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Foss-Skiftesvik J, Li S, Rosenbaum A, Hagen CM, Stoltze UK, Ljungqvist S, Hjalmars U, Schmiegelow K, Morimoto L, de Smith AJ, Mathiasen R, Metayer C, Hougaard D, Melin B, Walsh KM, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Dahlin AM, Wiemels JL. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 4069 children with glioma identifies 9p21.3 risk locus. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1709-1720. [PMID: 36810956 PMCID: PMC10484172 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent sequencing studies have revealed that 10% of childhood gliomas are caused by rare germline mutations, the role of common variants is undetermined and no genome-wide significant risk loci for pediatric central nervous system tumors have been identified to date. METHODS Meta-analysis of 3 population-based genome-wide association studies comprising 4069 children with glioma and 8778 controls of multiple genetic ancestries. Replication was performed in a separate case-control cohort. Quantitative trait loci analyses and a transcriptome-wide association study were conducted to assess possible links with brain tissue expression across 18 628 genes. RESULTS Common variants in CDKN2B-AS1 at 9p21.3 were significantly associated with astrocytoma, the most common subtype of glioma in children (rs573687, P-value of 6.974e-10, OR 1.273, 95% CI 1.179-1.374). The association was driven by low-grade astrocytoma (P-value of 3.815e-9) and exhibited unidirectional effects across all 6 genetic ancestries. For glioma overall, the association approached genome-wide significance (rs3731239, P-value of 5.411e-8), while no significant association was observed for high-grade tumors. Predicted decreased brain tissue expression of CDKN2B was significantly associated with astrocytoma (P-value of 8.090e-8). CONCLUSIONS In this population-based genome-wide association study meta-analysis, we identify and replicate 9p21.3 (CDKN2B-AS1) as a risk locus for childhood astrocytoma, thereby establishing the first genome-wide significant evidence of common variant predisposition in pediatric neuro-oncology. We furthermore provide a functional basis for the association by showing a possible link to decreased brain tissue CDKN2B expression and substantiate that genetic susceptibility differs between low- and high-grade astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Foss-Skiftesvik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Neonatal Genetics, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shaobo Li
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam Rosenbaum
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Ulrik Kristoffer Stoltze
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Ljungqvist
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hjalmars
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Libby Morimoto
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David Hougaard
- Section for Neonatal Genetics, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Division of Neuro-Epidemiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Anna M Dahlin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Urtiaga GO, Domingues WB, Komninou ER, Martins AWS, Blödorn EB, Dellagostin EN, Woloski RDS, Pinto LS, Brum CB, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Campos VF. DNA microarray for forensic intelligence purposes: High-density SNP profiles obtained directly from casework-like samples with and without a DNA purification step. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 332:111181. [PMID: 35042181 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SNP analyses from a forensic intelligence perspective have proven to be an important tool to restrict the number of suspected offenders and find missing persons. DNA microarray assays have been demonstrated as a potential feature in forensic analysis, like such as forensic genetic genealogy. The objective of this study was to describe the results from DNA microarray assay from saliva samples deposited on a glass surface collected from by a double swab technique, commonly applied in crime scenes. Eighteen samples from the same person were subjected to Infinium® Global Screening Array-24 v1.0 (~642.824 SNP markers) in two different protocols - with or without the DNA purification procedure. The measured genotype was compared with a Consensus Genotype, obtained from standard control samples, and the parameters such as Call Rate and GenCall Scores were evaluated. Results showed that the Call Rate parameter is enough to estimate the probability of obtaining a correct genotype in the SNP assay. Reliable genotypes with a confidence level of more than 90% (at least 90.15%) were observed in Call Rates above 69.41%, regardless of the experimental condition. Our data demonstrate that DNA Microarray from samples collected under conditions such as those found at crime scenes can generate high-density SNP genetic profiles with a confidence level greater than 90%. Enzymatic adjustments and protocol changes may enable DNA microarray assays for crime analysis and investigation purposes eliminating the purification step in the future. Our data suggest that DNA microarray can support criminal investigation teams from a forensic intelligence perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O Urtiaga
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Núcleo de Identificação, Superintendência da Polícia Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - William B Domingues
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliza R Komninou
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda W S Martins
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Blödorn
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo N Dellagostin
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dos S Woloski
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Proteômica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano S Pinto
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Proteômica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarice B Brum
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius F Campos
