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Ibrahim YE, Al-Saleh MA, Widyawan A, El Komy MH, Al Dhafer HM, Brown JK. Identification and Distribution of the ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Asian Citrus Psyllid Pathosystem in Saudi Arabia. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1083-1092. [PMID: 37953230 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-23-1460-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Citrus greening disease was first reported in Saudi Arabia during the 1970s when characteristic foliar and fruit symptoms were observed in commercial citrus groves. However, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) was not detected in symptomatic trees until 1981 to 1984 when CLas-like cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy in leaves collected from symptomatic citrus groves in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Despite the anticipated establishment of the CLas-Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) pathosystem, CLas presence has not been verified in suspect trees nor have ACP infestations been documented. Given the recent expansion of citrus production in Saudi Arabia, a systematic country-wide survey was carried out to determine the potential CLas distribution in the 13 citrus-growing regions of the country. Citrus trees were surveyed for the presence of CLas-psyllid vector(s) and characteristic disease symptoms in commercial and urban citrus trees. Adult psyllids collected from infested citrus trees were identified as ACP based on morphological characteristics. Real-time quantitative PCR amplification (qPCR) of the CLas β-subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) gene from citrus leaf and fruit samples and/or ACP adults revealed that trees were positive for CLas detection in 10 of the 13 survey regions; however, CLas was undetectable in ACP adults. Phylogenetic and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses of a PCR-amplified, cloned fragment of the CLas 16S rRNA gene (∼1.1 kbp) indicated Saudi Arabian isolates were most closely related to Florida, U.S.A., isolates. Analysis of climate variables indicated that the distribution of the ACP-CLas pathosystem observed in Saudi Arabia was consistent with published predictions of terrains most likely to support establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser E Ibrahim
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Bacterial Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Al-Saleh
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arya Widyawan
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud H El Komy
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hathal M Al Dhafer
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
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Jiang S, Li Z, Li J, Xu K, Ye Y. Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Eight Populations of Nerita yoldii along the Coast of China Based on Mitochondrial COI Gene. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:718. [PMID: 38473102 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nerita yoldii is a euryhaline species commonly found in the intertidal zone. To investigate the genetic diversity of 233 N. yoldii individuals from eight locations along the coast of China, we utilized the mitochondrial COI gene as a molecular marker. A total of 34 haplotypes were detected, exhibiting a mean haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.5915 and a mean nucleotide diversity (Pi) of 0.0025, indicating high levels of genetic diversity among all populations. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the primary source of genetic variation occurs within populations. In addition, neutral tests and mismatch analyses suggested that N. yoldii populations may have experienced bottleneck events. Moderate genetic differentiation was observed between Xiapu and other populations, excluding the Taizhou population, and may be attributed to the ocean currents. Intensively studying the genetic variation and population structure of N. yoldii populations contributes to understanding the current population genetics of N. yoldii in the coastal regions of China. This not only provides a reference for the study of other organisms in the same region but also lays the foundation for the systematic evolution of the Neritidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senping Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources for Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Jiji Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Kaida Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources for Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yingying Ye
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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Ibrahim YE, Paredes-Montero JR, Al-Saleh MA, Widyawan A, He R, El Komy MH, Al Dhafer HM, Kitchen N, Gang DR, Brown JK. Characterization of the Asian Citrus Psyllid-‘Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus’ Pathosystem in Saudi Arabia Reveals Two Predominant CLas Lineages and One Asian Citrus Psyllid Vector Haplotype. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101991. [PMID: 36296267 PMCID: PMC9610752 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saudi Arabia (SA), the citrus greening disease is caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri. The origin and route(s) of the ACP-CLas pathosystem invasion in SA have not been studied. Adult ACP were collected from citrus trees in SA and differentiated by analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) and nuclear copper transporting protein (atox1) genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the Wolbachia spp. surface protein (wsp) gene was used to identify the ACP-associated Wolbachia spp. A phylogenetic analysis of the atox1 and mtCOI gene sequences revealed one predominant ACP haplotype most closely related to the Indian subcontinent founder populations. The detection and identification of CLas in citrus trees were carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. The CLas-integrated prophage genomes were sequenced, annotated, and used to differentiate CLas populations. The ML and ASTRAL trees reconstructed with prophages type 1 and 2 genome sequences, separately and concatenated, resolved two major lineages, CLas-1 and -2. The CLas-1 clade, reported here for the first time, consisted of isolates from SA isolates and Pakistan. The CLas-2 sequences formed two groups, CLas-2-1 and -2-2, previously the ‘Asiatic’ and ‘Floridian’ strains, respectively. Members of CLas-2-1 originated from Southeast Asia, the USA, and other worldwide locations, while CLas-2-2 was identified only in Florida. This study provides the first snapshot into the status of the ACP-CLas pathosystem in SA. In addition, the results provide new insights into the pathosystem coevolution and global invasion histories of two ACP-CLas lineages with a predicted center of origin in South and Southeast Asia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser E. Ibrahim
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Jorge R. Paredes-Montero
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI 48710, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Saleh
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arya Widyawan
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruifeng He
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mahmoud H. El Komy
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hathal M. Al Dhafer
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noel Kitchen
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David R. Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Chen XD, Neupane S, Gill TA, Gossett H, Pelz-Stelinski KS, Stelinski LL. Comparative transcriptome analysis of thiamethoxam susceptible and resistant Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), using RNA-sequencing. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1708-1720. [PMID: 33475237 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), transmits the causal pathogen of huanglongbing and is a global pest of citrus. D. citri populations exhibit resistance to multiple insecticide modes of action in areas where these chemicals have been overused. We performed genome-wide transcriptional analysis for two field populations of D. citri (Wauchula and Lake Alfred, Florida, USA) that exhibit 1300-fold resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide, thiamethoxam, and compared it to that of susceptible psyllids collected from the same area and without imposed selection. The Lake Alfred population responded to insecticide resistance by up-regulation of 240 genes and down-regulation of 148 others. The Wauchula population exhibited similar patterns to the Lake Alfred population with up-regulation of 253 genes and down-regulation of 115 others. Gene Ontology annotation associated with cellular processes, cell, and catalytic activity were assigned to differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs from Lake Alfred and Wauchula populations were mapped to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes pathways and implicated enrichment of metabolic pathways, oxidative phosphorylation, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and insect hormone biosynthesis in the resistant populations. Up-regulation of 60s ribosomal proteins, UDP-gluscoyltransferases, cytochrome c oxidases, and CYP and ABC transporters among thiamethoxam-resistant D. citri implicates a broad array of novel and conventionally understood resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong Chen
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Surendra Neupane
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Torrence A Gill
- Biology Department, Chowan University, One University Place, Murfreesboro, NC, 27855, USA
| | - Hunter Gossett
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Kirsten S Pelz-Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
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Sudadech P, Roytrakul S, Kaewprasert O, Sirichoat A, Chetchotisakd P, Kanthawong S, Faksri K. Assessment of in vitro activities of novel modified antimicrobial peptides against clarithromycin resistant Mycobacterium abscessus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260003. [PMID: 34780520 PMCID: PMC8592419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is one of the most drug resistant bacteria with a high treatment failure rate. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are alternative therapeutic agents against this infection. This study was aimed to assess the in vitro activities of thirteen AMPs (S5, S52, S6, S61, S62, S63, KLK, KLK1, KLK2, Pug-1, Pug-2, Pug-3 and Pug-4) that have never been investigated against drug resistant Mab isolates. Only four novel modified AMPs (S61, S62, S63 and KLK1) provided the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 200–400 μg/ml against the Mab ATCC19977 strain. These four potential AMPs were further tested with 16 clinical isolates of clarithromycin resistant Mab. The majority of the tested strains (10/16 isolates, 62.5%) showed ~99% kill by all four AMPs within 24 hours with an MIC <50 μg/ml. Only two isolates (12.5%) with acquired clarithromycin resistance, however, exhibited values <50 μg/ml of four potential AMPs, S61, S62, S63 and KLK1 after 3-days-incubation. At the MICs level, S63 showed the lowest toxicity with 1.50% hemolysis and 100% PBMC viability whereas KLK1 showed the highest hemolysis (10.21%) and lowest PBMC viability (93.52%). S61, S62 and S63 were further tested with clarithromycin-AMP interaction assays and found that 5/10 (50%) of selected isolates exhibited a synergistic interaction with 0.02–0.41 FICI values. This present study demonstrated the potential application of novel AMPs as an adjunctive treatment with clarithromycin against drug resistant Mab infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phantitra Sudadech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Orawee Kaewprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Auttawit Sirichoat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ploenchan Chetchotisakd
