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Bechteler J, Schäfer-Verwimp A, Glenny D, Cargill DC, Maul K, Schütz N, von Konrat M, Quandt D, Nebel M. The evolution and biogeographic history of epiphytic thalloid liverworts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 165:107298. [PMID: 34464738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among liverworts, the epiphytic lifestyle is not only present in leafy forms but also in thalloid liverworts, which so far has received little attention in evolutionary and biogeographical studies. Metzgeria, with about 107 species worldwide, is the only genus of thalloid liverworts that comprises true epiphytes. In the present study, we provide the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny, including estimated divergence times and ancestral ranges of this genus. Analyses are based on a plastid marker dataset representing about half of the Metzgeria species diversity. We show for the first time with molecular data that Austrometzgeria is indeed a member of Metzgeria and that two morpho-species M. furcata and M. leptoneura are not monophyletic, but rather represent geographically well-defined clades. Our analyses indicate that Metzgeria started to diversify in the Cretaceous in an area encompassing today's South America and Australasia. Thus, Metzgeria is one of the few known epiphytic liverwort genera whose biogeographic history was directly shaped by Gondwana vicariance. Subsequent dispersal events in the Cenozoic resulted in the colonization of Asia, Africa, North America, and Europe and led to today's worldwide distribution of its species. We also provide the first reliable stem age estimate for Metzgeria due to the inclusion of its sister taxon Vandiemenia in our dating analyses. Additionally, this stem age estimate of about 240 million years most likely marks the starting point of a transition from a terrestrial to an epiphytic lifestyle in thalloid liverworts of the Metzgeriales. We assume that the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution played a key role in the evolution of epiphytic thalloid liverworts similar to that known for leafy liverworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bechteler
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn D-53115, Germany.
| | | | - David Glenny
- Allan Herbarium, Manaaki Whenua, PO Box 69-040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - D Christine Cargill
- Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, (a joint venture between Parks Australia and CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, 2601 ACT, Australia
| | - Karola Maul
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn D-53115, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütz
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matt von Konrat
- Gantz Family Collections Center, Science & Education, Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, U.S.A
| | - Dietmar Quandt
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn D-53115, Germany
| | - Martin Nebel
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn D-53115, Germany
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Clement RA, Saxton NA, Standring S, Arnold PR, Johnson KK, Bybee DR, Bybee SM. Phylogeny, migration and geographic range size evolution of Anax dragonflies (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The genus Anax is a group of cosmopolitan dragonflies noted for its conspicuous migratory behaviours and large size. Here we present the first dated, species-level, multigene, molecular phylogeny for the group to test generic and species-limits, as well as the evolution of migration and range size. Using five mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions (COI, COI/COII, CYTB/ND1, ITS1 and PRMT) from 20 species, we reconstructed a phylogeny of Anax using both a Bayesian and maximum likelihood approach. We found that Anax (including its hypothesized sister group Hemianax) forms a monophyletic group, and that 12 out of 20 species tested positive for monophyly were also monophyletic. The monophyly of several species of Anax is less clear. Migratory behaviour, which is known to occur in at least nine species, is recovered as the ancestral behaviour, which was lost and subsequently gained at least three times. Geographic range size seems to be tightly associated with migratory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Clement
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington,D.C., USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington,D.C. 20052USA
| | - Natalie A Saxton
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB,Provo,UT, USA
| | - Samantha Standring
- Entomology Department, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside,CA92521USA
| | - Preston R Arnold
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan,Texas, USA
| | | | - David R Bybee
- Biology Program, Brigham Young University-Hawaii, 55–220 Kulanui Street,Laie, USA
| | - Seth M Bybee
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB,Provo,UT, USA
- Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo,UT, USA
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Carter BE. The roles of dispersal limitation, climatic niches and glacial history in endemism of the North American bryophyte flora. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1555-1567. [PMID: 34448197 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) tend to have very large geographic ranges, which impedes progress toward understanding the drivers of diversification and extinction. This study aimed to investigate whether North American endemics differ geographically from more widespread species and whether differences in climatic niche or traits related to dispersal and establishment differ between endemics and more widespread species. METHODS All available herbarium records of bryophytes from North America north of Mexico (106 collections) were used. Traits related to dispersal were obtained from the literature. Analyses tested whether range sizes and extents differed between endemics and nonendemics, and whether trait differences were associated with endemism. Climate data were used to determine whether differences in niche breadth are present between endemics and nonendemics, and whether suitable climate for endemics occurs outside North America. RESULTS Nonendemics have range sizes twice as large as endemics and they occur farther north and have greater longitudinal extents. However, they do not have the widest niche breadths and do not differ in spore size (with few exceptions) or sexual condition. Asexual propagules are more prevalent among nonendemics. Climatic models indicate that substantial areas of climate suitable for endemics exist outside of North America. CONCLUSIONS Distributions of endemics and nonendemics are consistent with an important role of glaciation in shaping the North American bryophyte flora. Endemics are not limited to the continent based on a lack of suitable climate elsewhere or by spore size or sexual condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Carter
