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Zotz G, Armenia L, Einzmann HJR. A new approach to an old problem: how to categorize the habit of ferns and lycophytes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:513-522. [PMID: 37642212 PMCID: PMC10666995 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Substrate preferences are often treated as species traits and are used to distinguish different habits, i.e. an epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial habit. Such a categorization, however, ignores substantial intraspecific variation. An approach that takes biological variability within a species into account is needed. METHODS We focused on four large genera of ferns and lycophytes and found relevant information in >500 sources, such as online databases, checklists, floras and species descriptions. Translating textual information into a quantitative index, we quantified the propensity to grow on either substrate as a continuous trait for 1475 species. KEY RESULTS Only a minority of species exhibited strict substrate fidelity, but a majority of them showed clear habitat preferences. The relative frequencies of intermediates between strict lithophytes, epiphytes and terrestrials does not support the frequent notion of ecological similarity of the lithophytic and epiphytic habitat. CONCLUSIONS The compiled data are useful immediately for ecological and evolutionary studies with the focal taxa. More importantly, we propose the replacement of the concept of distinct habits with one of gradual differences. This should have a profound impact on any such study with plants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama City 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Lisa Armenia
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Helena J R Einzmann
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Diversity of the Pteridoflora of Montane Northwestern Mexico. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This study compiles and updates the checklist of ferns and lycophytes from the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOc). For this, we revised information on these taxa from regional floristic studies, databases, and herbaria. Our updated list includes 312 species, of which 276 are ferns and 36 are lycophytes integrated into 27 families and 75 genera. The richest families are Pteridaceae (118), Polypodiaceae (31), Selaginellaceae (30), Aspleniaceae (25), and Dryopteridaceae (25). The three most diverse genera were Selaginella (30), Asplenium (25), and Myriopteris (22). The species-rich Mexican states that include the SMOc are Durango (166 species), Chihuahua (149), and Jalisco (146). As in other tropical mountains, species richness in the SMOc is concentrated at the elevation interval of 1500 to 2000 m (236 species). The mid-mountain vegetation forests (Quercus and Pinus-Quercus forests) harbor the most pteridoflora richness (52% of the species). Four species of ferns are listed as threatened in the Mexican Official Norm NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, 17 species are listed in the IUCN, and only one tree ferns are in CITES. The SMOc has a Nearctic affinity, and its fern and lycophyte diversity are lower than in other Mexican Transition Zone mountain chains, such as the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and the Sierra Madre Oriental. Notwithstanding, its biological composition is unique and distinctive. The species number reported in the SMOc represents 31% of the pteridoflora diversity recorded in Mexico.
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León B, Acuña-Tarazona M, Mellado F. Pteridofitas: helechos y licófitos de El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos en el contexto actual. REVISTA PERUANA DE BIOLOGÍA 2022. [DOI: 10.15381/rpb.v29i3.22890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Los helechos y licófitos mencionados en El mundo Vegetal de los Andes peruanos de Weberbauer brindan una breve información de su riqueza y sustento a las observaciones ambientales para cada categoría de su esquema fitogeográfico del Perú. Este estudio actualiza tanto el concepto y características de los pteridofitos mencionados en el capítulo Unidades Sistemáticas, como la nomenclatura de los 126 nombres de los taxones mencionados en la obra. Además, se ofrece una breve historia del estudio del grupo en el Perú, para proveer el contexto de la inclusión de estas plantas por Weberbauer. Y se mencionan las colecciones que Weberbauer realizara del grupo y, en particular, las citadas como ejemplos. Se ofrece un perfil de las tareas por realizar para completar la labor biogeográfica iniciada por Weberbauer.
