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Torres-Valdetano Á, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Milflores-Flores L, Martínez-Morales P. Role of PIGM and PIGX in glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis and human health (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:57. [PMID: 38414627 PMCID: PMC10895387 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-glycan (GPI) is an anchor to specific cell surface proteins known as GPI-anchored proteins (APs) that are localized in lipid rafts and may act as cell co-receptors, enzymes and adhesion molecules. The present review investigated the significance of GPI biosynthesis class phosphatidylinositol-glycan (PIG)M and PIGX in GPI synthesis and their implications in human health conditions. PIGM encodes GPI-mannosyltransferase I (MT-I) enzyme that adds the first mannose to the GPI core structure. PIGX encodes the regulatory subunit of GPI-MT-I. The present review summarizes characteristics of the coding sequences of PIGM and PIGX, and their expression in humans, as well as the relevance of GPI-MT-I and the regulatory subunit in maintaining the presence of GPI-APs on the cell surface and their secretion. In addition, the association of PIGM mutations with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and certain types of GPI-deficiency disease and the altered expression of PIGM and PIGX in cancer were also reviewed. In addition, their interaction with other proteins was described, suggesting a complex role in cell biology. PIGM and PIGX are critical genes for GPI synthesis. Understanding gene and protein regulation may provide valuable insights into the role of GPI-APs in cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Torres-Valdetano
- Faculty of Biological Science, Building BIO 1 University City, Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Mexican Social Security Institute, East Biomedical Research Center, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Lorena Milflores-Flores
- Faculty of Biological Science, Building BIO 1 University City, Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Patricia Martínez-Morales
- National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies, East Biomedical Research Center, Puebla 74360, Mexico
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2
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Zhao X, He Z, Li Y, Yang X, Li B. Atypical absence seizures and gene variants: A gene-based review of etiology, electro-clinical features, and associated epilepsy syndrome. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 151:109636. [PMID: 38232560 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Atypical absence seizures are generalized non-convulsive seizures that often occur in children with cognitive impairment. They are common in refractory epilepsy and have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of developmental epileptic encephalopathies. Notably, pathogenic variants associated with AAS, such as GABRG2, GABRG3, SLC6A1, CACNB4, SCN8A, and SYNGAP1, are also linked to developmental epileptic encephalopathies. Atypical absences differ from typical absences in that they are frequently drug-resistant and the prognosis is dependent on the etiology or related epileptic syndromes. To improve clinicians' understanding of atypical absences and provide novel perspectives for clinical treatment, we have reviewed the electro-clinical characteristics, etiologies, treatment, and prognosis of atypical absences, with a focus on the etiology of advancements in gene variants, shedding light on potential avenues for improved clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zimeng He
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Baomin Li
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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3
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Boyer SW, Johnsen C, Morava E. Nutrition interventions in congenital disorders of glycosylation. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:463-481. [PMID: 35562242 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of more than 160 inborn errors of metabolism affecting multiple pathways of protein and lipid glycosylation. Patients present with a wide range of symptoms and therapies are only available for very few subtypes. Specific nutritional treatment options for certain CDG types include oral supplementation of monosaccharide sugars, manganese, uridine, or pyridoxine. Additional management includes specific diets (i.e., complex carbohydrate or ketogenic diet), iron supplementation, and albumin infusions. We review the dietary management in CDG with a focus on two subgroups: N-linked glycosylation defects and GPI-anchor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne W Boyer
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christin Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Park JH, Marquardt T. Treatment Options in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. Front Genet 2021; 12:735348. [PMID: 34567084 PMCID: PMC8461064 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.735348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the identification and diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), treatment options remain limited and are often constrained to symptomatic management of disease manifestations. However, recent years have seen significant advances in treatment and novel therapies aimed both at the causative defect and secondary disease manifestations have been transferred from bench to bedside. In this review, we aim to give a detailed overview of the available therapies and rising concepts to treat these ultra-rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien H Park
- Department of General Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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5
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Complement and the prothrombotic state. Blood 2021; 139:1954-1972. [PMID: 34415298 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007 and 2009 the regulatory approval of the first-in-class complement inhibitor Eculizumab has revolutionized the clinical management of two rare, life-threatening clinical conditions: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). While being completely distinct diseases affecting blood cells and the glomerulus, PNH and aHUS remarkably share several features in their etiology and clinical presentation. An imbalance between complement activation and regulation at host surfaces underlies both diseases precipitating in severe thrombotic events that are largely resistant to anti-coagulant and/or anti-platelet therapies. Inhibition of the common terminal complement pathway by Eculizumab prevents the frequently occurring thrombotic events responsible for the high mortality and morbidity observed in patients not treated with anti-complement therapy. While many in vitro and ex vivo studies elaborate numerous different molecular interactions between complement activation products and hemostasis, this review focuses on the clinical evidence that links these two fields in humans. Several non-infectious conditions with known complement involvement are scrutinized for common patterns concerning a prothrombotic statues and the occurrence of certain complement activation levels. Next to PNH and aHUS, germline encoded CD59 or CD55 deficiency (the latter causing the disease Complement Hyperactivation, Angiopathic thrombosis, and Protein-Losing Enteropathy; CHAPLE), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), (catastrophic) anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS, CAPS) and C3 glomerulopathy are considered. Parallels and distinct features among these conditions are discussed against the background of thrombosis, complement activation, and potential complement diagnostic and therapeutic avenues.
