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Wang YH, Engel MS, Rafael JA, Wu HY, Rédei D, Xie Q, Wang G, Liu XG, Bu WJ. Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda). Sci Rep 2016; 6:38939. [PMID: 27958352 PMCID: PMC5154178 DOI: 10.1038/srep38939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecta s. str. (=Ectognatha), comprise the largest and most diversified group of living organisms, accounting for roughly half of the biodiversity on Earth. Understanding insect relationships and the specific time intervals for their episodes of radiation and extinction are critical to any comprehensive perspective on evolutionary events. Although some deeper nodes have been resolved congruently, the complete evolution of insects has remained obscure due to the lack of direct fossil evidence. Besides, various evolutionary phases of insects and the corresponding driving forces of diversification remain to be recognized. In this study, a comprehensive sample of all insect orders was used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and estimate deep divergences. The phylogenetic relationships of insect orders were congruently recovered by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses. A complete timescale of divergences based on an uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model was established among all lineages of winged insects. The inferred timescale for various nodes are congruent with major historical events including the increase of atmospheric oxygen in the Late Silurian and earliest Devonian, the radiation of vascular plants in the Devonian, and with the available fossil record of the stem groups to various insect lineages in the Devonian and Carboniferous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hui Wang
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - José A. Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Caixa Postal 478, 69011-970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hao-yang Wu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dávid Rédei
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiao-guang Liu
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wen-jun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
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Bourguignon T, Lo N, Cameron SL, Šobotník J, Hayashi Y, Shigenobu S, Watanabe D, Roisin Y, Miura T, Evans TA. The evolutionary history of termites as inferred from 66 mitochondrial genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:406-21. [PMID: 25389205 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Termites have colonized many habitats and are among the most abundant animals in tropical ecosystems, which they modify considerably through their actions. The timing of their rise in abundance and of the dispersal events that gave rise to modern termite lineages is not well understood. To shed light on termite origins and diversification, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of 48 termite species and combined them with 18 previously sequenced termite mitochondrial genomes for phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses using multiple fossil calibrations. The 66 genomes represent most major clades of termites. Unlike previous phylogenetic studies based on fewer molecular data, our phylogenetic tree is fully resolved for the lower termites. The phylogenetic positions of Macrotermitinae and Apicotermitinae are also resolved as the basal groups in the higher termites, but in the crown termitid groups, including Termitinae + Syntermitinae + Nasutitermitinae + Cubitermitinae, the position of some nodes remains uncertain. Our molecular clock tree indicates that the lineages leading to termites and Cryptocercus roaches diverged 170 Ma (153-196 Ma 95% confidence interval [CI]), that modern Termitidae arose 54 Ma (46-66 Ma 95% CI), and that the crown termitid group arose 40 Ma (35-49 Ma 95% CI). This indicates that the distribution of basal termite clades was influenced by the final stages of the breakup of Pangaea. Our inference of ancestral geographic ranges shows that the Termitidae, which includes more than 75% of extant termite species, most likely originated in Africa or Asia, and acquired their pantropical distribution after a series of dispersal and subsequent diversification events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bourguignon
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen L Cameron
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshinobu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Dai Watanabe
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yves Roisin
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Toru Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Theodore A Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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