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Liu D, Cui J, Liu Y, Niu M, Wang F, Zhao Q, Cai B, Zhang H, Wei J. Ultraconserved elements from transcriptome and genome data provide insight into the phylogenomics of Sternorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera). Cladistics 2024. [PMID: 38808591 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Sternorrhyncha, one of the four major suborders of Hemiptera, is a phytophagous taxon inclusive of nearly 18 000 described species. The phylogenetic relationships within the taxon and the earliest-branching lineage of its infraorders remain incompletely understood. This study attempted to illuminate the phylogenetic relationships within Sternorrhyncha through the use of maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analyses, employing ultraconserved element (UCE) data from 39 genomic and 62 transcriptomic datasets and thereby representing most families within the taxon. The probe set Hemiptera 2.7Kv1 was used to recover a total of 2731 UCE loci: from 547 to 1699 (with an average of 1084) across all genomic datasets and from 108 to 849 (with an average of 329) across all transcriptomic datasets. All three types of phylogenetic analyses employed in this study produced robust statistical support for Sternorrhyncha being a monophyletic group. The different methods of phylogenetic analysis produced inconsistent descriptions of topological structure at the infraorder level: while maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses produced strong statistical evidence (100%) indicating the clade Psylloidea + Aleyrodoidea to be a sister of the clade Aphidoidea (Aphidomorpha) + Coccoidea (Coccomorpha), the maximum parsimony analysis failed to recover a similar result. Our results also provide detail on the phylogenetic relationships within each infraorder. This study presents the first use of UCE data to investigate the phylogeny of Sternorrhyncha. It also shows the viability of amalgamating genomic and transcriptomic data in studies of phylogenetic relationships, potentially highlighting a resource-efficient approach for future inquiries into diverse taxa through the integration of varied data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
- Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, China
| | - Jinyu Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Minmin Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Post-Entry Quarantine Station for Tropical Plant, Haikou Customs District, No. 9 West Haixiu Road, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Hufang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
- Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, China
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
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Dial DT, Weglarz KM, Brunet BMT, Havill NP, von Dohlen CD, Burke GR. Whole-genome sequence of the Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Adelges cooleyi (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Adelgidae). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 14:jkad224. [PMID: 37766465 PMCID: PMC10755206 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The adelgids (Adelgidae) are a small family of sap-feeding insects, which, together with true aphids (Aphididae) and phylloxerans (Phylloxeridae), make up the infraorder Aphidomorpha. Some adelgid species are highly destructive to forest ecosystems such as Adelges tsugae, Adelges piceae, Adelges laricis, Pineus pini, and Pineus boerneri. Despite this, there are no high-quality genomic resources for adelgids, hindering advanced genomic analyses within Adelgidae and among Aphidomorpha. Here, we used PacBio continuous long-read and Illumina RNA-sequencing to construct a high-quality draft genome assembly for the Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Adelges cooleyi (Gillette), a gall-forming species endemic to North America. The assembled genome is 270.2 Mb in total size and has scaffold and contig N50 statistics of 14.87 and 7.18 Mb, respectively. There are 24,967 predicted coding sequences, and the assembly completeness is estimated at 98.1 and 99.6% with core BUSCO gene sets of Arthropoda and Hemiptera, respectively. Phylogenomic analysis using the A. cooleyi genome, 3 publicly available adelgid transcriptomes, 4 phylloxera transcriptomes, the Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (grape phylloxera) genome, 4 aphid genomes, and 2 outgroup coccoid genomes fully resolves adelgids and phylloxerans as sister taxa. The mitochondrial genome is 24 kb, among the largest in insects sampled to date, with 39.4% composed of noncoding regions. This genome assembly is currently the only genome-scale, annotated assembly for adelgids and will be a valuable resource for understanding the ecology and evolution of Aphidomorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Dial
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Bryan M T Brunet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6
| | - Nathan P Havill
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Hamden, CT 06514, USA
| | | | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Alotaibi MO, Abd-Elgawad ME. Soil structure influences proteins, phenols, and flavonoids of varied medicinal plants in Al Jubail, KSA. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103567. [PMID: 36798140 PMCID: PMC9926020 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia, 29 medicinal plants have been collected from 15 diverse sites. The goal of this study was to determine how soil texture affected the protein, phenol, and flavonoid contents, and their relationship with the degree of genetic similarity. Most soil samples were loamy sand, except for sites 6 and 10, which were sandy loams. A total of 13 protein bands were shown where four were polymorphic and nine were monomorphic, with hereditary similarities ranging from 1 to 0.86. The results indicated that the protein content ranged from (9.32 µg/gm) in Anabasis setifera to (0.92 µg/gm) in Juncus rigidus. The highest phenol content was found in Halopeplis perfoliata (21.45 mg/gm), whereas the lowest was found in Zygophyllum qatarense 7 (2.133 mg/gm). Salsola imbricate 2 showed the highest flavonoid content (74.97 mg/gm), whereas Juncus rigidus had the lowest (1.43 mg/gm). The concentration varied based on the accession and species. In comparison to the other soils tested, the soil at site 7 had the highest concentrations of calcium (132.5 mEq/L), magnesium (47.5 mEq/L), sodium (52.83 mEq/L), potassium (26.96 mEq/L), chloride (63.00 mEq/L), and electric conductivity (25.9 ds/m). The surveyed accessions were classified into two groups using cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and multivariate heatmap. These findings imply that variations in active compounds that are important for plant tolerance to wild habitats are associated with different soil structures, allowing plants to be used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries, as well as selective breeding of accessions with high antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modhi O. Alotaibi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magda E. Abd-Elgawad
- Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt,Corresponding author.
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Transitional genomes and nutritional role reversals identified for dual symbionts of adelgids (Aphidoidea: Adelgidae). THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:642-654. [PMID: 34508228 PMCID: PMC8857208 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many plant-sap-feeding insects have maintained a single, obligate, nutritional symbiont over the long history of their lineage. This senior symbiont may be joined by one or more junior symbionts that compensate for gaps in function incurred through genome-degradative forces. Adelgids are sap-sucking insects that feed solely on conifer trees and follow complex life cycles in which the diet fluctuates in nutrient levels. Adelgids are unusual in that both senior and junior symbionts appear to have been replaced repeatedly over their evolutionary history. Genomes can provide clues to understanding symbiont replacements, but only the dual symbionts of hemlock adelgids have been examined thus far. Here, we sequence and compare genomes of four additional dual-symbiont pairs in adelgids. We show that these symbionts are nutritional partners originating from diverse bacterial lineages and exhibiting wide variation in general genome characteristics. Although dual symbionts cooperate to produce nutrients, the balance of contributions varies widely across pairs, and total genome contents reflect a range of ages and degrees of degradation. Most symbionts appear to be in transitional states of genome reduction. Our findings support a hypothesis of periodic symbiont turnover driven by fluctuating selection for nutritional provisioning related to gains and losses of complex life cycles in their hosts.