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Bog M, Inoue M, Klahr A, Fuchs J, Ivanenko Y, Hori K, Horn K, Wilfried Bennert H, Schnittler M. Club-mosses (Diphasiastrum, Lycopodiaceae) from the Far East - Introgression and possible cryptic speciation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 175:107587. [PMID: 35830913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization occurs often in the genus Diphasiastrum (Lycopodiaceae), which corroborates reports for the two other recognized lycophyte families, Isoëtaceae and Selaginellaceae. Here we investigate the case of D. alpinum and D. sitchense from the Russian Far East (Kamchatka). Their hybrid, D. × takedae, was morphologically recognizable in 16 out of 22 accessions showing molecular signatures of hybridization; the remaining accessions displayed the morphology of either D. alpinum (3) or D. sitchense (3). We sequenced markers for chloroplast microsatellites (cp, 175 accessions from Kamchatka) and for the two nuclear markers RPB and LFY (175 and 152 accessions). A selection of 42 accessions, including all hybrid accessions, was analysed via genotyping by sequencing (GBS). We found multiple, but apparently uniparental hybridization, clearly characterized by a deviating group of haplotypes for D. sitchense and all hybrids. All accessions showing molecular signatures of hybridization in nuclear markers revealed the parental haplotype of D. sitchense, however only the LFY marker differentiated between the parent species. GBS, including 69,819 quality-filtered single nucleotid polymorphisms, unambiguously identified the hybrids and revealed introgression to occur. Most of the hybrids were F1, but three turned out to be backcrosses with D. alpinum (one) and with D. sitchense (two). These observations are in contrast to prior findings on three European species and their intermediates where all three hybrids turned out to be independent F1 crosses without evidence of recent backcrossing. In this study, backcrossing was detected, which indicates a limited fertility of the hybrid taxon D. × takedae. A comparison of accessions of Kamchatkian D. alpinum with plants from Europe indicated possible cryptic speciation. Accessions from the Far East had (i) a lower DNA content (7.0 vs. 7.5 pg/2C), (ii) different prevailing cp haplotypes, and (iii) RPB genotypes, and (iv) a clearly different SNP pattern in GBS. Diphasiastrum sitchense and the similar D. nikoënse, for the latter additional accessions from Japan were investigated, appeared as forms of one diverse species, sharing genotypes in both nuclear markers, although chloroplast haplotypes and DNA content show slight variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Maho Inoue
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Klahr
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Yuri Ivanenko
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab, 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kiyotaka Hori
- The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi City, Kochi Prefecture 781-8125, Japan
| | - Karsten Horn
- Büro für angewandte Geobotanik und Landschaftsökologie (BaGL), Frankenstraße 2, D-91077 Dormitz, Germany
| | - H Wilfried Bennert
- Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Schnittler
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Herrera F, Testo WL, Field AR, Clark EG, Herendeen PS, Crane PR, Shi G. A permineralized Early Cretaceous lycopsid from China and the evolution of crown clubmosses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2310-2322. [PMID: 34981832 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lycopodiaceae are one of three surviving families of lycopsids, a lineage of vascular plants with a fossil history dating to at least the Early Devonian or perhaps the Late Silurian (c. 415 Ma). Many fossils have been linked to crown Lycopodiaceae, but the lack of well-preserved material has hindered definitive recognition of this group in the paleobotanical record. New, exceptionally well-preserved permineralized lycopsid fossils from the Early Cretaceous (125.6 ± 1.0 Ma) of Inner Mongolia, China, were examined in detail using acetate peel and micro-computed tomography techniques. The anatomy of extant Lycopodiaceae was analyzed for comparison using fluorescence microscopy. Phylogenetic relationships of the new fossil to extant Lycopodiaceae were evaluated using parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses. Lycopodicaulis oellgaardii gen. et sp. nov. provides the earliest unequivocal and best-documented evidence of crown Lycopodiaceae and Lycopodioideae, based on anatomically-preserved fossil material. Recognition of Lycopodicaulis in Asia during the Early Cretaceous indicates the presence of crown Lycopodiaceae at this time, and striking similarities of stem anatomy with extant species provide a framework for the understanding of the interaction of branching and vascular anatomy in crown-group lycopsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiany Herrera
- Earth Sciences, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Weston L Testo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Ashley R Field
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Qld, 4870, Australia
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter R Crane
- Yale School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Upperville, VA, 20184, USA
| | - Gongle Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Chau JH, Mtsi NIS, Münbergová Z, Greve M, le Roux PC, Mairal M, Le Roux JJ, Dorrington RA, Jansen van Vuuren B. An update on the indigenous vascular flora of sub-Antarctic Marion Island: taxonomic changes, sequences for DNA barcode loci, and genome size data. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xu M, Heidmarsson S, de Boer HJ, Kool A, Olafsdottir ES. Ethnopharmacology of the club moss subfamily Huperzioideae (Lycopodiaceae, Lycopodiophyta): A phylogenetic and chemosystematic perspective. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112130. [PMID: 31376517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The most speciose subfamily Huperzioideae (Lycopodiaceae, Lycopodiophyta) contains about 276 species, and some (ca. 20 species) have traditionally been used for the treatment of e.g., dementia, rheumatism and traumatic injury. Ethnopharmacological studies have also contributed to the development of huperzine A as a drug lead, a compound first isolated from the club moss Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trevis. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review, with a phylogenetic and chemosystematic perspective, intends to highlight plant identification challenges in these taxa with examples from club moss phytochemical and ethnopharmacological studies, as these lead to data inconsistency and confusion. We suggest that future studies should include more details on plant identification including for example plant specimen images and DNA barcoding data. An integrative approach combining DNA barcoding and chemical fingerprinting is also introduced. