi, hearing and eyes is definitely poor, probably due to limited penetration in the specific tissues. ERT does not cross the blood-brain barrier, with the consequence that the central nervous system is not cured by intravenously injected ERT. All patients develop ADAs but their role in ERT tolerance and effectiveness has not been well defined yet. Lack of reliable biomarkers contributes to the uncertainties about effectiveness. The data obtained from affected siblings strongly indicates the need of neonatal screening for treatable MPSs. Currently, other treatments are under evaluation and will surely help improve the prognosis of MPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Parini
- UOS Malattie Metaboliche Rare, Clinica Pediatrica dell’Università Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, ATS Monza e Brianza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Federica Deodato
- Division of Metabolic Disease, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
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12
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Jiang Z, Derrick-Roberts ALK, Reichstein C, Byers S. Cell cycle progression is disrupted in murine MPS VII growth plate leading to reduced chondrocyte proliferation and transition to hypertrophy. Bone 2020; 132:115195. [PMID: 31863960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral bone growth is abnormal in 6 of the 11 types of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) disorders; resulting in short stature, reduced size of the thoracic cavity and compromised manual dexterity. Current therapies for MPS have had a limited effect on bone growth and to improve these therapies or develop adjunct approaches requires an understanding of the underlying basis of abnormal bone growth in MPS. The MPS VII mouse model replicates the reduction in long bone and vertebral length observed in human MPS. Using this model we have shown that the growth plate is elongated but contains fewer chondrocytes in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Endochondral bone growth is in part regulated by entry and exit from the cell cycle by growth plate chondrocytes. More MPS VII chondrocytes were positive for Ki67, a marker for active phases of the cell cycle, suggesting that more MPS VII chondrocytes were in the cell cycle. The number of cells positive for phosphorylated histone H3 was significantly reduced in MPS VII chondrocytes, suggesting fewer MPS VII chondrocytes progressed to mitotic division. While MPS VII HZ chondrocytes continued to express cyclin D1 and more cells were positive for E2F1 and phos pRb than normal, fewer MPS VII HZ chondrocytes were positive for p57kip2 a marker of terminal differentiation, suggesting fewer MPS VII chondrocytes were able to exit the cell cycle. In addition, multiple markers typical of PZ to HZ transition were not downregulated in MPS VII, in particular Sox9, Pthrpr and Wnt5a. These findings are consistent with MPS VII growth plates elongating at a slower rate than normal due to a delay in progression through the cell cycle, in particular the transition between G1 and S phases, leading to both reduced cell division and transition to the hypertrophic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Jiang
- School of Bioscience, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Ainslie L K Derrick-Roberts
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clare Reichstein
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- School of Bioscience, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidoses; past, present, and future. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:1153-1171. [PMID: 31455839 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders, which lack an enzyme corresponding to the specific type of MPS. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been the standard therapeutic option for some types of MPS because of the ability to start immediate treatment with feasibility and safety and to improve prognosis. There are several disadvantages for current ERT, such as limited impact to the brain and avascular cartilage, weekly or biweekly infusions lasting 4-5 h, the immune response against the infused enzyme, a short half-life, and the high cost. Clinical studies of ERT have shown limited efficacy in preventing or resolving progression in neurological, cardiovascular, and skeletal diseases. One focus is to penetrate the avascular cartilage area to at least stabilize, if not reverse, musculoskeletal diseases. Although early intervention in some types of MPS has shown improvements in the severity of skeletal dysplasia and stunted growth, this limits the desired effect of ameliorating musculoskeletal disease progression to young MPS patients. Novel ERT strategies are under development to reach the brain: (1) utilizing a fusion protein with monoclonal antibody to target a receptor on the BBB, (2) using a protein complex from plant lectin, glycan, or insulin-like growth factor 2, and (3) direct infusion across the BBB. As for MPS IVA and VI, bone-targeting ERT will be an alternative to improve therapeutic efficacy in bone and cartilage. This review summarizes the effect and limitations on current ERT for MPS and describes the new technology to overcome the obstacles of conventional ERT.