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Alotaibi MO, Abd-Elgawad ME. ISSR and SCoT for Evaluation of Hereditary Differences of 29 Wild Plants in Al Jubail Saudi Arabian. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3223-3231. [PMID: 35844376 PMCID: PMC9280174 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This survey is concerned with the hereditary differences of 29 wild plants collected from fifteen different regions in Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia using two molecular marker systems, viz. inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular markers. Ten ISSR and ten SCoT primers amplified a total of 142 and 163 bands with a 87% and 84% polymorphism, respectively. The average number of polymorphic bands for each pair of ISSR and SCoT primers combinations was 12.4 and 13.7, respectively. The highest genetic similarity for ISSR (0.97) and SCoT (0.90) were recognized between Zygophyllum qatarense-22 and Juncus rigidus-23, and between Zygophyllum qatarense-28 and Zygophyllum qatarense-29, whereas the lowest was (0.59) differentiated between Zygophyllum qatarense-6 and Salsola imbricate-18 for ISSR and between Cyperus conglomeratus-7 and Halopeplis perfoliata-14 for SCoT. This considers confirmed the value of molecular techniques such as ISSR and SCoT to assess the hereditary differences among the selected 29 weeds for hereditary preservation and plant enhancement.
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Szabó G, Schulz F, Manzano-Marín A, Toenshoff ER, Horn M. Evolutionarily recent dual obligatory symbiosis among adelgids indicates a transition between fungus- and insect-associated lifestyles. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:247-256. [PMID: 34294881 PMCID: PMC8692619 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adelgids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Adelgidae) form a small group of insects but harbor a surprisingly diverse set of bacteriocyte-associated endosymbionts, which suggest multiple replacement and acquisition of symbionts over evolutionary time. Specific pairs of symbionts have been associated with adelgid lineages specialized on different secondary host conifers. Using a metagenomic approach, we investigated the symbiosis of the Adelges laricis/Adelges tardus species complex containing betaproteobacterial ("Candidatus Vallotia tarda") and gammaproteobacterial ("Candidatus Profftia tarda") symbionts. Genomic characteristics and metabolic pathway reconstructions revealed that Vallotia and Profftia are evolutionary young endosymbionts, which complement each other's role in essential amino acid production. Phylogenomic analyses and a high level of genomic synteny indicate an origin of the betaproteobacterial symbiont from endosymbionts of Rhizopus fungi. This evolutionary transition was accompanied with substantial loss of functions related to transcription regulation, secondary metabolite production, bacterial defense mechanisms, host infection, and manipulation. The transition from fungus to insect endosymbionts extends our current framework about evolutionary trajectories of host-associated microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitta Szabó
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Frederik Schulz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alejandro Manzano-Marín
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Rebecca Toenshoff
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Horn
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lee Y, Kanturski M, Foottit RG, Kim S, Lee S. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Cladistics 2021; 38:159-186. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yerim Lee
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Mariusz Kanturski
- Zoology, Research Team Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection University of Silesia in Katowice Bankowa 9 Katowice 40‐007 Poland
| | - Robert G. Foottit
- Canadian National Collection of Insects Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Ottawa Research and Development Centre Ottawa Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Sora Kim
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
- Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151‐921 Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
- Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151‐921 Korea
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Dancewicz K, Gabryś B, Morkunas I, Samardakiewicz S. Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251663. [PMID: 34003844 PMCID: PMC8130970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adelgidae are a sister group of Aphididae and Phylloxeridae within Hemiptera, Aphidoidea and occur exclusively on Pinaceae. The piercing-sucking mouthparts of Adelgidae are similar to those of aphids and it is believed that adelgids ingest sap from both the non-vascular and vascular (phloem) tissues. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the adelgid stylet activities during their penetration in plant tissues. The probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on European larch Larix decidua Mill. and sucrose diets was monitored using the DC-EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph technique = electropenetrography). The EPG waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces, and associated with putative behavioral activities based on analogy with aphid activities. Waveform frequency, duration, and sequence were analysed as well. A. laricis generated EPG signals at two clearly distinct voltage levels positive and negative, suggesting extracellular and intracellular stylet penetration, respectively. The adelgid EPG patterns were ascribed to four behavioral phases, which were non-probing, pathway, phloem, and xylem phases. Non-probing referred to the position of the stylets outside the plant tissues. Pathway phase was represented by three waveform patterns that visualized extracellular stylet penetration in non-vascular tissues without potential drops (AC1), with serial short (1.2–1.5 s) potential drops (AC2), and with ‘aphid-like’ (5–10 s) potential drops (AC3). Phloem phase comprised three waveform patterns at intracellular level, which in all probability represented phloem salivation (AE1), and phloem sap passive (AE2) and active ingestion (AE3). AE3 was a newly described waveform, previously unreported from Hemiptera. Waveform AG represented the ingestion of xylem sap. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the gymnosperm-associated adelgids show certain similarities in probing behavior typical of aphids and phylloxerids on angiosperm plants. The present work is the first detailed analysis of specific adelgid stylet activities on gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dancewicz
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Beata Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Li HS, Tang XF, Huang YH, Xu ZY, Chen ML, Du XY, Qiu BY, Chen PT, Zhang W, Ślipiński A, Escalona HE, Waterhouse RM, Zwick A, Pang H. Horizontally acquired antibacterial genes associated with adaptive radiation of ladybird beetles. BMC Biol 2021; 19:7. [PMID: 33446206 PMCID: PMC7807722 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been documented in many herbivorous insects, conferring the ability to digest plant material and promoting their remarkable ecological diversification. Previous reports suggest HGT of antibacterial enzymes may have contributed to the insect immune response and limit bacterial growth. Carnivorous insects also display many evolutionary successful lineages, but in contrast to the plant feeders, the potential role of HGTs has been less well-studied. RESULTS Using genomic and transcriptomic data from 38 species of ladybird beetles, we identified a set of bacterial cell wall hydrolase (cwh) genes acquired by this group of beetles. Infection with Bacillus subtilis led to upregulated expression of these ladybird cwh genes, and their recombinantly produced proteins limited bacterial proliferation. Moreover, RNAi-mediated cwh knockdown led to downregulation of other antibacterial genes, indicating a role in antibacterial immune defense. cwh genes are rare in eukaryotes, but have been maintained in all tested Coccinellinae species, suggesting that this putative immune-related HGT event played a role in the evolution of this speciose subfamily of predominant predatory ladybirds. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrates that, in a manner analogous to HGT-facilitated plant feeding, enhanced immunity through HGT might have played a key role in the prey adaptation and niche expansion that promoted the diversification of carnivorous beetle lineages. We believe that this represents the first example of immune-related HGT in carnivorous insects with an association with a subsequent successful species radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xue-Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu-Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ze-Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Mei-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- School of Environment and Life Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Xue-Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Bo-Yuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Pei-Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hermes E Escalona