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sakawrat Kanthawong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kiatichai Faksri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Sirichoat A, Kham-Ngam I, Kaewprasert O, Ananta P, Wisetsai A, Lekphrom R, Faksri K. Assessment of antimycobacterial activities of pure compounds extracted from Thai medicinal plants against clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12391. [PMID: 34760385 PMCID: PMC8555507 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Mycobacterium abscessus is usually chronic and is associated with clarithromycin resistance. Increasing drug resistance is a major public-health problem and has led to the search for new antimycobacterial agents. We evaluated the antimycobacterial activity, toxicity, and synergistic effects of several plant secondary metabolites against M. abscessus. Methods Twenty-three compounds were evaluated for antimycobacterial activity against thirty M. abscessus clinical isolates by broth microdilution to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Toxicity was evaluated using red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs). The compounds were used in combination with clarithromycin to investigate the possibility of synergistic activity. Results Five out of twenty-three compounds (RL008, RL009, RL011, RL012 and RL013) exhibited interesting antimycobacterial activity against M. abscessus, with MIC values ranging from <1 to >128 μg/mL. These extracts did not induce hemolytic effect on RBCs and displayed low toxicity against WBCs. The five least-toxic compounds were tested for synergism with clarithromycin against seven isolates with inducible clarithromycin resistance and seven with acquired clarithromycin resistance. The best synergistic results against these isolates were observed for RL008 and RL009 (8/14 isolates; 57%). Conclusions This study demonstrated antimycobacterial and synergistic activities of pure compounds extracted from medicinal plants against clarithromycin-resistant M. abscessus. This synergistic action, together with clarithromycin, may be effective for treating infections and should be further studied for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auttawit Sirichoat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Irin Kham-Ngam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Orawee Kaewprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pimjai Ananta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Clinical Laboratory Unit, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Awat Wisetsai
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ratsami Lekphrom
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kiatichai Faksri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Qasim M, Xiao H, He K, Omar MAA, Hussain D, Noman A, Rizwan M, Khan KA, Al-Zoubi OM, Alharbi SA, Wang L, Li F. Host-pathogen interaction between Asian citrus psyllid and entomopathogenic fungus (Cordyceps fumosorosea) is regulated by modulations in gene expression, enzymatic activity and HLB-bacterial population of the host. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109112. [PMID: 34153507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The host-pathogen interaction has been explored by several investigations, but the impact of fungal pathogens against insect resistance is still ambiguous. Therefore, we assessed the enzymatic activity and defense-related gene expression of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) nymphal and adult populations on Huanglongbing-diseased citrus plants under the attack of Cordyceps fumosorosea. Overall, five enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), and four genes, namely SOD, 16S, CYP4C68, CYP4BD1, were selected for respective observations from ACP populations. Enzymatic activity of four enzymes (SOD, POD, GST, CarE) was significantly decreased after 5-days post-treatment (dpt) and 3-dpt fungal exposure in fungal treated ACP adult and nymphal populations, respectively, whereas the activity of CAT was boosted substantially post-treatment time schedule. Besides, we recorded drastic fluctuations in the expression of CYP4 genes among fungal treated ACP populations. After 24 hours post-treatment (hpt), expression of both CYP4 genes was boosted in fungal treated populations than controlled populations (adult and nymph). After 3-dpt, however, the expression of CYP4 genes was declined in the given populations. Likewise, fungal attack deteriorated the resistance of adult and nymphal of ACP population, as SOD expression was down-regulated in fungal-treated adult and nymphs after 5-dpt and 3-dpt exposure, respectively. Moreover, bacterial expression via the 16S gene was significantly increased in fungal-treated adult and nymphal ACP populations with increasing post-treatment time. Overall, our data illustrate that the fungal application disrupted the insect defense system. The expression of these genes and enzymes suppress the immune function of adult and nymphal ACP populations. As it is reported first time that the applications of C. fumosorosea against ACP reduce insect resistance by interfering with the CYP4 and SOD system. Therefore, we propose new strategies to discover the role of certain toxic compounds from fungus, which can reduce insect resistance, focusing on resistance-related genes and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Huamei Xiao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Kang He