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Development of Substrate Degradation Enzyme Therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA Murine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174139. [PMID: 31450640 PMCID: PMC6747109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). Conventional enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is approved for MPS IVA. However, the fact that the infused enzyme cannot penetrate avascular lesions in cartilage leads to minimal impact on the bone lesion. Moreover, short half-life, high cost, instability, and narrow optimal pH range remain unmet challenges in ERT. Thermostable keratanase, endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, has a unique character of a wide optimal pH range of pH 5.0-7.0. We hypothesized that this endoglycosidase degrades keratan sulfate (KS) polymer in circulating blood and, therefore, ameliorates the accumulation of KS in multiple tissues. We propose a novel approach, Substrate Degradation Enzyme Therapy (SDET), to treat bone lesion of MPS IVA. We assessed the effect of thermostable keratanase on blood KS level and bone pathology using Galns knock-out MPS IVA mice. After a single administration of 2 U/kg (= 0.2 mg/kg) of the enzyme at 8 weeks of age via intravenous injection, the level of serum KS was significantly decreased to normal range level, and this suppression was maintained for at least 4 weeks. We administered 2 U/kg of the enzyme to MPS IVA mice every fourth week for 12 weeks (total of 3 times) at newborns or 8 weeks of age. After a third injection, serum mono-sulfated KS levels were kept low for 4 weeks, similar to that in control mice, and at 12 weeks, bone pathology was markedly improved when SDET started at newborns, compared with untreated MPS IVA mice. Overall, thermostable keratanase reduces the level of KS in blood and provides a positive impact on cartilage lesions, demonstrating that SDET is a novel therapeutic approach to MPS IVA.
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15
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Lin HY, Lo YT, Wang TJ, Huang SF, Tu RY, Chen TL, Lin SP, Chuang CK. Normalization of glycosaminoglycan-derived disaccharides detected by tandem mass spectrometry assay for the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10755. [PMID: 31341247 PMCID: PMC6656773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is caused by the deficiency of a specific hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the step-wise degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In this study, we propose an empirical method to calculate levels of GAG-derived disaccharides based on the quantity (peak areas) of chondroitin sulfate (CS) with the aim of making a diagnosis of MPS more accurate and reducing the occurrence of false positive and false negative results. In this study, levels of urinary GAG-derived disaccharides were measured in 67 patients with different types of MPS and 165 controls without MPS using a tandem mass spectrometry assay. Two different methods of reporting GAG-derived disaccharides were assessed; normalization to urinary CS (in μg/mL), and normalization to μg/mg creatinine. CS-normalization yielded more consistent values than creatinine-normalization. In particular, levels of urinary dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS), and keratan sulfate (KS) significantly varied because of changes in urine creatinine levels, which were proportional to age but inversely proportional to DS, HS, and KS measurements. Using CS-normalization revealed the actual status of DS, HS, and KS without the influence of factors such as age, urine creatinine, and other physiological conditions. It could discriminate between the patients with MPS and controls without MPS, and also to evaluate changes in GAG levels pre- and post-enzyme replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Lin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Jen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fa Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yi Tu
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Lin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Infant and Child Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Kuang Chuang
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Aggarwal S, Peck T, Golen J, Karcioglu ZA. Macular corneal dystrophy: A review. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:609-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Puckett Y, Mulinder H, Montaño AM. Enzyme Replacement Therapy with Elosulfase alfa for Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A Syndrome): Milestones and Challenges. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1366900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Puckett
- Department of General Surgery, Texas Tech University, School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Holly Mulinder
- Department of General Surgery, Texas Tech University, School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Adriana M. Montaño
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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18
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Chuang CK, Lin HY, Wang TJ, Huang SF, Lin SP. Bio-Plex immunoassay measuring the quantity of lysosomal N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase protein in dried blood spots for the screening of mucopolysaccharidosis IVA in newborn: a pilot study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014410. [PMID: 28710204 PMCID: PMC5734244 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IVA (Morquio syndrome A) is an autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS) resulting in excessive lysosomal storage of keratan sulfate. Treatments for MPS IVA have recently become available with optimal outcomes associated with early diagnosis and treatment which can be achieved by newborn screening. DESIGN Newborn screening programme for MPS IVA pilot study. SETTING MacKay Memorial Hospital (MMH), Taipei and another three branch hospitals in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS A total of 7415 newborns were born in four branch hospitals of MMH and had joined the MPS IVA newborn screening programme. Written informed consents were obtained from parents prior to the screening process (12MMHIS188 approved by MacKay Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board). OUTCOME MEASURES An alternative newborn screening method for MPS IVA has been performed. Screening involved measuring the quantity of GALNS in dried blood spot (DBS) from newborn infants using the Bio-Plex immunoassay. The amount of fluorescence sorting detected by yttrium aluminium garnet laser was proportional to the quantity of GALNS protein. RESULTS Of the 7415 neonates analysed, eight infants whose GALNS levels were below the cut-off value of 8.30 µg/L had been recalled for a second DBS collection. The reference values were 8.30-27.43 µg/L. In patients with confirmed MPS IVA (n=11), the GALNS quantities were far below 5% of the normal population. CONCLUSION The Bio-Plex immunoassay is a validated method used for measuring GALNS protein in DBS and has the potential to be adopted for MPS IVA newborn screening study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Chuang