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zwick
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Iyiola OA. Genetic Diversity and Molecular Characterization of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) In North-Central Nigeria Using Ribosomal DNA ITS2 and Mitochondrial 16S-DNA Sequences. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i2.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors of various life-threatening diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever etc. Their close proximity to human habitations allows ease for disease transmission. They have been identified by key morphological tools like their wings, legs, bristles etc. but closely related species are difficult to identify based on morphology. Molecular tools have, therefore, been employed to help with the more accurate identification. This study was aimed at identifying and characterizing different mosquito species in five different states in North-Central Nigeria using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial 16S rDNA regions. Mosquito larvae were collected from stagnant water in breeding places at each collection site in North-central Nigeria. Morphological identification was carried out using standard keys. DNA extraction was performed using EZNA extraction kit. PCR amplification of ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial 16S-rDNA gene regions were carried out. The PCR amplicons were sequenced using primers initially used for the PCR. Sequence data were aligned in MEGA 6.0 using ClustalW multiple alignment feature and then compared with GenBank databases for similarity. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the ITS2 region was able to distinguish two mosquito subfamilies; Anophelinae and Culicinae as well as differentiate between and amongst Culex and Aedes species. However, it was unable to effectively distinguish between the two different species of Anopheles sequenced. Mitochondrial 16S rRNA marker was also able to distinguish the two mosquito subfamilies. It efficiently identified and differentiated Culex, Aedes and Anopheles mosquito species sequenced in this study. This study concludes that heterogeneity among Nigerian populations of Anopheles mosquitoes of may likely impact malaria vector control programs. We recommend the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers for effective and reliable phylogenetic study and determination of evolutionary relationship among mosquito species.
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A diagnostic LAMP assay for the destructive grapevine insect pest, phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:21229. [PMID: 33277555 PMCID: PMC7718921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) is a destructive insect pest of grapevines that is highly invasive worldwide, despite strict biosecurity containment measures in place at farm and regional levels. Current phylloxera identification by visual inspection and laboratory-based molecular methods is time-consuming and costly. More rapid and cost-effective methods for identification of this pest would benefit industry, growers, and biosecurity services. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a new portable technology available for rapid and accurate in-field molecular diagnostics. This study outlines the development of a new LAMP assay to enable the identification of phylloxera specimens. New LAMP primers were developed to specifically amplify phylloxera mitochondrial DNA (5′-COI), which we have shown is effective as a DNA barcode for identification of phylloxera, using LAMP technology. Positive LAMP reactions, containing phylloxera DNA, amplified in less than twelve minutes with an anneal derivative temperature of approximately 79 °C to 80 °C compared to a newly designed synthetic DNA (gBlock) fragment which had an anneal derivative temperature of 82 °C. No LAMP amplification was detected in any of the non-target species tested, i.e. no false-positive identification resulted for these species. We also successfully optimised a non-destructive DNA extraction procedure, HotSHOT “HS6”, for use in the field on phylloxera adults, nymphs and eggs, to retain physical specimens. DNA extracted using this method was also suitable for species and genotype molecular identification methods, such as DNA barcoding, qPCR and microsatellite genotyping. The new LAMP assay provides a novel visual molecular tool for accurate diagnostics of phylloxera in the laboratory and field.
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Julca I, Marcet-Houben M, Cruz F, Vargas-Chavez C, Johnston JS, Gómez-Garrido J, Frias L, Corvelo A, Loska D, Cámara F, Gut M, Alioto T, Latorre A, Gabaldón T. Phylogenomics Identifies an Ancestral Burst of Gene Duplications Predating the Diversification of Aphidomorpha. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:730-756. [PMID: 31702774 PMCID: PMC7038657 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids (Aphidoidea) are a diverse group of hemipteran insects that feed on plant phloem sap. A common finding in studies of aphid genomes is the presence of a large number of duplicated genes. However, when these duplications occurred remains unclear, partly due to the high relatedness of sequenced species. To better understand the origin of aphid duplications we sequenced and assembled the genome of Cinara cedri, an early branching lineage (Lachninae) of the Aphididae family. We performed a phylogenomic comparison of this genome with 20 other sequenced genomes, including the available genomes of five other aphids, along with the transcriptomes of two species belonging to Adelgidae (a closely related clade to the aphids) and Coccoidea. We found that gene duplication has been pervasive throughout the evolution of aphids, including many parallel waves of recent, species-specific duplications. Most notably, we identified a consistent set of very ancestral duplications, originating from a large-scale gene duplication predating the diversification of Aphidomorpha (comprising aphids, phylloxerids, and adelgids). Genes duplicated in this ancestral wave are enriched in functions related to traits shared by Aphidomorpha, such as association with endosymbionts, and adaptation to plant defenses and phloem-sap-based diet. The ancestral nature of this duplication wave (106-227 Ma) and the lack of sufficiently conserved synteny make it difficult to conclude whether it originated from a whole-genome duplication event or, alternatively, from a burst of large-scale segmental duplications. Genome sequencing of other aphid species belonging to different Aphidomorpha and related lineages may clarify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Julca
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Cruz
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Vargas-Chavez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonor Frias
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - André Corvelo
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Damian Loska
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Cámara
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Joint Unit in Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO) and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Aphids of the family Adelgidae in Lithuania: distribution, host specificity and molecular (mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF-1α) diversity. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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A response to “Media representation of hemlock woolly adelgid management risks: a case study of science communication and invasive species control,” published in biological invasions online on September 18, 2018. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Weglarz KM, Havill NP, Burke GR, von Dohlen CD. Partnering With a Pest: Genomes of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Symbionts Reveal Atypical Nutritional Provisioning Patterns in Dual-Obligate Bacteria. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1607-1621. [PMID: 29860412 PMCID: PMC6022629 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional bacterial symbionts enhance the diets of sap-feeding insects with amino acids and vitamins missing from their diets. In many lineages, an ancestral senior symbiont is joined by a younger junior symbiont. To date, an emergent pattern is that senior symbionts supply a majority of amino acids, and junior symbionts supply a minority. Similar to other hemipterans, adelgids harbor obligate symbionts, but have higher diversity of bacterial associates, suggesting a history of symbiont turnover. The metabolic roles of dual symbionts in adelgids and their contributions to the consortium are largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the symbionts of Adelges tsugae, the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), an invasive species introduced from Japan to the eastern United States, where it kills hemlock trees. The response of hemlocks to HWA feeding has aspects of a defensive reaction against pathogens, and some have speculated that symbionts may be involved. We sequenced the genomes of "Ca. Annandia adelgestsuga" and "Ca. Pseudomonas adelgestsugas" symbionts to detail their metabolic capabilities, infer ages of relationship, and search for effectors of plant defenses. We also tested the relationship of "Ca. Annandia" to symbionts of other insects. We find that both symbionts provide nutrients, but in more balanced proportions than dual symbionts of other hemipterans. The lesser contributions of the senior "Ca. Annandia" support our hypothesis for symbiont replacements in adelgids. Phylogenomic results were ambiguous regarding the position of "Ca. Annandia". We found no obvious effectors of plant defenses related to insect virulence, but hypothetical proteins in symbionts are unknown players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan P Havill
