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van Mazijk R, West AG, Verboom GA, Elliott TL, Bureš P, Muasya AM. Genome size variation in Cape schoenoid sedges (Schoeneae) and its ecophysiological consequences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16315. [PMID: 38695147 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Increases in genome size in plants-often associated with larger, low-density stomata and greater water-use efficiency (WUE)-could affect plant ecophysiological and hydraulic function. Variation in plant genome size is often due to polyploidy, having occurred repeatedly in the austral sedge genus Schoenus in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), while species in the other major schoenoid genus in the region, Tetraria, have smaller genomes. Comparing these genera is useful as they co-occur at the landscape level, under broadly similar bioclimatic conditions. We hypothesized that CFR Schoenus have greater WUE, with lower maximum stomatal conductance (gwmax) imposed by larger, less-dense stomata. METHODS We investigated relationships between genome size and stomatal parameters in a phylogenetic context, reconstructing a phylogeny of CFR-occurring Schoeneae (Cyperaceae). Species' stomatal and functional traits were measured from field-collected and herbarium specimens. Carbon stable isotopes were used as an index of WUE. Genome size was derived from flow-cytometric measurements of leafy shoots. RESULTS Evolutionary regressions demonstrated that stomatal size and density covary with genome size, positively and negatively, respectively, with genome size explaining 72-75% of the variation in stomatal size. Larger-genomed species had lower gwmax and C:N ratios, particularly in culms. CONCLUSIONS We interpret differences in vegetative physiology between the genera as evidence of more-conservative strategies in CFR Schoenus compared to the more-acquisitive Tetraria. Because Schoenus have smaller, reduced leaves, they likely rely more on culm photosynthesis than Tetraria. Across the CFR Schoeneae, ecophysiology correlates with genome size, but confounding sources of trait variation limit inferences about causal relationships between traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan van Mazijk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- C4 EcoSolutions, Tokai, Cape Town, 7945, South Africa
| | - Adam G West
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - G Anthony Verboom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Tammy L Elliott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - A Muthama Muasya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
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Brožová V, Proćków J, Záveská Drábková L. Toward finally unraveling the phylogenetic relationships of Juncaceae with respect to another cyperid family, Cyperaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 177:107588. [PMID: 35907594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Juncaceae is a cosmopolitan family belonging to the cyperid clade of Poales together with Cyperaceae and Thurniaceae. These families have global economic and ethnobotanical significance and are often keystone species in wetlands around the world, with a widespread cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and arctic regions in both hemispheres. Currently, Juncaceae comprises more than 474 species in eight genera: Distichia, Juncus, Luzula, Marsippospermum, Oreojuncus, Oxychloë, Patosia and Rostkovia. The phylogeny of cyperids has not been studied before in a complex view based on most sequenced species from all three families. In this study, most sequenced regions from chloroplast (rbcL, trnL, trnL-trnF) and nuclear (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) genomes were employed from more than a thousand species of cyperids covering all infrageneric groups from their entire distributional range. We analyzed them by maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference to revise the phylogenetic relationships in Juncaceae and Cyperaceae. Our major results include the delimitation of the most problematic paraphyletic genus Juncus, in which six new genera are recognized and proposed to recover monophyly in this group: Juncus, Verojuncus, gen. nov., Juncinella, gen. et stat. nov., Alpinojuncus, gen. nov., Australojuncus, gen. nov., Boreojuncus, gen. nov. and Agathryon, gen. et stat. nov. For these genera, a new category, Juncus supragen. et stat. nov., was established. This new classification places most groups recognized within the formal Juncus clade into natural genera that are supported by morphological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorie Brožová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Kożuchowska 7a, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lenka Záveská Drábková
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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Griffiths M, Ralimanana H, Rakotonasolo F, Larridon I. A monograph of the African and Madagascan species of Cyperus sect. Incurvi (Cyperaceae). KEW BULLETIN 2022; 77:819-850. [PMID: 36320639 PMCID: PMC9607776 DOI: 10.1007/s12225-022-10058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyperus sect. Incurvi (Cyperaceae) contains 31 species worldwide, with important continental radiations in Australasia, Tropical Africa and Madagascar, and the Neotropics. Here, a monograph of the African and Madagascan species of Cyperus sect. Incurvi is presented, including descriptions, illustrations, synonymy, notes on habitat and ecology, geographic distribution ranges and conservation assessments. Our results identify eight species of Cyperus sect. Incurvi endemic to Madagascar, and a further three species native to Tropical Africa. Seven species of Cyperus sect. Incurvi have been typified herein. Six rare Madagascan endemics are assessed as threatened with extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Griffiths
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Hélène Ralimanana
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Lot II J 131 B Ambodivoanjo, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
- University of Antananarivo, B.P. 906, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Franck Rakotonasolo
- Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, BP 4096, Rue Kasanga, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Isabel Larridon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE UK