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Departmentof Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Engineering. National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yu Lin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Jen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fa Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Infant and Child Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Khan S, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Sawamoto K, Mackenzie WG, Theroux MC, Pizarro C, Mason RW, Orii T, Tomatsu S. Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA and glycosaminoglycans. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:78-95. [PMID: 27979613 PMCID: PMC5293636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA; Morquio A: OMIM 253000) is a lysosomal storage disease with an autosomal recessive trait caused by the deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to accumulation of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S) and keratan sulfate (KS). C6S and KS are mainly produced in the cartilage. Therefore, the undegraded substrates are stored primarily in cartilage and in its extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to a direct impact on cartilage and bone development, and successive systemic skeletal dysplasia. Chondrogenesis, the earliest phase of skeletal formation, is maintained by cellular interactions with the ECM, growth and differentiation factors, signaling pathways, and transcription factors in a temporal-spatial manner. In patients with MPS IVA, the cartilage is disrupted at birth as a consequence of abnormal chondrogenesis and/or endochondral ossification. The unique skeletal features are distinguished by a disproportional short stature, odontoid hypoplasia, spinal cord compression, tracheal obstruction, pectus carinatum, kyphoscoliosis, platyspondyly, coxa valga, genu valgum, waddling gait, and laxity of joints. In spite of many descriptions of these unique clinical features, delay of diagnosis still happens. The pathogenesis and treatment of systemic skeletal dysplasia in MPS IVA remains an unmet challenge. In this review article, we comprehensively describe historical aspect, property of GAGs, diagnosis, screening, pathogenesis, and current and future therapies of MPS IVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Khan
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Carlos J Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - William G Mackenzie
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Mary C Theroux
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Christian Pizarro
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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20
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Peck SH, Casal ML, Malhotra NR, Ficicioglu C, Smith LJ. Pathogenesis and treatment of spine disease in the mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 118:232-43. [PMID: 27296532 PMCID: PMC4970936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a family of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by deficient activity of enzymes that degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Skeletal disease is common in MPS patients, with the severity varying both within and between subtypes. Within the spectrum of skeletal disease, spinal manifestations are particularly prevalent. Developmental and degenerative abnormalities affecting the substructures of the spine can result in compression of the spinal cord and associated neural elements. Resulting neurological complications, including pain and paralysis, significantly reduce patient quality of life and life expectancy. Systemic therapies for MPS, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy, have shown limited efficacy for improving spinal manifestations in patients and animal models. Therefore, there is a pressing need for new therapeutic approaches that specifically target this debilitating aspect of the disease. In this review, we examine how pathological abnormalities affecting the key substructures of the spine - the discs, vertebrae, odontoid process and dura - contribute to the progression of spinal deformity and symptomatic compression of neural elements. Specifically, we review current understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of spine disease in MPS, how the tissues of the spine respond to current clinical and experimental treatments, and discuss future strategies for improving the efficacy of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun H Peck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Margret L Casal
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Neil R Malhotra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Can Ficicioglu
- Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lachlan J Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
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21
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Regier DS, Tanpaiboon P. Role of elosulfase alfa in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2016; 9:67-74. [PMID: 27366102 PMCID: PMC4913537 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s69080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA or Morquio A) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease which results in a striking skeletal phenotype, but does not negatively impact the intellect of the patient. MPS IVA has a phenotypic continuum that ranges from a severe and rapidly progressing form to a slowly progressive form. The clinical diagnosis is often made in the preschool years based on abnormal bone findings on physical examination and dysplasia on radiographic imaging. Supportive care has been the mainstay in caring for patients. Orthopedic physicians often form the core of the care team due to the early and severe skeletal abnormalities; however, systemic disease is common and requires aggressive monitoring and management. Interdisciplinary care teams often consist of medical