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Hamden, Connecticut
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16
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Akmal M, Freed S, Dietrich CH, Mehmood M, Razaq M. Patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Shiraki) (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2017; 29:897-904. [PMID: 28980839 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2017.1383405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Shiraki), a serious sucking insect pest of cotton and vegetables is present throughout South and Southeast Asia. Genetic differentiation within A. biguttula biguttula populations collected from 16 cotton growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan, was examined by sequencing the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. The dendrogram obtained by neighbour joining analysis of COI sequences confirmed the presence of single species of cotton leafhopper. The overall average pairwise divergence was 0.01. Very little variation was found among populations from cotton growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan and these were most similar to populations from North India. South Indian populations were grouped together and were generally more divergent. Extensive migration of this pest species among cotton-growing areas in the Indian subcontinent may hinder genetic diversification of cotton leafhopper. Four Pakistani samples of cotton leafhopper tested positive for Wolbachia infection but were not clearly differentiated from non-Wolbachia infected samples, suggesting that Wolbachia did not cause reproductive incompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akmal
- a Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan , Punjab , Pakistan.,b Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois , Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Shoaib Freed
- a Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan , Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Christopher H Dietrich
- b Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois , Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Mudassir Mehmood
- a Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan , Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Razaq
- a Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan , Punjab , Pakistan
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17
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von Dohlen CD, Spaulding U, Patch KB, Weglarz KM, Foottit RG, Havill NP, Burke GR. Dynamic Acquisition and Loss of Dual-Obligate Symbionts in the Plant-Sap-Feeding Adelgidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1037. [PMID: 28659877 PMCID: PMC5468457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sap-sucking insects typically engage in obligate relationships with symbiotic bacteria that play nutritional roles in synthesizing nutrients unavailable or in scarce supply from the plant-sap diets of their hosts. Adelgids are sap-sucking insects with complex life cycles that involve alternation between conifer tree species. While all adelgid species feed on spruce during the sexual phase of their life cycle, each adelgid species belongs to a major lineage that feeds on a distinct genus of conifers as their alternate host. Previous work on adelgid symbionts had discovered pairs of symbionts within each host species, and unusual diversity across the insect family, but left several open questions regarding the status of bacterial associates. Here, we explored the consistency of symbionts within and across adelgid lineages, and sought evidence for facultative vs. obligate symbiont status. Representative species were surveyed for symbionts using 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing, confirming that different symbiont pairs were consistently present within each major adelgid lineage. Several approaches were used to establish whether symbionts exhibited characteristics of long-term, obligate mutualists. Patterns of symbiont presence across adelgid species and diversification with host insects suggested obligate relationships. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and electron microscopy localized symbionts to bacteriocyte cells within the bacteriome of each species (with one previously known exception), and detection of symbionts in eggs indicated their vertical transmission. Common characteristics of long-term obligate symbionts, such as nucleotide compositional bias and pleomorphic symbiont cell shape were also observed. Superimposing microbial symbionts on the adelgid phylogeny revealed a dynamic pattern of symbiont gains and losses over a relatively short period of time compared to other symbionts associated with sap-sucking insects, with each adelgid species possessing an older, “senior” symbiont and a younger “junior” symbiont. A hypothesis relating adelgid life cycles to relaxed constraints on symbionts is proposed, with the degradation of senior symbionts and repeated acquisition of more junior symbionts creating opportunities for repeated colonization of new alternate-conifer hosts by adelgids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Usha Spaulding
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, LoganUT, United States
| | - Kistie B Patch
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, LoganUT, United States
| | - Kathryn M Weglarz
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, LoganUT, United States
| | | | - Nathan P Havill
- United States Forest Service, Northern Research Station, HamdenCT, United States
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, AthensGA, United States
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18
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19
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Rebijith KB, Asokan R, Hande HR, Joshi S, Surveswaran S, Ramamurthy VV, Krishna Kumar NK. Reconstructing the macroevolutionary patterns of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Park CG, Min S, Lee GS, Kim S, Lee Y, Lee S, Hong KJ, Wilson SW, Akimoto SI, Lee W. Genetic Variability of the Invasive Species Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Flatidae) in the Republic of Korea. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1897-1906. [PMID: 27247301 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) has caused substantial agricultural damage since its recent introduction to the Republic of Korea; however, the source of this introduction is still unclear. To examine the genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships among several populations of M. pruinosa from Korea and foreign countries, 251 COI sequences from 251 samples collected from Korea, France, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, and the United States were newly analyzed, together with seven published COI sequences from Canada. In total, 19 haplotypes were detected from the 258 COI sequences, and three haplotypes, H1, H3, and H9, were detected from samples in Korea. The MJ network and Bayesian inference revealed that the three haplotypes of Korea were closely connected with samples of Italy, Spain, Slovenia, France, and the United States. Our study revealed the possibility of multiple invasions of M. pruinosa from Europe and/or North America into Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gyu Park
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA 55365, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Sujeong Min
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA 55365, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Gwan-Seok Lee
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA 55365, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Sora Kim
- Laboratory of insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University 08826, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Yerim Lee
- Laboratory of insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University 08826, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Laboratory of insect Biosystematics, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University 08826, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Ki-Jeong Hong
- Deparment of Plant Medicine, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen W Wilson
- Department of Biology and Agriculture, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO 64093
| | - Shin-Ichi Akimoto
- Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Wonhoon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
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21