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature concerning ethnopharmacology and chemosystematics of Huperzioideae club mosses was searched from databases, e.g. PubMed, Web of Science, SciFinder, etc. Plant names were retrieved from original publications, and compared with up-to-date taxonomic and phylogenetic status. Ethnobotanical uses and herbal preparations were summarized. Production of certain pharmaceutically interesting compounds, such as the alkaloid huperzine A, was explored in a phylogenetic context. RESULTS Most traditionally used club mosses are associated with psychoactivity, followed by medicinal uses against rheumatism and traumatic injury. Herbs are often prepared as infusions, decoctions or tinctures, and this implies importance of water- or aqueous-alcohol-soluble substances, such as alkaloids. Most ethnopharmacological papers on club mosses need to update or correct plant names according to recent taxonomic nomenclature, and there are still a number of unidentified species with traditional use. Advanced LC-MS chemical profiling techniques, enable distinction of genotypes of the same species as well as annotation of potential chemotaxonomic markers. In combination with DNA barcoding, chemosystematics could also help us select plant taxa with higher pharmaceutical potential. Caution should be taken when interpreting bioassay results, in terms of compounds or extract preparation and bioassay standardization. CONCLUSION Huperzioideae club mosses have interesting pharmaceutical potential supported by ethnopharmacological investigations. Bioprospecting of these plants should be preceded by careful plant identification to produce consistent and reproducible data. We expect that DNA barcoding and LC-MS-based chemical fingerprinting could facilitate and improve ethnopharmaceutical studies in selection of club moss taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonian Xu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Starri Heidmarsson
- Akureyri Division, Icelandic Institute of Natural History, IS-600, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anneleen Kool
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
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Identification of a Huperzine A-producing endophytic fungus from Phlegmariurus taxifolius. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:489-495. [PMID: 31659691 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly prized huperzine A (Hup A), a natural alkaloid formerly isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Huperzia serrata, has been widely used for the treatment of Alzheimer disease, inspiring us to search for endophytic fungi that produce this compound. In this study, we obtained the C17 fungus isolate from the Mexican club moss Phlegmariurus taxifolius, which produced a yield of 3.2 μg/g Hup A in mycelial dry weight, when cultured in potato dextrose broth medium. The C17 isolate was identified as belonging to the genus Fusarium with reference to the colony´s morphological characteristics and the presence of macroconidia and microconidia structures; and this was confirmed by DNA-barcoding analysis, by amplifying and sequencing the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (rITS).
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Xu M, Eiriksson FF, Thorsteinsdottir M, Heidmarsson S, Omarsdottir S, Olafsdottir ES. Alkaloid fingerprinting resolves Huperzia selago genotypes in Iceland. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Testo WL, Sessa E, Barrington DS. The rise of the Andes promoted rapid diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:604-613. [PMID: 30326543 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropical mountains are disproportionately biodiverse relative to their surface area, but the processes underlying their exceptional diversity require further study. Here, we use comparative phylogenetic methods to examine the impact of the Andean orogeny on the diversification of Neotropical Phlegmariurus, a species-rich lycophyte clade. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of 105 species of Neotropical Phlegmariurus and estimated lineage diversification rates. We tested for correlations between lineage diversification rates and species range size, niche breadth, elevational range amplitude, and mean elevation of occurrence. A recently developed macroevolutionary model was used to incorporate geological data and test for an association between diversification rates and the Andean uplift. Diversification rates of Neotropical Phlegmariurus are negatively correlated with species range size and positively correlated with mean elevation of species occurrence. The rise of the Andes is strongly associated with increased rates of diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus during the last 10 Myr. Our study demonstrates the importance of mountain-building events and geographical isolation of alpine populations as drivers of rapid diversification, even in spore-dispersed plants. This work also highlights the usefulness of combined phylogenetic, geological and ecological datasets, and the promise of comparative environment-dependent diversification models in better understanding the evolutionary origins of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston L Testo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Emily Sessa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David S Barrington
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Field AR. Phlegmariurusvanuatuensis (Huperzioideae, Lycopodiaceae) a new species from Vanuatu, re-circumscription of P.nummulariifolius and new combinations in Phlegmariurus. PHYTOKEYS 2018; 109:53-66. [PMID: 30337832 PMCID: PMC6189223 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.109.29359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phlegmariurusvanuatuensis A.R.Field is described as a new species for plants endemic to the islands of Vanuatu that were previously identified with P.nummulariifolius (Blume) Ching. The Vanuatuan species differs from the widespread Asian-Oceanian species in several characteristics, most notably its acutely divergent leaf arrangement and thicker less branched fertile spikes. Phlegmariurusnummulariifolius is here re-circumscribed as plants occurring in Asia and into Oceania as far east as the Solomon Islands, being replaced eastwards by P.vanuatuensis. In addition, new nomenclatural combinations are made for Phlegmariurusaustralis, a species from Polynesia and for Phlegmariuruscopelandianus, a species from Malesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Raymond Field
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens, Mt Cooth-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, AustraliaQueensland HerbariumToowongAustralia
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4878, AustraliaJames Cook UniversityCairnsAustralia
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