geneticists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists, gastroenterologists, otolaryngologists, audiologists, and ophthalmologists. With the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of elosulfase alfa, patients >5 years of age now have access to this medication from the time of diagnosis. The clinical trial with once weekly intravenous dosing (2.0 mg/kg per week) showed improvement in the 6-minute walk test. The composite end point analysis to evaluate the combining changes from baseline in 6-minute walk test, 3-minute stair climb test, and respiratory function showed that at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg per week, subjects performed better when compared to placebo. This indication was clinically meaningful in the treatment group. The treatment was generally well tolerated, and the uncommon infusion reactions responded well to traditional enzyme replacement therapy infusion reaction management algorithms. Currently, clinical trials are underway to determine the efficacy and safety in MPS IVA patients <5 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra S Regier
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pranoot Tanpaiboon
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Tomatsu S, Azario I, Sawamoto K, Pievani AS, Biondi A, Serafini M. Neonatal cellular and gene therapies for mucopolysaccharidoses: the earlier the better? J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:189-202. [PMID: 26578156 PMCID: PMC4754332 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The increasing interest in newborn screening procedures for LSDs underlines the need for alternative cellular and gene therapy approaches to be developed during the perinatal period, supporting the treatment of MPS patients before the onset of clinical signs and symptoms. The rationale for considering these early therapies results from the clinical experience in the treatment of MPSs and other genetic disorders. The normal or gene-corrected hematopoiesis transplanted in patients can produce the missing protein at levels sufficient to improve and/or halt the disease-related abnormalities. However, these current therapies are only partially successful, probably due to the limited efficacy of the protein provided through the hematopoiesis. An alternative explanation is that the time at which the cellular or gene therapy procedures are performed could be too late to prevent pre-existing or progressive organ damage. Considering these aspects, in the last several years, novel cellular and gene therapy approaches have been tested in different animal models at birth, a highly early stage, showing that precocious treatment is critical to prevent long-term pathological consequences. This review provides insights into the state-of-art accomplishments made with neonatal cellular and gene-based therapies and the major barriers that need to be overcome before they can be implemented in the medical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Institute Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
- Skeletal Dysplasia Lab, Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE, 19899-0269, USA.
| | - Isabella Azario
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, via Pergolesi, 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Institute Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Alice Silvia Pievani
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, via Pergolesi, 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Pergolesi, 33, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, via Pergolesi, 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.
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23
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Tomatsu S, Sawamoto K, Shimada T, Bober MB, Kubaski F, Yasuda E, Mason RW, Khan S, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Barrera LA, Mackenzie WG, Orii T. Enzyme replacement therapy for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (Morquio A syndrome): effect and limitations. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015; 3:1279-1290. [PMID: 26973801 PMCID: PMC4788508 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1086640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following a Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled, multinational study in subjects with mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA), enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) of elosulfase alfa has been approved in several countries. The study was designed to evaluate safety and efficacy of elosulfase alfa in patients with MPS IVA aged 5 years and older. AREAS COVERED Outcomes of clinical trials for MPS IVA have been described. Subjects received either 2.0 mg/kg/week, 2.0 mg/kg/every other week, or PBO, for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance compared to PBO. The 6MWT results improved in patients receiving 2 mg/kg weekly compared to PBO. The every other week regimen resulted in walk distances comparable to PBO. There was no change from baseline in the 3 Min Stair Climb Test in both treatment groups. Following completion of the initial study, patients, who continued to receive elosulfase alfa 2 mg/kg weekly (QW) for another 48 weeks (for a total of up to 72-week exposure), did not show additional improvement on 6MWT. EXPERT OPINION We suggest that ERT is a therapeutic option for MPS IVA, providing a modest effect and the majority of the effects are seen in the soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
- Department of Medical Informatics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michael B. Bober
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
| | - Francyne Kubaski
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eriko Yasuda
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
- Department of Medical Informatics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Robert W. Mason
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
| | - Shaukat Khan
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
| | - Carlos J. Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A. Barrera
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - William G. Mackenzie
- Professor and Director, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19899-0269, USA
| | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan, Japan
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24