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Mohamed A A Omar
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dilbar Hussain
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad 38850, Pakistan
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Zaynab M, Peng J, Sharif Y, Fatima M, Albaqami M, Al-Yahyai R, Khan KA, Alotaibi SS, Alaraidh IA, Shaikhaldein HO, Li S. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Germin-Like Proteins Reveal Their Role in Regulating Abiotic Stress Response in Potato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:831140. [PMID: 35251067 PMCID: PMC8891383 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.831140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Germin and germin-like proteins (GLPs) perform a significant role in plants against biotic and abiotic stress. To understand the role of GLPs in potato, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was performed in the potato genome. This study identified a total of 70 StGLPs genes in the potato genome, distributed among 11 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis exhibited that StGLPs were categorized into six groups with high bootstrap values. StGLPs gene structure and motifs analysis showed a relatively well-maintained intron-exon and motif formation within the cognate group. Additionally, several cis-elements in the promoter regions of GLPs were hormones, and stress-responsive and different families of miRNAs target StGLPs. Gene duplication under selection pressure also exhibited positive and purifying selections in StGLPs. In our results, the StGLP5 gene showed the highest expression in response to salt stress among all expressed StGLPs. Totally 19 StGLPs genes were expressed in response to heat stress. Moreover, three genes, StGLP30, StGLP17, and StGLP14, exhibited a relatively higher expression level in the potato after heat treatment. In total, 22 genes expressed in response to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment indicated that ABA performed an essential role in the plant defense or tolerance mechanism to environmental stress. RNA-Seq data validated by RT-qPCR also confirm that the StGLP5 gene showed maximum expression among selected genes under salt stress. Concisely, our results provide a platform for further functional exploration of the StGLPs against salt and heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zaynab
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaofeng Peng
- Instrument Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yasir Sharif
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mahpara Fatima
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Al-Yahyai
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alaraidh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan O. Shaikhaldein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangfei Li,
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Qasim M, Islam SU, Islam W, Noman A, Khan KA, Hafeez M, Hussain D, Dash CK, Bamisile BS, Akutse KS, Rizwan M, Nisar MS, Jan S, Wang L. Characterization of mycotoxins from entomopathogenic fungi (Cordyceps fumosorosea) and their toxic effects to the development of asian citrus psyllid reared on healthy and diseased citrus plants. Toxicon 2020; 188:39-47. [PMID: 33058930 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) produce multiple mycotoxins, which play an essential role in improving fungal pathogenesis and virulence. To characterize various mycotoxins from the crude methanol extract of Cordyceps fumosorosea, a major EPF against various insect pests, we performed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF MS) technique, and all compounds were identified through molecular mass and formulae. Bassianolide was assessed against the nymphs and adults of Diaphorina citri reared on healthy and Huánglóngbìng (HLB)-diseased Citrus spp. Plants under laboratory conditions. Overall, 17 compounds were identified from the fungal extract and categorized into three groups, i.e. (1) alkaloids (Isariotins A-C), (2) peptides (Bassianolide, Beauverolides, Beauvericin A, Isaridins and Destruxin E) and (3) polyketide (Tenuipyrone). The detected beauverolides (B, C, F, I, Ja) from C. fumosorosea were novel mycotoxins, and their detection intensity was the highest in the fungal extract. Furthermore, bassianolide caused more than 70% and 80% mortality of D. citri nymphs and adults after two days of application, respectively. After three days of chemical application, all nymphal and adult populations of D. citri were killed by bassianolide. However, the mortality rates of both populations, nymphs and adults, were higher on HLB-diseased plants as compared to healthy plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Saif Ul Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Waqar Islam
- College of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
| | - Dilbar Hussain
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, 38850, Pakistan
| | - Chandra Kanta Dash
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3300, Bangladesh
| | - Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- Department of Plant Health, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Saad Jan
- Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, 24420, Pakistan
| | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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Sequence polymorphism of the waxy gene in waxy maize accessions and characterization of a new waxy allele. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15851. [PMID: 32985558 PMCID: PMC7522969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Waxy maize has many excellent characteristics in terms of its nutritional and economic value. In recent decades, the waxy maize germplasm has increased dramatically as a result of different selection methods. We collected 200 waxy maize inbred accessions from different origins to study their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships, and to identify new waxy mutations. A simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis revealed wide genetic diversity among the 200 waxy maize accessions. The maize accessions were clustered into three groups. We sequenced the waxy gene from the first to the 14th exon. Nucleotide variation analysis of 167 waxy maize and 14 flint maize lines revealed some nucleotide differences in the waxy gene among different waxy maize groups, and much narrower nucleotide diversity in waxy maize than in flint maize. In a phylogenetic analysis, waxy maize carrying the same mutation allele clustered together, and waxy maize carrying different mutation alleles distributed in different groups; waxy maize was intermixed with flint maize in each branch, and wx-D7 waxy maize separated significantly from waxy maize lines carrying wx-D10, wx-124 and wx-hAT mutant alleles. The wx-hAT was a new waxy mutation identified in this study. It consisted of a 2286-bp transposon inserted into the middle of exon three of the waxy gene. A PCR marker specific for the wx-hAT allele was developed. These results will be useful for the utilization and preservation of the waxy maize germplasm, and the PCR marker has potential uses in waxy maize breeding programs.
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Islam SU, Arif M, Lin W, Islam W, Qasim M, Ali H, Ali H, Khan KA, Ghramh HA, Du Z, Wu Z. Molecular identification of seven new Zygopteran genera from South China through partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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12
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Qasim M, Xiao H, He K, Omar MAA, Liu F, Ahmed S, Li F. Genetic engineering and bacterial pathogenesis against the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104391. [PMID: 32679245 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the main vector of multiple diseases worldwide and transmit viral (malaria, chikungunya, encephalitis, yellow fever, as well as dengue fever), as well as bacterial diseases (tularemia). To manage the outbreak of mosquito populations, various management programs include the application of chemicals, followed by biological and genetic control. Here we aimed to focus on the role of bacterial pathogenesis and molecular tactics for the management of mosquitoes and their vectorial capacity. Bacterial pathogenesis and molecular manipulations have a substantial impact on the biology of mosquitoes, and both strategies change the gene expression and regulation of disease vectors. The strategy for genetic modification is also proved to be excellent for the management of mosquitoes, which halt the development of population via incompatibility of different sex. Therefore, the purpose of the present discussion is to illustrate the impact of both approaches against the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes. Moreover, it could be helpful to understand the relationship of insect-pathogen and to manage various insect vectors as well as diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Huamei Xiao
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation of Jiangxi Province, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Kang He
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mohamed A A Omar
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feiling Liu
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Munawar K, Saleh A, Afzal M, Qasim M, Khan KA, Zafar MI, Khater EI. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of anopheline (Anophelinae: Culicidae) mosquitoes of the Oriental and Afrotropical Zoogeographic zones in Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105494. [PMID: 32330453 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has a diverse fauna due to its peculiar position bordering the Afrotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic zoogeographic zones. The present study reports the phylogenetics of five mosquito species belonging to five series of Anopheles (Cellia) . We collected mosquito larvae from eastern, western and southwestern regions of KSA. The sampled mosquitoes were morphologically identified using the pictorial keys of mosquitoes and characterized by using single and multi-locus analysis of -internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI). Based on the morphological and molecular data, five species were recognized, like An. stephensi (Neocellia) (Oriental), An. arabiensis (Pyretophorus) (Afrotropical), An. dthali (Myzomyia) (Oriental and Palaearctic), An. cinereus (Paramyzomyia) and An. rhodesiensis rupicola (Neomyzomyia) (Oriental and Palaearctic). The phylogenetic analysis showed that An. stephensi is a monophyletic species with different ecotypes found in different geographic regions. Comprehensive phylogenetics and population genetics studies are crucial for a better understanding of the role of these five mosquito species in malarial transmission across various zoogeographic zones of different ecological and demographic characteristics.