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Jaeken J. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: A multi-genetic disease family with multiple subcellular locations. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2020; 24:14-20. [PMID: 33554500 PMCID: PMC8518092 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20202402si.2005.000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses a selection of congenital disorders of glycosylation that show peculiar features, such as an unusual presentation, different phenotypes, a novel biochemical/genetic mechanism, a relatively high frequency or a relatively efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ondruskova N, Cechova A, Hansikova H, Honzik T, Jaeken J. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: Still "hot" in 2020. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129751. [PMID: 32991969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are inherited metabolic diseases caused by defects in the genes important for the process of protein and lipid glycosylation. With the ever growing number of the known subtypes and discoveries regarding the disease mechanisms and therapy development, it remains a very active field of study. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review brings an update on the CDG-related research since 2017, describing the novel gene defects, pathobiomechanisms, biomarkers and the patients' phenotypes. We also summarize the clinical guidelines for the most prevalent disorders and the current therapeutical options for the treatable CDG. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In the majority of the 23 new CDG, neurological involvement is associated with other organ disease. Increasingly, different aspects of cellular metabolism (e.g., autophagy) are found to be perturbed in multiple CDG. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work highlights the recent trends in the CDG field and comprehensively overviews the up-to-date clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ondruskova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Cechova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Paediatrics and Centre for Metabolic Diseases, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Davids M, Menezes M, Guo Y, McLean SD, Hakonarson H, Collins F, Worgan L, Billington CJ, Maric I, Littlejohn RO, Onyekweli T, Adams DR, Tifft CJ, Gahl WA, Wolfe LA, Christodoulou J, Malicdan MCV. Homozygous splice-variants in human ARV1 cause GPI-anchor synthesis deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:49-57. [PMID: 32165008 PMCID: PMC7303973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the ARV1 Homolog, Fatty Acid Homeostasis Modulator (ARV1), have recently been described in association with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 38. Affected individuals presented with epilepsy, ataxia, profound intellectual disability, visual impairment, and central hypotonia. In S. cerevisiae, Arv1 is thought to be involved in sphingolipid metabolism and glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor synthesis. The function of ARV1 in human cells, however, has not been elucidated. METHODS Mutations were discovered through whole exome sequencing and alternate splicing was validated on the cDNA level. Expression of the variants was determined by qPCR and Western blot. Expression of GPI-anchored proteins on neutrophils and fibroblasts was analyzed by FACS and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. RESULTS Here we describe seven patients from two unrelated families with biallelic splice mutations in ARV1. The patients presented with early onset epilepsy, global developmental delays, profound hypotonia, delayed speech development, cortical visual impairment, and severe generalized cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. The splice variants resulted in decreased ARV1 expression and significant decreases in GPI-anchored protein on the membranes of neutrophils and fibroblasts, indicating that the loss of ARV1 results in impaired GPI-anchor synthesis. CONCLUSION Loss of GPI-anchored proteins on our patients' cells confirms that the yeast Arv1 function of GPI-anchor synthesis is conserved in humans. Overlap between the phenotypes in our patients and those reported for other GPI-anchor disorders suggests that ARV1-deficiency is a GPI-anchor synthesis disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Minal Menezes
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott D McLean
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felicity Collins
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Worgan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles J Billington
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irina Maric
- Hematology Service, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tito Onyekweli
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Christodoulou
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Li YP, Wang CY, Shang HT, Hu RR, Fu H, Xiao XF. A high-throughput and untargeted lipidomics approach reveals new mechanistic insight and the effects of salvianolic acid B on the metabolic profiles in coronary heart disease rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17101-17113. [PMID: 35521479 PMCID: PMC9053481 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput lipidomics provides the possibility for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Accordingly, herein, we reveal the protective role of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) in rats with coronary heart disease (CHD) and propose a new mechanism for its action through a high-throughput and non-targeted lipidomics strategy. A CHD animal model was induced by consecutive high-fat diet feeding with vitamin D3 injection. At the end of the 8th week, the serum sample was analyzed to explore the metabolic biomarker and pathway changes using untargeted lipidomics based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS). In addition, blood and heart tissue samples were collected and processed for the detection of biochemical indicators and liver histological observation. After salvianolic acid B treatment, the levels of LDH, CK, CK-MB, MYO, CTn1, TG, TC, LDL-c, and Apo(b) were significantly lower than that in the model group, while the levels of HDL-c and Apo(a1) were significantly higher than that in the model group. Furthermore, the histological features of fibrosis and steatosis were also evidently relieved in the model group. A total of twenty-six potential biomarkers were identified to express the lipid metabolic turbulence in the CHD animal models, of which twenty-two were regulated by salvianolic acid B trending to the normal state, including TG(20:0/20:4/o-18:0), PC(20:4/18:1(9Z)), PC(18:3/20:2), PA(18:0/18:2), LysoPE(18:2/0:0), SM(d18:0/22:1), PE(22:6/0:0), LysoPE (20:4/0:0), sphinganine, Cer(d18:0/18:0), PS(14:0/14:1), PC (18:0/16:0), LysoPC(17:0), PE(22:2/20:1), PC(20:3/20:4), PE(20:4/P-16:0), PS(20:3/18:0), cholesterol sulfate, TG(15:0/22:6/18:1), prostaglandin E2, arachidonic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate. According to the metabolite enrichment and pathway analyses, the pharmacological activity of salvianolic acid B on CHD is mainly involved in three vital metabolic pathways including glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. Thus, based on the lipidomics-guided biochemical analysis of the lipid biomarkers and pathways, Sal B protects against CHD with good therapeutic effect by regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress damage and lipid peroxidation. High-throughput lipidomics provides the possibility for the development of new therapeutic drugs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Peng Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617 China
| | - Cong-Ying Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617 China
| | - Hong-Tao Shang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617 China
| | - Rui-Rui Hu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617 China
| | - Hui Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617 China
| | - Xue-Feng Xiao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617 China
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