- Department of Biology, Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Lab, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Muasya AM, Larridon I. Delimiting the genera of the Ficinia Clade (Cypereae, Cyperaceae) based on molecular phylogenetic data. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10737. [PMID: 33569253 PMCID: PMC7845527 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generic delimitations in the Ficinia Clade of tribe Cypereae are revisited. In particular, we aim to establish the placement of annual species currently included in Isolepis of which the phylogenetic position is uncertain. Phylogenetic inference is based on two nuclear markers (ETS, ITS) and five plastid markers (the genes matK, ndhF, rbcL and rps16, the trnL intron and trnL-F spacer) data, analyzed using model based methods. Topologies based on nuclear and plastid data show incongruence at the backbone. Therefore, the results are presented separately. The monophyly of the smaller genera (Afroscirpoides, Dracoscirpoides, Erioscirpus, Hellmuthia, Scirpoides) is confirmed. However, Isolepis is paraphyletic as Ficinia is retrieved as one of its clades. Furthermore, Ficinia is paraphyletic if I. marginata and allies are excluded. We take a pragmatic approach based on the nuclear topology, driven by a desire to minimize taxonomic changes, to recircumscribe Ficinia to include the annual Isolepis species characterized by cartilaginous glumes and formally include all the Isolepis species inferred outside the core Isolepis clade. Consequently, the circumscription of Isolepis is narrowed to encompass only those species retrieved as part of the core Isolepis clade. Five new combinations are made (Ficinia neocapensis, Ficinia hemiuncialis, Ficinia incomtula, Ficinia leucoloma, Ficinia minuta). We present nomenclatural summary at genus level, identification keys and diagnostic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muthama Muasya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Isabel Larridon
- Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.,Department of Biology, Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Lab, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Bourles A, Guentas L, Charvis C, Gensous S, Majorel C, Crossay T, Cavaloc Y, Burtet-Sarramegna V, Jourand P, Amir H. Co-inoculation with a bacterium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves root colonization, plant mineral nutrition, and plant growth of a Cyperaceae plant in an ultramafic soil. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:121-131. [PMID: 31900591 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ecological restoration of nickel mining-degraded areas in New Caledonia is strongly limited by low availability of soil mineral nutrients, metal toxicity, and slow growth rates of native plant species. In order to improve plant growth for restoration programs, special attention was paid to interactions between plant and soil microorganisms. In this study, we evaluated the influence of inoculation with Curtobacterium citreum BE isolated from a New Caledonian ultramafic soil on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and growth of Tetraria comosa, an endemic sedge used in restoration programs. A greenhouse experiment on ultramafic substrate was conducted with an inoculum comprising two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species isolated from New Caledonian ultramafic soils: Rhizophagus neocaledonicus and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. The effects on plant growth of the AMF and C. citreum BE inoculated separately were not significant, but their co-inoculation significantly enhanced the dry weight of T. comosa compared with the non-inoculated control. These differences were positively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization which was improved by C. citreum BE. Compared with the control, co-inoculated plants were characterized by better mineral nutrition, a higher Ca/Mg ratio, and lower metal translocation. However, for Ca/Mg ratio and metal translocation, there were no significant differences between the effects of AMF inoculation and co-inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bourles
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Linda Guentas
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France.
- Laboratoire MAPIEM EA 4323, SeaTech-Ecole d'ingénieurs, Université de Toulon, BP 20132, 83957, La Garde Cedex, France.
| | - César Charvis
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Simon Gensous
- Equipe ARBOREAL, groupe EcoRCE, Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, BP 73, Port-Laguerre, 98890, Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Clarisse Majorel
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Thomas Crossay
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Yvon Cavaloc
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Valérie Burtet-Sarramegna
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Philippe Jourand
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM UMR040), Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-82/J, F-34398 Cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Hamid Amir
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, 98851, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
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Larridon I, Rabarivola L, Xanthos M, Muasya AM. Revision of the Afro-Madagascan genus Costularia (Schoeneae, Cyperaceae): infrageneric relationships and species delimitation. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6528. [PMID: 30834188 PMCID: PMC6397637 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent molecular phylogenetic study revealed four distinct evolutionary lineages in the genus Costularia s.l. (Schoeneae, Cyperaceae, Poales). Two lineages are part of the Oreobolus clade of tribe Schoeneae: the first being a much-reduced genus Costularia s.s., and the second a lineage endemic to New Caledonia for which a new genus Chamaedendron was erected. The other two lineages were shown to be part of the Tricostularia clade of tribe Schoeneae. Based on morphological and molecular data, the genus Costularia is here redelimited to represent a monophyletic entity including 15 species, which is restricted in distribution to southeastern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe), Madagascar, the Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius), and the Seychelles (Mahé). Molecular phylogenetic data based on two nuclear markers (ETS, ITS) and a chloroplast marker (trnL-F) resolve the studied taxa as monophyletic where multiple accessions could be included (except for Costularia laxa and Costularia purpurea, which are now considered conspecific), and indicate that the genus dispersed once to Africa, twice to the Mascarenes, and once to the Seychelles. Two endemic species from Madagascar are here described and illustrated as new to science, as is one additional species endemic to La Réunion. Two taxa previously accepted as varieties of Costularia pantopoda are here recognised at species level (Costularia baronii and Costularia robusta). We provide a taxonomic revision including an identification key, species descriptions and illustrations, distribution maps and assessments of conservation status for all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Larridon
- Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.,Deparment of Biology, Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Lab, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Martin Xanthos
- Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - A Muthama Muasya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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