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Donoghue SE, Amor DJ. Intellectual disability: A potentially treatable condition. J Paediatr Child Health 2024; 60:273-278. [PMID: 38887130 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The application of genomics has greatly increased the diagnosis of specific monogenic causes of intellectual disability and improved our understanding of the neuronal processes that result in cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, families are building rare disease communities and seeking disease-specific treatments to change the trajectory of health and developmental outcomes for their children. To date, treatments for intellectual disability have focussed on metabolic disorders, where early treatment has improved cognition and neurodevelopmental outcomes. In this article, we discuss the treatment strategies that may be possible to change the neurodevelopmental outcome in a broader range of genetic forms of intellectual disability. These strategies include substrate modification, enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy and molecular therapies. We argue that intellectual disability should now be considered a potentially treatable condition and a strong candidate for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Donoghue
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gómez-Lozano S, Zhang N, Armstrong R, León K, Kelly-Lahon C, Sánchez-González P, Martínez-González-Moro I, Hurtado-Guapo MA, Vargas-Macías A. The Concept of Neuromuscular Repatterning in Dancers: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:402. [PMID: 38338286 PMCID: PMC10855653 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Repatterning is a term that can be used in different fields, including genetics, molecular biology, neurology, psychology, or rehabilitation. Our aim is to identify the key concept of neuromuscular repatterning in somatic training programmes for dancers. A systematic search of eight databases was conducted using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies and the Oxford Levels of Evidence scales were used. The search yielded 1218 results, of which 5 met the inclusion criteria. Five studies (n = 5) were related to psychosomatic health (n = 5), two studies highlighted integration and inter-articular connectivity in movement (n = 2), four studies investigated the neurological component of alignment and efficiency in dance practice (n = 4), and two studies investigated self-confidence (n = 2). Five studies (n = 5) used imagery based on the anatomical and physiological experience of body systems as the main analytical method. Four studies (n = 4) used developmental movement through Bartenieff fundamentals as the main technique for this methodology. Developmental movement and imagery are two methodologies strongly connected to the concept of neuromuscular repatterning in somatic training programmes for dancers. The acquisition of further quantitative experimental or quasi-experimental studies is warranted to better define the level of improvement or impact of neuromuscular repatterning in dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Gómez-Lozano
- Performing Arts Research Group, Faculty of Sport, San Antonio Catholic University, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (N.Z.); (P.S.-G.); (M.A.H.-G.)
| | - Ningyi Zhang
- Performing Arts Research Group, Faculty of Sport, San Antonio Catholic University, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (N.Z.); (P.S.-G.); (M.A.H.-G.)
| | - Ross Armstrong
- Rehabilitation and Healthy Lives Research Group, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Carlisle CA1 2HH, UK;
| | - Kiko León
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Clare Kelly-Lahon
- Department of Marketing, Tourism and Sport, Atlantic Technological University, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland;
| | - Pedro Sánchez-González
- Performing Arts Research Group, Faculty of Sport, San Antonio Catholic University, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (N.Z.); (P.S.-G.); (M.A.H.-G.)
| | - Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
- Research Group of Physical Exercise and Human Performance, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - María Antonia Hurtado-Guapo
- Performing Arts Research Group, Faculty of Sport, San Antonio Catholic University, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (N.Z.); (P.S.-G.); (M.A.H.-G.)
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HSPs drive dichotomous T-cell immune responses via DNA methylome remodelling in antigen presenting cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15648. [PMID: 28561043 PMCID: PMC5460028 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses primed by endogenous heat shock proteins, specifically gp96, can be varied, and mechanisms controlling these responses have not been defined. Immunization with low doses of gp96 primes T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses, whereas high-dose immunization primes responses characterized by regulatory T (Treg) cells and immunosuppression. Here we show gp96 preferentially engages conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) under low and high doses, respectively, through CD91. Global DNMT-dependent epigenetic modifications lead to changes in protein expression within these antigen-presenting cells. Specifically, pDCs upregulate neuropilin-1 to enable the long term interactions of pDCs with Treg cells, thereby enhancing suppression of Th1 anti-tumour immunity. Our study defines a CD91-dependent mechanism through which gp96 controls dichotomous immune responses relevant to the therapy of cancer and autoimmunity. Low dose of the heat shock protein gp96 can drive effector T-cell responses, yet high-dose gp96 is immunosuppressive by expanding the regulatory T-cell population. Here the authors explain this dichotomy by showing that high-dose gp96 can drive plasmacytoid dendritic cell expression of neuropilin-1, thus functionally supporting interaction with Treg cells.