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Guz N, Arshad M, Cagatay NS, Dageri A, Ullah MI. Detection of Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) Associated With Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Collected From Citrus reticulata (Sapindales: Rutaceae) and Alternate Host, Cordia myxa (Boraginales: Boraginaceae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1486-1492. [PMID: 32207826 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is an important insect pest of the citrus crop worldwide. It vectors the pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) that causes a serious disease known as citrus greening. Here, we tested the infection frequency of Wolbachia and CLas from 100 D. citri individuals collected from two host plants belonging to families Rutaceae (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Boraginaceae (Cordia myxa L.) using molecular methods. The following trend of endosymbionts infection in adult D. citri was found; 85.4% (35/41) by Wolbachia, and 19.5% (8/41) by CLas collected from C. reticulata plants and 65.4% (17/26) by Wolbachia, and 15.4% (4/26) by CLas in case of C. myxa plant. However, 61.5% (8/13) nymphs collected from C. reticulata and 20.0% (4/20) collected from C. myxa plants were infected by Wolbachia, while no nymph was infected by CLas collected from either host plants. Findings from this work represent the first report of CLas presence in D. citri feeding on C. myxa plants. By studying the presence of CLas with other endosymbiotic bacteria, future basic and applied research to develop control strategies can be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurper Guz
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dıskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dıskapi, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Naciye Sena Cagatay
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dıskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asli Dageri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, Konya, Turkey
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Islam SU, Qasim M, Ali H, Islam W, Arif M, Dash CK, Lin W, Du Z, Wu Z. Genetic diversity of the families Aeshnidae, Gomphidae and Libellulidae through COI gene from South China. Acta Trop 2018; 185:273-279. [PMID: 29890154 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult dragonflies (Anisoptera) were collected from different localities of South China covering eight provinces. Representative sequences were sixty-one, including 16 species, 11 genera and three families (Aeshnidae, Gomphidae and Libellulidae), under cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. After alignment of sequences by BioEdit v6, genetic interaction and divergence were computed by MEGA 7 whereas all the indices of genetic diversity were calculated by DnaSP v5 software. Phylogenetic trees were constructed through Neighbor-Joining method under Jukes-Cantor model, and all species of respective families were assembled with each other into individual groups. Maximum divergence was observed by Trithemis genus (18.69%), followed by Orthetrum genus (18.16%), whereas a minimum value of divergence was noted for Pantala genus (0.31%). On the other hand, maximum genetic diversity was recorded for Orthetrum genus up to 142 mutations, followed by Trithemis genus (126 mutations), while the minimum value (two mutations) was observed for Pantala genus. Genetic diversity for overall and Libellulidae family sequences was much higher, up to 404 mutations and 344 mutations, respectively. Current results suggest a high diversity of odonates in the South China region and results are valuable in gaining a total obligation of the diversity of Asian odonates and conservation measures of this insect group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ul Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Habib Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chandra Kanta Dash
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Wenzhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Zujian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Plant Protection College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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