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Maliuk A, Marghoub A, Williams CJA, Stanley E, Kéver L, Vickaryous M, Herrel A, Evans SE, Moazen M. Comparative analysis of osteoderms across the lizard body. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:3191-3203. [PMID: 38396371 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Osteoderms (ODs) are mineralized tissue embedded within the skin and are particularly common in reptiles. They are generally thought to form a protective layer between the soft tissues of the animal and potential external threats, although other functions have been proposed. The aim of this study was to characterize OD variation across the lizard body. Adults of three lizard species were chosen for this study. After whole body CT scanning of each lizard, single ODs were extracted from 10 different anatomical regions, CT scanned, and characterized using sectioning and nanoindentation. Morphological analysis and material characterization revealed considerable diversity in OD structure across the species investigated. The scincid Tiliqua gigas was the only studied species in which ODs had a similar external morphology across the head and body. Greater osteoderm diversity was found in the gerrhosaurid Broadleysaurus major and the scincid Tribolonotus novaeguineae. Dense capping tissue, like that reported for Heloderma, was found in only one of the three species examined, B. major. Osteoderm structure can be surprisingly complex and variable, both among related taxa, and across the body of individual animals. This raises many questions about OD function but also about the genetic and developmental factors controlling OD shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Maliuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Arsalan Marghoub
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine J A Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Edward Stanley
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Loïc Kéver
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Matthew Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Shea GM. Nomenclature of supra-generic units within the Family Scincidae (Squamata). Zootaxa 2021; 5067:301-351. [PMID: 34810739 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The modern classification of skinks is based on a nomenclature that dates to the 1970s. However, there are a number of earlier names in the family group that have been overlooked by recent workers. These names are identified and their validity with respect to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature investigated, along with their type genera. In most cases, use of these names to supplant junior synonyms in modern day use is avoidable by use of the Reversal of Precedence articles of the Code, but the names remain available in case of future divisions at the tribe and subtribe level. Other names are unavailable due to homonymy, either of their type genera or the stems from similar but non-homonymous type genera. However, the name Egerniini is replaced by Tiliquini, due to a limited timespan of use of Egerniini. A new classification of the Family Scincidae is proposed, providing a more extensive use of Code-regulated levels of classification, including tribes and subtribes, and a detailed synonymy provided for each taxonomic unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Shea
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science B01, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia .
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3
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Weijola V, Vahtera V, Lindqvist C, Kraus F. A molecular phylogeny for the Pacific monitor lizards (Varanus subgenus Euprepiosaurus) reveals a recent and rapid radiation with high levels of cryptic diversity. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We provide a geographically well-sampled, time-calibrated molecular phylogeny for the Pacific monitor lizards (Varanus: subgenus Euprepiosaurus) based on ND4 and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA sequences. Three well-supported clades, or species groups, are retrieved: the Varanus doreanus Group, the V. jobiensis Group and the V. indicus Group. The subgenus is estimated to have originated in the Mid-Miocene, but extant lineage diversification dates from the Late Miocene and Pliocene. A rapid and widespread radiation of the V. indicus Group into the South-West Pacific islands has occurred in the Pleistocene, but colonization onto these islands did not occur in a linear, stepping-stone fashion. Genetically distinct populations – by tradition classified as V. indicus, but seemingly representing distinct species – occur scattered on Tanimbar, several of the Solomon Islands, the Admiralty Islands, the Louisiade Archipelago, Palau and Guam. Our analyses indicate that Varanus jobiensis is a species complex with several divergent lineages that started to separate in the Pliocene and continued in the Pleistocene, the former coinciding with the uplift of the Central Dividing Range on New Guinea. We find that sympatry among species of Euprepiosaurus has not occurred until divergence times of 4.7–5.8 Myr have accrued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Weijola
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Varpu Vahtera
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | - Fred Kraus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Tallowin OJ, Tamar K, Meiri S, Allison A, Kraus F, Richards SJ, Oliver PM. Early insularity and subsequent mountain uplift were complementary drivers of diversification in a Melanesian lizard radiation (Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 125:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Ruane S, Richards SJ, McVay JD, Tjaturadi B, Krey K, Austin CC. Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae). J NAT HIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1391959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ruane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Richards
- Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John D. McVay
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Burhan Tjaturadi
- Center for Environmental Studies, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Keliopas Krey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Papua, Manokwari, Indonesia
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6
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Oliver PM, Travers SL, Richmond JQ, Pikacha P, Fisher RN. At the end of the line: independent overwater colonizations of the Solomon Islands by a hyperdiverse trans-Wallacean lizard lineage (Cyrtodactylus: Gekkota: Squamata). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Oliver
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Scott L Travers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Patrick Pikacha
- Aquatic Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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7
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Toussaint EF, Morinière J, Lam A, Turlin B, FLS MB. Bayesian Poisson tree processes and multispecies coalescent models shed new light on the diversification of Nawab butterflies in the Solomon Islands (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae,Polyura). Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel F.A. Toussaint
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Division of Entomology; Biodiversity Institute; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 USA
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology; Münchhausenstraße 21 81247 Munich Germany
| | - Jérôme Morinière
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology; Münchhausenstraße 21 81247 Munich Germany
| | - Athena Lam