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Foss-Skiftesvik J, Hagen CM, Mathiasen R, Adamsen D, Bækvad-Hansen M, Børglum AD, Nordentoft M, Werge T, Christiansen M, Schmiegelow K, Juhler M, Mortensen PB, Hougaard DM, Bybjerg-Grauholm J. Genome-wide association study across pediatric central nervous system tumors implicates shared predisposition and points to 1q25.2 (PAPPA2) and 11p12 (LRRC4C) as novel candidate susceptibility loci. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:819-830. [PMID: 33226468 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Central nervous system (CNS) tumors constitute the most common form of solid neoplasms in children, but knowledge on genetic predisposition is sparse. In particular, whether susceptibility attributable to common variants is shared across CNS tumor types in children has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore potential common genetic risk variants exhibiting pleiotropic effects across pediatric CNS tumors. We also investigated whether such susceptibility differs between early and late onset of disease. METHOD A Danish nationwide genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 1,097 consecutive patients (< 15 years of age) with CNS tumors and a cohort of 4,745 population-based controls. RESULTS For both the overall cohort and patients diagnosed after the age of four, the strongest association was rs12064625 which maps to PAPPA2 at 1q25.2 (p = 3.400 × 10-7 and 9.668 × 10-8, respectively). PAPPA2 regulates local bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). IGF-I is fundamental to CNS development and is involved in tumorigenesis across a wide range of different cancers. For the younger children, the strongest association was provided by rs11036373 mapping to LRRC4C at 11p12 (p = 7.620 × 10-7), which encoded protein acts as an axon guidance molecule during CNS development and has not formerly been associated with brain tumors. DISCUSSION This GWAS indicates shared susceptibility attributable to common variants across pediatric CNS tumor types. Variations in genetic loci with roles in CNS development appear to be involved, possibly via altered IGF-I related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Foss-Skiftesvik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Munch Hagen
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dea Adamsen
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Genome Center, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Newborn dried blood spot samples in Denmark: the hidden figures of secondary use and research participation. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:203-210. [PMID: 30287898 PMCID: PMC6336790 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year millions of newborns are part of a newborn disease-screening program in which, after initial screening, the newborn dried blood spot (NDBS) samples can be stored and used as a population-based research resource. However, very little knowledge exists about how these samples are used for secondary purposes. Our objective is to estimate and describe the usage of a NDBS-based national population biobank for secondary research purposes. We therefore conducted a scoping study with a literature search for all published articles using samples from the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. Our main inclusion criteria were that the articles had to have actively used and analyzed one or more of the Danish NDBS samples for a purpose beyond the primary screening. Our search led to a final 104 articles, which were coded for three main purposes: (1) how many samples were used in each article, (2) the field of their research, and (3) information on consent and ethics approval as research. From our analysis, we present two main findings: an estimated use of up to 37.5% of all samples in the newborn screening biobank have been part of published research, and a shift in the research areas from methodological and metabolic studies to studies concerning mental illness. This paper provides new insights into the use of a national biobank, and we hope that the results will contribute to the discussions on the use of biological samples for research purposes, and also inspire a greater transparency in the future use of NDBS samples.
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Pedersen CB, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Pedersen MG, Grove J, Agerbo E, Bækvad-Hansen M, Poulsen JB, Hansen CS, McGrath JJ, Als TD, Goldstein JI, Neale BM, Daly MJ, Hougaard DM, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Werge T, Mortensen PB. The iPSYCH2012 case-cohort sample: new directions for unravelling genetic and environmental architectures of severe mental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:6-14. [PMID: 28924187 PMCID: PMC5754466 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH) consortium has established a large Danish population-based Case-Cohort sample (iPSYCH2012) aimed at unravelling the genetic and environmental architecture of severe mental disorders. The iPSYCH2012 sample is nested within the entire Danish population born between 1981 and 2005, including 1 472 762 persons. This paper introduces the iPSYCH2012 sample and outlines key future research directions. Cases were identified as persons with schizophrenia (N=3540), autism (N=16 146), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (N=18 726) and affective disorder (N=26 380), of which 1928 had bipolar affective disorder. Controls were randomly sampled individuals (N=30 000). Within the sample of 86 189 individuals, a total of 57 377 individuals had at least one major mental disorder. DNA was extracted from the neonatal dried blood spot samples obtained from the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank and genotyped using the Illumina PsychChip. Genotyping was successful for 90% of the sample. The assessments of exome sequencing, methylation profiling, metabolome profiling, vitamin-D, inflammatory and neurotrophic factors are in progress. For each individual, the iPSYCH2012 sample also includes longitudinal information on health, prescribed medicine, social and socioeconomic information, and analogous information among relatives. To the best of our knowledge, the iPSYCH2012 sample is the largest and most comprehensive data source for the combined study of genetic and environmental aetiologies of severe mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, Aarhus 8210, Denmark. E-mail:
| | - J Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M G Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Grove
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,BiRC-Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J B Poulsen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C S Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J J McGrath
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - T D Als
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J I Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - M Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P B Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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