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Havill NP, Shiyake S, Lamb Galloway A, Foottit RG, Yu G, Paradis A, Elkinton J, Montgomery ME, Sano M, Caccone A. Ancient and modern colonization of North America by hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), an invasive insect from East Asia. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2065-80. [PMID: 26880353 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, is an invasive pest of hemlock trees (Tsuga) in eastern North America. We used 14 microsatellites and mitochondrial COI sequences to assess its worldwide genetic structure and reconstruct its colonization history. The resulting information about its life cycle, biogeography and host specialization could help predict invasion by insect herbivores. We identified eight endemic lineages of hemlock adelgids in central China, western China, Ulleung Island (South Korea), western North America, and two each in Taiwan and Japan, with the Japanese lineages specializing on different Tsuga species. Adelgid life cycles varied at local and continental scales with different sexual, obligately asexual and facultatively asexual lineages. Adelgids in western North America exhibited very high microsatellite heterozygosity, which suggests ancient asexuality. The earliest lineages diverged in Asia during Pleistocene glacial periods, as estimated using approximate Bayesian computation. Colonization of western North America was estimated to have occurred prior to the last glacial period by adelgids directly ancestral to those in southern Japan, perhaps carried by birds. The modern invasion from southern Japan to eastern North America caused an extreme genetic bottleneck with just two closely related clones detected throughout the introduced range. Both colonization events to North America involved host shifts to unrelated hemlock species. These results suggest that genetic diversity, host specialization and host phylogeny are not predictive of adelgid invasion. Monitoring non-native sentinel host trees and focusing on invasion pathways might be more effective methods of preventing invasion than making predictions using species traits or evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Havill
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, Connecticut 06514, USA
| | | | - Ashley Lamb Galloway
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Robert G Foottit
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Guoyue Yu
- Institute of Plant & Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural & Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Annie Paradis
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Joseph Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | | | - Masakazu Sano
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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22
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Favret C, Havill NP, Miller GL, Sano M, Victor B. Catalog of the adelgids of the world (Hemiptera, Adelgidae). Zookeys 2015:35-54. [PMID: 26668546 PMCID: PMC4669935 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.534.6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A taxonomic and nomenclatural Catalogue of the adelgids (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) is presented. Six family-group names are listed, five being synonyms of Adelgidae. Twenty-two genus-group names, of which nine are subjectively valid and in use, are presented with their type species, etymology, and grammatical gender. One hundred and six species-group names are listed, of which 70 are considered subjectively valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Favret
- University of Montreal, Biodiversity Centre, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montreal, Quebec, H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Nathan P Havill
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 51 Mill Pond Road, Hamden, CT 06514, USA
| | - Gary L Miller
- USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg. 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Masakazu Sano
- Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Systematic Entomology, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Benjamin Victor
- University of Montreal, Classical Studies Centre, 3774 rue Jean-Brillant, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1P1 Canada
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23
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Chen R, Favret C, Jiang L, Wang Z, Qiao G. An aphid lineage maintains a bark-feeding niche while switching to and diversifying on conifers. Cladistics 2015; 32:555-572. [PMID: 34740301 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 19 Yuquan Road Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 China
| | - Colin Favret
- Department of Biological Sciences; Biodiversity Centre; University of Montreal; 4101 rue Sherbrooke est Montreal Quebec H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Liyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China
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24
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Mathenge CW, Riegler M, Beattie GAC, Spooner-Hart RN, Holford P. Genetic variation amongst biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:360-374. [PMID: 24619863 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The tomentose cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius tomentosus (Lamarck) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), is an important biological control agent against invasive species of Cylindropuntia (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae). Recent studies have demonstrated that this scale is composed of host-affiliated biotypes with differential host specificity and fitness on particular host species. We investigated genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among D. tomentosus biotypes and provenances to examine the possibility that genetic diversity may be related to their host-use pattern, and whether their phylogenetic relationships would give insights into taxonomic relatedness of their host plants. Nucleotide sequence comparison was accomplished using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Sequences of individuals from the same host plant within a region were identical and characterized by a unique haplotype. Individuals belonging to the same biotype but from different regions had similar haplotypes. However, haplotypes were not shared between different biotypes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the monophyletic D. tomentosus into 3 well-resolved clades of biotypes. The phylogenetic relationships and clustering of biotypes corresponded with known taxonomic relatedness of their hosts. Two biotypes, Fulgida and Mamillata, tested positive for Wolbachia (α-Proteobacteria), a common endosymbiont of insects. The Wolbachia sequences were serendipitously detected by using insect-specific COI DNA barcoding primers and are most similar to Wolbachia Supergroup F strains. This study is the first molecular characterization of cochineal biotypes that, together with Wolbachia sequences, contribute to the better identification of the biotypes of cochineal insects and to the biological control of cacti using host-specific biotypes of the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - G Andrew C Beattie
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney (Hawkesbury Campus)
| | | | - Paul Holford
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney (Hawkesbury Campus)
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25
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Wu F, Ma J, Hu X, Zeng L. Homology difference analysis of invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in Southern China with COI gene sequence variability. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:32-39. [PMID: 25351560 PMCID: PMC4405783 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis (P. solenopsis) has caused much agricultural damage since its recent invasion in China. However, the source of this invasion remains unclear. This study uses molecular methods to clarify the relationships among different population of P. solenopsis from China, USA, Pakistan, India, and Vietnam to determine the geographic origin of the introduction of this species into China. P. solenopsis samples were collected from 25 different locations in three provinces of Southern China. Samples from the USA, Pakistan, and Vietnam were also obtained. Parts of the mitochondrial genes for cytochrome oxidase I (COI) were sequenced for each sample. Homologous DNA sequences of the samples from the USA and India were downloaded from Gen Bank. Two haplotypes were found in China. The first was from most samples from the Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan populations in the China and Pakistan groups, and the second from a few samples from the Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan populations in the China, Pakistan, India, and Vietnam groups. As shown in the maximum likelihood of trees constructed using the COI sequences, these samples belonged to two clades. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that most P. solenopsis mealybugs in Southern China are probably closely related to populations in Pakistan. The variation, relationship, expansion, and probable geographic origin of P. solenopsis mealybugs in Southern China are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.Z. Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Huizhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Huizhou, China