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology; Münchhausenstraße 21 81247 Munich Germany
| | | | - Michael Balke FLS
- SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology; Münchhausenstraße 21 81247 Munich Germany
- GeoBioCenter; Ludwig-Maximilians University; Munich Germany
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8
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Rittmeyer EN, Austin CC. Combined next-generation sequencing and morphology reveal fine-scale speciation in Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:466-83. [PMID: 25470077 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has vast potential to revolutionize the fields of phylogenetics and population genetics through its ability to collect genomic scale data sets of thousands of orthologous loci. Despite this potential, other types of data (e.g. morphology, ecology) remain important, particularly for studies endeavouring to delimit species. Here, we integrate next-generation sequencing with morphology to examine divergence between populations of Tribolonotus pseudoponceleti on the islands of Buka and Bougainville in the Solomon Archipelago. We used the Ion Torrent PGM to collect over 648 Mbp of sequence data for 12 samples, representing 1526 loci recovered from all samples, and 3342 were recovered from at least six samples. Genetic structure analyses strongly support the distinctiveness of these two populations, and Bayes factor delimitations decisively select speciation between Buka and Bougainville. Principal components and discriminant function analyses reveal concordant morphological divergence. Finally, demographic analyses via diffusion approximation and approximate Bayesian computation prefer a complex model of mid-Pleistocene divergence with migration, and a later decrease or cessation of migration and population size shift, suggesting a scenario in which migration was enabled by Pleistocene merging of these two islands, and limited when isolated by higher sea levels. Further analysis of four Sanger sequenced loci in IMa2 had limited power to distinguish among models including and excluding migration, but resulted in similar population size and divergence time estimates, although with much broader confidence intervals. This study represents a framework for how next-generation sequencing and morphological data can be combined and leveraged towards validating putative species and testing demographic scenarios for speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Rittmeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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9
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Lobban KD, Lovegrove BG, Rakotondravony D. The energetics of a Malagasy rodent, Macrotarsomys ingens (Nesomyinae): a test of island and zoogeographical effects on metabolism. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:1077-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Oliver LA, Rittmeyer EN, Kraus F, Richards SJ, Austin CC. Phylogeny and phylogeography of Mantophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) reveals cryptic diversity in New Guinea. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 67:600-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Hagen IJ, Donnellan SC, Bull CM. Phylogeography of the prehensile-tailed skink Corucia zebrata on the Solomon Archipelago. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1220-34. [PMID: 22833796 PMCID: PMC3402196 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogeography of islands is often strongly influenced by prior geological events. Corucia zebrata (Squamata: Scincidae) is endemic to the geologically complex Solomon Archipelago in Northern Melanesia. We examined the level of divergence for different island populations of C. zebrata and discussed these patterns in light of Pleistocene land bridges, island isolation, and island age. Corucia zebrata was sampled from 14 locations across the Solomon Archipelago and sequenced at two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and ND4; 1697 bp in total) and four nuclear loci (rhodopsin, an unknown intron, AKAP9, and PTPN12). Measures of genetic divergence, analyses of genetic variation, and Bayesian phylogenetic inference were used and the data assessed in light of geological information. Populations of C. zebrata on separate islands were found to be genetically different from each other, with reciprocal monophyly on mitochondrial DNA. Populations on islands previously connected by Pleistocene land bridges were marginally less divergent from each other than from populations on other nearby but isolated islands. There are indications that C. zebrata has radiated across the eastern islands of the archipelago within the last 1–4 million years. Nuclear loci were not sufficiently informative to yield further information about the phylogeography of C. zebrata on the Solomon Archipelago. Analyses of the mitochondrial data suggest that dispersal between islands has been very limited and that there are barriers to gene flow within the major islands. Islands that have been isolated during the Pleistocene glacial cycles are somewhat divergent in their mitochondrial genotypes, however, isolation by distance (IBD) and recent colonization of isolated but geologically younger islands appear to have had stronger effects on the phylogeography of C. zebrata than the Pleistocene glacial cycles. This contrasts with patterns reported for avian taxa, and highlights the fact that biogeographic regions for island species cannot be directly extrapolated among taxa of differing dispersal ability.
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12
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Oliver PM, Richards SJ, Sistrom M. Phylogeny and systematics of Melanesia’s most diverse gecko lineage (Cyrtodactylus, Gekkonidae, Squamata). ZOOL SCR 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Rittmeyer EN, Allison A, Gründler MC, Thompson DK, Austin CC. Ecological guild evolution and the discovery of the world's smallest vertebrate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29797. [PMID: 22253785 PMCID: PMC3256195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Living vertebrates vary drastically in body size, yet few taxa reach the extremely minute size of some frogs and teleost fish. Here we describe two new species of diminutive terrestrial frogs from the megadiverse hotspot island of New Guinea, one of which represents the smallest known vertebrate species, attaining an average body size of only 7.7 mm. Both new species are members of the recently described genus Paedophryne, the four species of which are all among the ten smallest known frog species, making Paedophryne the most diminutive genus of anurans. This discovery highlights intriguing ecological similarities among the numerous independent origins of diminutive anurans, suggesting that minute frogs are not mere oddities, but represent a previously unrecognized ecological guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N. Rittmeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Allen Allison
- Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Gründler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Derrick K. Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Austin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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Austin CC, Rittmeyer EN, Oliver LA, Andermann JO, Zug GR, Rodda GH, Jackson ND. The bioinvasion of Guam: inferring geographic origin, pace, pattern and process of an invasive lizard (Carlia) in the Pacific using multi-locus genomic data. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-0014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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