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Tomatsu S, Sawamoto K, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Shimada T, Bober MB, Chinen Y, Yabe H, Montaño AM, Giugliani R, Kubaski F, Yasuda E, Rodríguez-López A, Espejo-Mojica AJ, Sánchez OF, Mason RW, Barrera LA, Mackenzie WG, Orii T. Impact of enzyme replacement therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with Morquio A syndrome. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:1937-53. [PMID: 25897204 PMCID: PMC4389814 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s68562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) can present with systemic skeletal dysplasia, leading to a need for multiple orthopedic surgical procedures, and often become wheelchair bound in their teenage years. Studies on patients with MPS IVA treated by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) showed a sharp reduction on urinary keratan sulfate, but only modest improvement based on a 6-minute walk test and no significant improvement on a 3-minute climb-up test and lung function test compared with the placebo group, at least in the short-term. Surgical remnants from ERT-treated patients did not show reduction of storage materials in chondrocytes. The impact of ERT on bone lesions in patients with MPS IVA remains limited. ERT seems to be enhanced in a mouse model of MPS IVA by a novel form of the enzyme tagged with a bone-targeting moiety. The tagged enzyme remained in the circulation much longer than untagged native enzyme and was delivered to and retained in bone. Three-month-old MPS IVA mice treated with 23 weekly infusions of tagged enzyme showed marked clearance of the storage materials in bone, bone marrow, and heart valves. When treatment was initiated at birth, reduction of storage materials in tissues was even greater. These findings indicate that specific targeting of the enzyme to bone at an early stage may improve efficacy of ERT for MPS IVA. Recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) (erGALNS) and in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (prGALNS) has been produced as an alternative to the conventional production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Recombinant GALNS produced in microorganisms may help to reduce the high cost of ERT and the introduction of modifications to enhance targeting. Although only a limited number of patients with MPS IVA have been treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), beneficial effects have been reported. A wheelchair-bound patient with a severe form of MPS IVA was treated with HSCT at 15 years of age and followed up for 10 years. Radiographs showed that the figures of major and minor trochanter appeared. Loud snoring and apnea disappeared. In all, 1 year after bone marrow transplantation, bone mineral density at L2-L4 was increased from 0.372 g/cm(2) to 0.548 g/cm(2) and was maintained at a level of 0.48±0.054 for the following 9 years. Pulmonary vital capacity increased approximately 20% from a baseline of 1.08 L to around 1.31 L over the first 2 years and was maintained thereafter. Activity of daily living was improved similar to the normal control group. After bilateral osteotomies, a patient can walk over 400 m using hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses. This long-term observation of a patient shows that this treatment can produce clinical improvements although bone deformity remained unchanged. In conclusion, ERT is a therapeutic option for MPS IVA patients, and there are some indications that HSCT may be an alternative to treat this disease. However, as neither seems to be a curative therapy, at least for the skeletal dysplasia in MPS IVA patients, new approaches are investigated to enhance efficacy and reduce costs to benefit MPS IVA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Carlos J Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Michael B Bober
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Yasutsugu Chinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yabe
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | | | - Roberto Giugliani
- Medical Genetics Service/HCPA and Department of Genetics/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francyne Kubaski
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eriko Yasuda
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Alexander Rodríguez-López
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angela J Espejo-Mojica
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar F Sánchez
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Luis A Barrera
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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25
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Tomatsu S, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Montaño AM, Yabe H, Tanaka A, Dung VC, Giugliani R, Kubaski F, Mason RW, Yasuda E, Sawamoto K, Mackenzie W, Suzuki Y, Orii KE, Barrera LA, Sly WS, Orii T. Therapies for the bone in mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:94-109. [PMID: 25537451 PMCID: PMC4312706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) have accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in multiple tissues which may cause coarse facial features, mental retardation, recurrent ear and nose infections, inguinal and umbilical hernias, hepatosplenomegaly, and skeletal deformities. Clinical features related to bone lesions may include marked short stature, cervical stenosis, pectus carinatum, small lungs, joint rigidity (but laxity for MPS IV), kyphoscoliosis, lumbar gibbus, and genu valgum. Patients with MPS are often wheelchair-bound and physical handicaps increase with age as a result of progressive skeletal dysplasia, abnormal joint mobility, and osteoarthritis, leading to 1) stenosis of the upper cervical region, 2) restrictive small lung, 3) hip dysplasia, 4) restriction of joint movement, and 5) surgical complications. Patients often need multiple orthopedic procedures including cervical decompression and fusion, carpal tunnel release, hip reconstruction and replacement, and femoral or tibial osteotomy through their lifetime. Current measures to intervene in bone disease progression are not perfect and palliative, and improved therapies are urgently required. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and gene therapy are available or in development for some types of MPS. Delivery of sufficient enzyme to bone, especially avascular cartilage, to prevent or ameliorate the devastating skeletal dysplasias remains an unmet challenge. The use of an anti-inflammatory drug is also under clinical study. Therapies should start at a very early stage prior to irreversible bone lesion, and damage since the severity of skeletal dysplasia is associated with level of activity during daily life. This review illustrates a current overview of therapies and their impact for bone lesions in MPS including ERT, HSCT, gene therapy, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Medical Genetics Service/HCPA and Department of Genetics/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Carlos J Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Adriana M Montaño