| | - J. Ma
- Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - X.N. Hu
- Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - L. Zeng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Chen J, Jiang LY, Qiao GX. A total-evidence phylogenetic analysis of Hormaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), with comments on the evolution of galls. Cladistics 2014; 30:26-66. [PMID: 34781588 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of Hormaphidinae is presented based on a total-evidence approach. Four genes (two mitochondrial, COI and CytB, and two nuclear, EF-1α and LWO) are combined with 65 morphological and seven biological characters. Sixty-three hormaphidine species representing three tribes and 36 genera as well as nine outgroups are included. Parsimony and model-based approaches are used, and several support values and implied weighting schemes are explored to assess clade stability. The monophyly of Hormaphidinae and Nipponaphidini is supported, but Cerataphidini and Hormaphidini are not recovered as monophyletic. Based on the parsimony hypothesis from the total-evidence analysis, the phylogenetic relationships within Hormaphidinae are discussed. Cerataphidini is re-delimited to exclude Doraphis and Tsugaphis, and Hormaphidini is redefined to include Doraphis. Ceratocallis Qiao & Zhang is established as a junior synonym of Ceratoglyphina van der Goot, syn. nov. Lithoaphis quercisucta Qiao, Guo & Zhang is transferred to the genus Neohormaphis Noordam as Neohormaphis quercisucta (Qiao, Guo & Zhang) comb. nov. Galls have evolved independently within three tribes of Hormaphidinae. In Cerataphidini, pseudogalls are ancestral, both single-cavity and multiple-cavity galls have evolved once, and galls appear to have evolved towards greater complexity. Galling on secondary hosts has evolved twice in hormaphidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Yun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ge-Xia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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The pine bark Adelgid, Pineus strobi, contains two novel bacteriocyte-associated gammaproteobacterial symbionts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:878-85. [PMID: 24271164 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03310-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts of the pine bark adelgid, Pineus strobi (Insecta: Hemiptera: Adelgidae), were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, 16S and 23S rRNA-based phylogeny, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Two morphologically different symbionts affiliated with the Gammaproteobacteria were present in distinct bacteriocytes. One of them ("Candidatus Annandia pinicola") is most closely related to an endosymbiont of Adelges tsugae, suggesting that they originate from a lineage already present in ancient adelgids before the hosts diversified into the two major clades, Adelges and Pineus. The other P. strobi symbiont ("Candidatus Hartigia pinicola") represents a novel symbiont lineage in members of the Adelgidae. Our findings lend further support for a complex evolutionary history of the association of adelgids with a phylogenetically diverse set of bacterial symbionts.
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Michalik A, Gołas A, Kot M, Wieczorek K, Szklarzewicz T. Endosymbiotic microorganisms in Adelges (Sacchiphantes) viridis (Insecta, Hemiptera, Adelgoidea: Adelgidae): Molecular characterization, ultrastructure and transovarial transmission. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2013; 42:531-538. [PMID: 24100000 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to identify endosymbiotic microorganisms living in the body cavity of a Polish population of an aphid, Adelges (Sacchiphantes) viridis, as well as to describe their ultrastructure and mode of transmission between generations. Molecular data (amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes) indicated that endosymbionts of A. (S.) viridis are Betaproteobacteria of the species "Candidatus Vallotia virida". Endosymbiotic bacteria are rod-shaped and localized in the cytoplasm of specific cells, termed bacteriocytes, of host insects. Endosymbionts sharing the same bacteriocytes differ in the density of their cytoplasm. There are two morphotypes of endosymbiotic bacteria: with electron-dense cytoplasm and electron-translucent cytoplasm. Since only bacteria containing electron-dense cytoplasm were observed in the binary fusion stage, differences in density of the cytoplasm are probably due to changes in the cytoskeleton of bacteria during division. Endosymbionts of A. (S.) viridis are transovarially (i.e. via oocytes) transmitted from the mother to the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aniela Gołas
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Kot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Karina Wieczorek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Foottit RG, Maw HEL, Havill NP, Ahern RG, Montgomery ME. DNA barcodes to identify species and explore diversity in the Adelgidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 9 Suppl s1:188-95. [PMID: 21564978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Adelgidae are relatively small, cryptic insects, exhibiting complex life cycles with parthenogenetic reproduction. Due to these characteristics, the taxonomy of the group is problematic. Here, we test the effectiveness of the standard 658-bp barcode fragment from the 5'-end of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (COI) in differentiating among 17 species of Adelgidae, in associating life-cycle stages, and in assessing patterns of geographical variation in selected species. Species of Adelgidae are well-differentiated by DNA barcodes, enabling the identification of different morphological forms, immature stages and individuals on different hosts and at different periods of the life cycle. DNA barcodes have uncovered cryptic diversity within taxa and, in other cases, a lack of sequence divergence in species pairs previously separated by life-cycle characteristics, indicating a need for further taxonomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Foottit
- National Environmental Health Program, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Bldg, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, Northern Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Hamden, CT 06514, USA
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HUANG XIAOLEI, XIANG-YU JINGGONG, REN SHANSHAN, ZHANG RUILING, ZHANG YAPING, QIAO GEXIA. Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Hormaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) indicate Late Cretaceous tribal diversification. Zool J Linn Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Toenshoff ER, Gruber D, Horn M. Co-evolution and symbiont replacement shaped the symbiosis between adelgids (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and their bacterial symbionts. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:1284-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Macroevolutionary patterns in the Aphidini aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): diversification, host association, and biogeographic origins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24749. [PMID: 21935453 PMCID: PMC3174202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to its biogeographic origins and rapid diversification, understanding the tribe Aphidini is key to understanding aphid evolution. Major questions about aphid evolution include origins of host alternation as well as age and patterns of diversification in relation to host plants. To address these questions, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the Aphidini which contains Aphis, the most diverse genus in the family. We used a combined dataset of one nuclear and four mitochondrial DNA regions. A molecular dating approach, calibrated with fossil records, was used to estimate divergence times of these taxa. Principal Findings Most generic divergences in Aphidini occurred in the Middle Tertiary, and species-level divergences occurred between the Middle and Late Tertiary. The ancestral state of host use for Aphidini was equivocal with respect to three states: monoecy on trees, heteroecy, and monoecy on grasses. The ancestral state of Rhopalosiphina likely included both heteroecy and monoecy, whereas that of Aphidina was most likely monoecy. The divergence times of aphid lineages at the generic or subgeneric levels are close to those of their primary hosts. The species-level divergences in aphids are consistent with the diversification of the secondary hosts, as a few examples suggest. The biogeographic origin of Aphidini as a whole was equivocal, but the major lineages within Aphidina likely separated into Nearctic, Western Palearctic, and Eastern Palearctic regions. Conclusions Most generic divergences in Aphidini occurred in the Middle Tertiary when primary hosts, mainly in the Rosaceae, were diverging, whereas species-level divergences were contemporaneous with diversification of the secondary hosts such as Poaceae in the Middle to Late Tertiary. Our results suggest that evolution of host alternation within Aphidini may have occurred during the Middle Tertiary (Oligocene) when the secondary hosts emerged.