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA
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Rodrigues ASB, Martins A, Garcia CA, Sérgio C, Porley R, Fontinha S, González-Mancebo J, Gabriel R, Phephu N, Van Rooy J, Dirkse G, Long D, Stech M, Patiño J, Sim-Sim M. Climate-driven vicariance and long-distance dispersal explain the Rand Flora pattern in the liverwort Exormotheca pustulosa (Marchantiophyta). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ‘Rand flora’ is a biogeographical disjunction which refers to plant lineages occurring at the margins of the African continent and neighbouring oceanic archipelagos. Here, we tested whether the phylogeographical pattern of Exormotheca pustulosa Mitt. was the result of vicariance induced by past climatic changes or the outcome of a series of recent long-distance dispersal events. Two chloroplast markers (rps4-trnF region and psbA-trnH spacer) and one nuclear marker (ITS2) were analysed. Phylogenetic and phylogeographical relationships were inferred as well as divergence time estimates and ancestral areas. Exormotheca possibly originated in Eastern Africa during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene while Exormotheca putulosa diversified during the Late Miocene. Three main E. pustulosa groups were found: the northern Macaronesia/Western Mediterranean, the South Africa/Saint Helena and the Cape Verde groups. The major splits among these groups occurred during the Late Miocene/Pliocene; diversification was recent, dating back to the Pleistocene. Climate-driven vicariance and subsequent long-distance dispersal events may have shaped the current disjunct distribution of E. pustulosa that corresponds to the Rand Flora pattern. Colonization of Macaronesia seems to have occurred twice by two independent lineages. The evolutionary history of E. pustulosa populations of Cape Verde warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Bartolomeu Rodrigues
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Natural History and Systematics (NHS) Research Group/MUHNAC – Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anabela Martins
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Natural History and Systematics (NHS) Research Group/MUHNAC – Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - César Augusto Garcia
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Natural History and Systematics (NHS) Research Group/MUHNAC – Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília Sérgio
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Natural History and Systematics (NHS) Research Group/MUHNAC – Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ron Porley
- Cerca dos Pomares, CxP 409M, Aljezur, Portugal
| | - Susana Fontinha
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
- Banco de Germoplasma ISOPlexis, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | | | - Rosalina Gabriel
- cE3c/ABG – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and University of Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Nonkululo Phephu
- Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, PO WITS, South Africa
| | - Jacques Van Rooy
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, PO WITS, South Africa
- National Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gerard Dirkse
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Stech
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Apartado 456, CP 38200, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales & Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuela Sim-Sim
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Natural History and Systematics (NHS) Research Group/MUHNAC – Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica, Lisboa, Portugal
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
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Vigalondo B, Patiño J, Draper I, Mazimpaka V, Shevock JR, Losada-Lima A, González-Mancebo JM, Garilleti R, Lara F. The long journey of Orthotrichum shevockii (Orthotrichaceae, Bryopsida): From California to Macaronesia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211017. [PMID: 30759110 PMCID: PMC6373912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogeography, systematics and taxonomy are complementary scientific disciplines. To understand a species’ origin, migration routes, distribution and evolutionary history, it is first necessary to establish its taxonomic boundaries. Here, we use an integrative approach that takes advantage of complementary disciplines to resolve an intriguing scientific question. Populations of an unknown moss found in the Canary Islands (Tenerife Island) resembled two different Californian endemic species: Orthotrichum shevockii and O. kellmanii. To determine whether this moss belongs to either of these species and, if so, to explain its presence on this distant oceanic island, we combined the evaluation of morphological qualitative characters, statistical morphometric analyses of quantitative traits, and molecular phylogenetic inferences. Our results suggest that the two Californian mosses are conspecific, and that the Canarian populations belong to this putative species, with only one taxon thus involved. Orthotrichum shevockii (the priority name) is therefore recognized as a morphologically variable species that exhibits a transcontinental disjunction between western North America and the Canary Islands. Within its distribution range, the area of occupancy is limited, a notable feature among bryophytes at the intraspecific level. To explain this disjunction, divergence time and ancestral area estimation analyses are carried out and further support the hypothesis of a long-distance dispersal event from California to Tenerife Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vigalondo
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Isabel Draper
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Mazimpaka
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - James R. Shevock
- Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana Losada-Lima
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juana M. González-Mancebo
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ricardo Garilleti
- Departamento de Botánica y Geología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Lara
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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