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Dobrowolski SF, Lyons-Weiler J, Spridik K, Vockley J, Skvorak K, Biery A. DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of hyperphenylalaninemia in the PAH(enu2) mouse model of phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:1-7. [PMID: 26822703 PMCID: PMC8958364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficient phenylketonuria (PKU) is the paradigm for a treatable inborn error of metabolism where maintaining plasma phenylalanine (Phe) in the therapeutic range relates to improved clinical outcomes. While Phe is the presumed intoxicating analyte causal in neurologic damage, the mechanism(s) of Phe toxicity has remained elusive. Altered DNA methylation is a recognized response associated with exposure to numerous small molecule toxic agents. Paralleling this effect, we hypothesized that chronic Phe over-exposure in the brain would lead to aberrant DNA methylation with secondary influence upon gene regulation that would ultimately contribute to PKU neuropathology. The PAH(enu2) mouse models human PKU with intrinsic hyperphenylalaninemia, abnormal response to Phe challenge, and neurologic deficit. To examine this hypothesis, we assessed DNA methylation patterns in brain tissues using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and paired end sequencing in adult PAH(enu2) animals maintained under either continuous dietary Phe restriction or chronic hyperphenylalaninemia. Heterozygous PAH(enu2/WT) litter mates served as controls for normal Phe exposure. Extensive repatterning of DNA methylation was observed in brain tissue of hyperphenylalaninemic animals while Phe restricted animals displayed an attenuated pattern of aberrant DNA methylation. Affected gene coding regions displayed aberrant hypermethylation and hypomethylation. Gene body methylation of noncoding RNA genes was observed and among these microRNA genes were prominent. Of particular note, observed only in hyperphenylalaninemic animals, was hypomethylation of miRNA genes within the imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 locus on chromosome 12. Aberrant methylation of microRNA genes influenced their expression which has secondary effects upon the expression of targeted protein coding genes. Differential hypermethylation of gene promoters was exclusive to hyperphenylalaninemic PAH(enu2) animals. Genes with synaptic involvement were targets of promoter hypermethylation that resulted in down-regulation of their expression. Gene dysregulation secondary to abnormal DNA methylation may be contributing to PKU neuropathology. These results suggest drugs that prevent or correct aberrant DNA methylation may offer a novel therapeutic option to management of neurological symptoms in PKU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Dobrowolski
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
| | - J Lyons-Weiler
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, 3343 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - K Spridik
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - J Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - K Skvorak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - A Biery
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
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Dobrowolski SF, Lyons-Weiler J, Spridik K, Biery A, Breck J, Vockley J, Yatsenko S, Sultana T. Altered DNA methylation in PAH deficient phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 115:72-7. [PMID: 25990862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While phenylalanine (PHE) is the toxic insult in phenylketonuria (PKU), mechanisms underlying PHE toxicity remain ill-defined. Altered DNA methylation in response to toxic exposures is well-recognized. DNA methylation patterns were assessed in blood and brain from PKU patients to determine if PHE toxicity impacts methylation. Methylome assessment, utilizing methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and paired-end sequencing, was performed in DNA obtained from brain tissue of classical PKU patients, leukocytes from poorly controlled PKU patients, leukocytes from well controlled PKU patients, and appropriate control tissues. In PKU brain tissue, expression analysis determined the impact of methylation on gene function. Differential methylation was observed in brain tissue of PKU patients and expression studies identified downstream impact on gene expression. Altered patterns of methylation were observed in leukocytes of well controlled and poorly controlled patients with more extensive methylation in patients with high PHE exposure. Differential methylation of noncoding RNA genes was extensive in patients with high PHE exposure but minimal in well controlled patients. Methylome repatterning leading to altered gene expression was present in brain tissue of PKU patients, suggesting a role in neuropathology. Aberrant methylation is observed in leukocytes of PKU patients and is influenced by PHE exposure. DNA methylation may provide a biomarker relating to historic PHE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Dobrowolski
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
| | - James Lyons-Weiler
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, 3343 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Kayla Spridik
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Amy Biery
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Jane Breck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
| | - Svetlana Yatsenko
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee Women's Hospital, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Tamanna Sultana
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, 3343 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
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Buck TM, Jordan R, Lyons-Weiler J, Adelman JL, Needham PG, Kleyman TR, Brodsky JL. Expression of three topologically distinct membrane proteins elicits unique stress response pathways in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:198-214. [PMID: 25759377 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00101.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded membrane proteins are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are subject to ER-associated degradation, which clears the secretory pathway of potentially toxic species. While the transcriptional response to environmental stressors has been extensively studied, limited data exist describing the cellular response to misfolded membrane proteins. To this end, we expressed and then compared the transcriptional profiles elicited by the synthesis of three ER retained, misfolded ion channels: The α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR, and an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1, which vary in their mass, membrane topologies, and quaternary structures. To examine transcriptional profiles in a null background, the proteins were expressed in yeast, which was previously used to examine the degradation requirements for each substrate. Surprisingly, the proteins failed to induce a canonical unfolded protein response or heat shock response, although messages encoding several cytosolic and ER lumenal protein folding factors rose when αENaC or CFTR was expressed. In contrast, the levels of these genes were unaltered by Kir2.1 expression; instead, the yeast iron regulon was activated. Nevertheless, a significant number of genes that respond to various environmental stressors were upregulated by all three substrates, and compared with previous microarray data we deduced the existence of a group of genes that reflect a novel misfolded membrane protein response. These data indicate that aberrant proteins in the ER elicit profound yet unique cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rick Jordan
- GPCL Bioinformatics Analysis Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - James Lyons-Weiler
- GPCL Bioinformatics Analysis Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Joshua L Adelman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick G Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
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