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Bacteriocyte-associated gammaproteobacterial symbionts of the Adelges nordmannianae/piceae complex (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). ISME JOURNAL 2011; 6:384-96. [PMID: 21833037 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adelgids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Adelgidae) are known as severe pests of various conifers in North America, Canada, Europe and Asia. Here, we present the first molecular identification of bacteriocyte-associated symbionts in these plant sap-sucking insects. Three geographically distant populations of members of the Adelges nordmannianae/piceae complex, identified based on coI and ef1alpha gene sequences, were investigated. Electron and light microscopy revealed two morphologically different endosymbionts, coccoid or polymorphic, which are located in distinct bacteriocytes. Phylogenetic analyses of their 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences assigned both symbionts to novel lineages within the Gammaproteobacteria sharing <92% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with each other and showing no close relationship with known symbionts of insects. Their identity and intracellular location were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the names 'Candidatus Steffania adelgidicola' and 'Candidatus Ecksteinia adelgidicola' are proposed for tentative classification. Both symbionts were present in all individuals of all investigated populations and in different adelgid life stages including eggs, suggesting vertical transmission from mother to offspring. An 85 kb genome fragment of 'Candidatus S. adelgidicola' was reconstructed based on a metagenomic library created from purified symbionts. Genomic features including the frequency of pseudogenes, the average length of intergenic regions and the presence of several genes which are absent in other long-term obligate symbionts, suggested that 'Candidatus S. adelgidicola' is an evolutionarily young bacteriocyte-associated symbiont, which has been acquired after diversification of adelgids from their aphid sister group.
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Wallin KF, Latty TM, Ross DW. Orientation behavior of the predator Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) to hemlock woolly adelgid and host tree odors in a multi-chambered olfactometer. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:864-872. [PMID: 22251687 DOI: 10.1603/en10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the adult ambulatory response of the predator, Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), to odors from its prey, Adelges tsugae Annand, the hemlock woolly adelgid, and foliage of hemlock woolly adelgid, host hemlocks (Tsuga spp.), and other conifers. Both the predator and hemlock woolly adelgid are apparently native to western North America, but the predator is being released in the eastern United States, which has different hemlock species, for biological control of a lineage of hemlock woolly adelgid inadvertently introduced from Japan. L. nigrinus responded to odors from hemlock woolly adelgid host trees, but not to odors from hemlock woolly adelgid. L. nigrinus collected from hemlock woolly adelgid-infested western hemlock were more strongly attracted to odors from western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Rafinesque) Sargent] than eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière] in most trials. Odors from western white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don) and white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] were as attractive as western hemlock odors whereas odors from Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii variety menziesii (Mirbel)] and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson) were avoided. L. nigrinus reared on hemlock woolly adelgid-infested eastern hemlock in the laboratory were lethargic and were not attracted to either eastern or western hemlock odors. Predators collected in the field and tested monthly from December to March responded similarly each month, except February, when they flew rather than walked in the olfactometer, suggesting a period of dispersal or mate finding at that time of year. The implications of these results for programs to release L. nigrinus in the eastern United States for control of hemlock woolly adelgid are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly F Wallin
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, VT 05403, USA.
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Joseph SV, Braman SK, Hanula JL. Effects of fertilization of four hemlock species on Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) growth and feeding preference of predators. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:288-298. [PMID: 21404870 DOI: 10.1603/ec10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how fertilization affects host resistance to hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is important because fertilizers are often used to grow resistant selections to a suitable size for testing. We evaluated four hemlock species (Tsuga) under three different fertilizer regimes to assess whether fertility affected resistance to the adelgid and to determine whether it affected feeding preferences of the adelgid predators Laricobius nigrinus Fender and Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Sasaji & McClure). Treatments were long-term fertilization (from June 2008 to June 2009), short-term fertilization (from March to June 2009), and no fertilizer. Fertilizer was applied biweekly with 240 ppm N by using water-soluble fertilizer (N-P-K, 20:20:20). Plants (>1 yr old) were artificially infested with adelgids on 31 March 2009. Among unfertilized hemlocks (n=10 per species), foliar N was highest in Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) CarriBre and lowest in T. chinensis (Franch.) E. Pritz. Significantly more progredien ovisacs or sisten eggs were present on T. mertensiana than on the other hemlock species with none on unfertilized T. chinensis. A. tsugae adults on T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. were unaffected by fertility, but densities of developing A. tsugae nymphs were higher on unfertilized T. heterophylla plants than on fertilized T. heterophylla plants regardless of fertilizer treatment. Both L. nigrinus and S. tsugae consumed more adelgid eggs that developed on fertilized T. canadensis than from unfertilized plants. The predators did not exhibit this preference for adelgid eggs from females that developed on T. heterophylla or T. mertensiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Joseph
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA.