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hiromasa Yabe
- Department of Cell Transplantation, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Akemi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vu Chi Dung
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Genetics, Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Medical Genetics Service/HCPA and Department of Genetics/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francyne Kubaski
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Eriko Yasuda
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Medical Education Development Center, Gifu University, Japan
| | - Kenji E Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Luis A Barrera
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - William S Sly
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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26
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Tomatsu S, Shimada T, Mason RW, Montaño AM, Kelly J, LaMarr WA, Kubaski F, Giugliani R, Guha A, Yasuda E, Mackenzie W, Yamaguchi S, Suzuki Y, Orii T. Establishment of glycosaminoglycan assays for mucopolysaccharidoses. Metabolites 2014; 4:655-79. [PMID: 25116756 PMCID: PMC4192686 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzymes essential for catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Accumulation of undegraded GAGs results in dysfunction of multiple organs, resulting in distinct clinical manifestations. A range of methods have been developed to measure specific GAGs in various human samples to investigate diagnosis, prognosis, pathogenesis, GAG interaction with other molecules, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy. We established ELISA, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and an automated high-throughput mass spectrometry (HT-MS/MS) system (RapidFire) to identify epitopes (ELISA) or disaccharides (MS/MS) derived from different GAGs (dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and/or chondroitin sulfate). These methods have a high sensitivity and specificity in GAG analysis, applicable to the analysis of blood, urine, tissues, and cells. ELISA is feasible, sensitive, and reproducible with the standard equipment. HT-MS/MS yields higher throughput than conventional LC-MS/MS-based methods while the HT-MS/MS system does not have a chromatographic step and cannot distinguish GAGs with identical molecular weights, leading to a limitation of measurements for some specific GAGs. Here we review the advantages and disadvantages of these methods for measuring GAG levels in biological specimens. We also describe an unexpected secondary elevation of keratan sulfate in patients with MPS that is an indirect consequence of disruption of catabolism of other GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Adriana M Montaño
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Joan Kelly
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., Wakefield, MA 01880, USA.
| | | | - Francyne Kubaski
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Department of Genetics/UFRGS, Medical Genetics Service/HCPA, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Aratrik Guha
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Eriko Yasuda
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - William Mackenzie
- Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Medical Education Development Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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Tomatsu S, Kubaski F, Sawamoto K, Mason RW, Yasuda E, Shimada T, Montaño AM, Yamaguchi S, Suzuki Y, Orii T. Newborn screening and diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses: application of tandem mass spectrometry. NIHON MASU SUKURININGU GAKKAI SHI = JOURNAL OF JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR MASS-SCREENING 2014; 24:19-37. [PMID: 25620850 PMCID: PMC4303184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. The enzymes are required to break down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that help build bone, cartilage, tendons, corneas, skin and connective tissue. In patients with MPS, a missing enzyme leads to the accumulation of GAGs in the cells, blood, connective tissues, and multiple organs. The consequence is permanent, with progressive cellular damage affecting patients' appearance, physical abilities, organ and system function, and skeletal and mental development. The measurement of each specific GAG in a variety of specimens is required to establish the correlation between GAGs and physiological status of patients and/or prognosis and pathogenesis of the disease and to separate the patients with MPS from the healthy controls. We have developed a highly accurate, sensitive, and cost-effective liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for measurements of disaccharides derived from four specific GAGs [chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS), and keratan sulfate (KS)]. Disaccharides were produced by specific enzyme digestion of each GAG, and subsequently, quantified by negative ion mode of multiple reaction monitoring. Subclasses of GAGs with the same molecular weights can be separated by liquid chromatography. We have also developed another GAG assay by high-throughput mass spectrometry (HT-MS/MS). The HT-MS/MS consists of an integrated solid phase extraction robot that binds and de-salts samples from assay plates and directly injects them into a MS/MS detector, reducing sample processing time to within ten seconds. HT-MS/MS consequently yields much faster throughput than conventional LC-MS/MS-based methods; however, the HT-MS/MS system does not use a chromatographic step, and therefore, cannot separate GAGs that have the same molecular weights. Both techniques can be applied to the analysis of dried blood spots, blood, and urine specimens. In this review, we describe the assay methods for GAGs and the application to newborn screening and diagnosis of MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE ; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Francyne Kubaski
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Eriko Yasuda
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Adriana M Montaño
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Tadao Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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