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Ito K, Nishikawa H, Shimada T, Ogawa K, Minamiya Y, Tomoda M, Nakahira K, Kodama R, Fukuda T, Arakawa R. Analysis of genetic variation and phylogeny of the predatory bug, Pilophorus typicus, in Japan using mitochondrial gene sequences. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:18. [PMID: 21526929 PMCID: PMC3281367 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pilophorus typicus (Distant) (Heteroptera: Miridae) is a predatory bug occurring in East, Southeast, and South Asia. Because the active stages of P. typicus prey on various agricultural pest insects and mites, this species is a candidate insect as an indigenous natural enemy for use in biological control programs. However, the mass releasing of introduced natural enemies into agricultural fields may incur the risk of affecting the genetic integrity of species through hybridization with a local population. To clarify the genetic characteristics of the Japanese populations of P. typicus two portions of the mitochondrial DNA, the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) (534 bp) and the cytochrome B (cytB) (217 bp) genes, were sequenced for 64 individuals collected from 55 localities in a wide range of Japan. Totals of 18 and 10 haplotypes were identified for the COI and cytB sequences, respectively (25 haplotypes over regions). Phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method revealed the existence of two genetically distinct groups in P. typicus in Japan. These groups were distributed in different geographic ranges: one occurred mainly from the Pacific coastal areas of the Kii Peninsula, the Shikoku Island, and the Ryukyu Islands; whereas the other occurred from the northern Kyushu district to the Kanto and Hokuriku districts of mainland Japan. However, both haplotypes were found in a single locality of the southern coast of the Shikoku Island. COI phylogeny incorporating other Pilophorus species revealed that these groups were only recently differentiated. Therefore, use of a certain population of P. typicus across its distribution range should be done with caution because genetic hybridization may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Ito
- JST Innovation Satellite Kochi; Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782–8502, Japan
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
| | - Takuji Shimada
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
| | - Yukio Minamiya
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tomoda
- JST Innovation Satellite Kochi; Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782–8502, Japan
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
| | - Kengo Nakahira
- JST Innovation Satellite Kochi; Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782–8502, Japan
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
- Present address: Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University; Higashi-ku, Hakozaki,
Fukuoka 812–8581, Japan
| | - Rika Kodama
- JST Innovation Satellite Kochi; Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782–8502, Japan
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fukuda
- JST Innovation Satellite Kochi; Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782–8502, Japan
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
| | - Ryo Arakawa
- JST Innovation Satellite Kochi; Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782–8502, Japan
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University; Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-
8502, Japan
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Hardy NB, Cook LG. Gall-induction in insects: evolutionary dead-end or speciation driver? BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:257. [PMID: 20735853 PMCID: PMC2939573 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tree of life is significantly asymmetrical - a result of differential speciation and extinction - but general causes of such asymmetry are unclear. Differences in niche partitioning are thought to be one possible general explanation. Ecological specialization might lead to increases in diversification rate or, alternatively, specialization might limit the evolutionary potential of specialist lineages and increase their extinction risk. Here we compare the diversification rates of gall-inducing and non-galling insect lineages. Compared with other insect herbivores feeding on the same host plant, gall-inducing insects feed on plant tissue that is more nutritious and less defended, and they do so in a favorable microhabitat that may also provide some protection from natural enemies. We use sister-taxon comparisons to test whether gall-inducing lineages are more host-specific than non-galling lineages, and more or less diverse than non-gallers. We evaluate the significance of diversity bipartitions under Equal Rates Markov models, and use maximum likelihood model-fitting to test for shifts in diversification rates. Results We find that, although gall-inducing insect groups are more host-specific than their non-galling relatives, there is no general significant increase in diversification rate in gallers. However, gallers are found at both extremes - two gall-inducing lineages are exceptionally diverse (Euurina sawflies on Salicaceae and Apiomorpha scale insects on Eucalytpus), and one gall-inducing lineage is exceptionally species-poor (Maskellia armored scales on Eucalyptus). Conclusions The effect of ecological specialization on diversification rates is complex in the case of gall-inducing insects, but host range may be an important factor. When a gall-inducing lineage has a host range approximate to that of its non-galling sister, the gallers are more diverse. When the non-galler clade has a much wider host range than the galler, the non-galler is also much more diverse. There are also lineage-specific effects, with gallers on the same host group exhibiting very different diversities. No single general model explains the observed pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate B Hardy
- Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Entomology, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia.
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Ahern RG, Hawthorne DJ, Raupp MJ. Phylogeography of a specialist insect, Adelges cooleyi: historical and contemporary processes shape the distribution of population genetic variation. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:343-56. [PMID: 19192184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adelges cooleyi is a host-alternating, gall-making insect native to the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains in western North America. The insect's primary hosts are Picea (spruce) species, and its secondary host is Pseudotsuga menziesii, Douglas fir. To determine whether there are large-scale patterns of genetic variation in this specialist insect, we created molecular phylogenies of geographically separate samples of A. cooleyi using sequence data from two mitochondrial (mtDNA) genes and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Three divergent mtDNA lineages were identified. Analysis of mtDNA and AFLP genetic variation revealed that samples from southeastern Arizona are genetically isolated from all other samples. AFLP data identified possible gene flow between individuals from divergent mtDNA lineages in an area in the central Rocky Mountains. Factors that likely affected divergence within A. cooleyi were identified by comparing our conclusions with well-known changes in the distribution of vegetation in response to glaciations and previous phylogeographical work conducted on this specialist insect's host-plants. In addition to documenting previously unknown patterns of genetic variation in A. cooleyi, our work provides the basis for a testable hypothesis regarding the extent to which the distribution of variation in Picea and Pseudotsuga hosts mediates the distribution of genetic variation for this specialist insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ahern
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 204 Center for Integrated Plant Systems, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Schwander T, Crespi BJ. Twigs on the tree of life? Neutral and selective models for integrating macroevolutionary patterns with microevolutionary processes in the analysis of asexuality. Mol Ecol 2008; 18:28-42. [PMID: 19067799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutral models characterize evolutionary or ecological patterns expected in the absence of specific causal processes, such as natural selection or ecological interactions. In this study, we describe and evaluate three neutral models that can, in principle, help to explain the apparent 'twigginess' of asexual lineages on phylogenetic trees without involving the negative consequences predicted for the absence of recombination and genetic exchange between individuals. Previously, such phylogenetic twiggyness of asexual lineages has been uncritically interpreted as evidence that asexuality is associated with elevated extinction rates and thus represents an evolutionary dead end. Our first model uses simple phylogenetic simulations to illustrate that, with sexual reproduction as the ancestral state, low transition rates to stable asexuality, or low rates of ascertained 'speciation' in asexuals, can generate twiggy distributions of asexuality, in the absence of high extinction rates for asexual lineages. The second model, developed by Janko et al. (2008), shows that a dynamic equilibrium between origins and neutral losses of asexuals can, under some conditions, generate a relatively low mean age of asexual lineages. The third model posits that the risk of extinction for asexual lineages may be higher than that of sexuals simply because asexuals inhabit higher latitudes or altitudes, and not due to effects of their reproductive systems. Such neutral models are useful in that they allow quantitative evaluation of whether empirical data, such as phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns of sex and asexuality, indeed support the idea that asexually reproducing lineages persist over shorter evolutionary periods than sexual lineages, due to such processes as mutation accumulation, slower rates of adaptive evolution, or relatively lower levels of genetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schwander
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada.
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Abstract
The Adelgidae form a small clade of insects within the Aphidoidea (Hemiptera) that includes some of the most destructive introduced pest species threatening North American forest ecosystems. Despite their importance, little is known about their evolutionary history and their taxonomy remains unresolved. Adelgids are cyclically parthenogenetic and exhibit multigeneration complex life cycles. They can be holocyclic, with a sexual generation and host alternation, or anholocyclic, entirely asexual and without host alternation. We discuss adelgid behavior and ecology, emphasizing plant-insect interactions, and we explore ways that the biogeographic history of their host plants may have affected adelgid phylogeny and evolution of adelgid life cycles. Finally, we highlight several areas in which additional research into speciation, population genetics, multitrophic interactions, and life-history evolution would improve our understanding of adelgid biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Havill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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