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Rana SK, Rana HK, Landis JB, Kuang T, Chen J, Wang H, Deng T, Davis CC, Sun H. Pleistocene glaciation advances the cryptic speciation of Stellera chamaejasme L. in a major biodiversity hotspot. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1192-1205. [PMID: 38639466 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The mountains of Southwest China comprise a significant large mountain range and biodiversity hotspot imperiled by global climate change. The high species diversity in this mountain system has long been attributed to a complex set of factors, and recent large-scale macroevolutionary investigations have placed a broad timeline on plant diversification that stretches from 10 million years ago (Mya) to the present. Despite our increasing understanding of the temporal mode of speciation, finer-scale population-level investigations are lacking to better refine these temporal trends and illuminate the abiotic and biotic influences of cryptic speciation. This is largely due to the dearth of organismal sampling among closely related species and populations, spanning the incredible size and topological heterogeneity of this region. Our study dives into these evolutionary dynamics of speciation using genomic and eco-morphological data of Stellera chamaejasme L. We identified four previously unrecognized cryptic species having indistinct morphological traits and large metapopulation of evolving lineages, suggesting a more recent diversification (~2.67-0.90 Mya), largely influenced by Pleistocene glaciation and biotic factors. These factors likely influenced allopatric speciation and advocated cyclical warming-cooling episodes along elevational gradients during the Pleistocene. The study refines the evolutionary timeline to be much younger than previously implicated and raises the concern that projected future warming may influence the alpine species diversity, necessitating increased conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Rana
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, 72401, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hum Kala Rana
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, New York, USA
- BTI Computational Biology Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, 14853, New York, USA
| | - Tianhui Kuang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Juntong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hengchang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Fu PC, Guo QQ, Chang D, Gao QB, Sun SS. Cryptic diversity and rampant hybridization in annual gentians on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau revealed by population genomic analysis. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:194-205. [PMID: 38807911 PMCID: PMC11128845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes involved in population differentiation and speciation provides critical insights into biodiversity formation. In this study, we employed 29,865 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and complete plastomes to examine genomic divergence and hybridization in Gentiana aristata, which is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) region. Genetic clustering revealed that G. aristata is characterized by geographic genetic structures with five clusters (West, East, Central, South and North). The West cluster has a specific morphological character (i.e., blue corolla) and higher values of FST compared to the remaining clusters, likely the result of the geological barrier formed by the Yangtze River. The West cluster diverged from the other clusters in the Early Pliocene; these remaining clusters diverged from one another in the Early Quaternary. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on SNPs and plastid data revealed substantial cyto-nuclear conflicts. Genetic clustering and D-statistics demonstrated rampant hybridization between the Central and North clusters, along the Bayankala Mountains, which form the geological barrier between the Central and North clusters. Species distribution modeling demonstrated the range of G. aristata expanded since the Last Interglacial period. Our findings provide genetic and morphological evidence of cryptic diversity in G. aristata, and identified rampant hybridization between genetic clusters along a geological barrier. These findings suggest that geological barriers and climatic fluctuations have an important role in triggering diversification as well as hybridization, indicating that cryptic diversity and hybridization are essential factors in biodiversity formation within the QTP region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Fu
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, PR China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Guo
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, PR China
| | - Di Chang
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, PR China
| | - Qing-Bo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Sun
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, PR China
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Zhang TT, Yan CL, Qiao JX, Yang AS, Liu ML, Kou YX, Li ZH. Demographic dynamics and molecular evolution of the rare and endangered subsect. Gerardianae of Pinus: insights from chloroplast genomes and mitochondrial DNA markers. PLANTA 2024; 259:45. [PMID: 38281265 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The divergence of subsect. Gerardianae was likely triggered by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains. Pinus bungeana might have probably experienced expansion since Last Interglacial period. Historical geological and climatic oscillations have profoundly affected patterns of nucleotide variability, evolutionary history, and species divergence in numerous plants of the Northern Hemisphere. However, how long-lived conifers responded to geological and climatic fluctuations in East Asia remain poorly understood. Here, based on paternally inherited chloroplast genomes and maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA markers, we investigated the population demographic history and molecular evolution of subsect. Gerardianae (only including three species, Pinus bungeana, P. gerardiana, and P. squamata) of Pinus. A low level of nucleotide diversity was found in P. bungeana (π was 0.00016 in chloroplast DNA sequences, and 0.00304 in mitochondrial DNAs). The haplotype-based phylogenetic topology and unimodal distributions of demographic analysis suggested that P. bungeana probably originated in the southern Qinling Mountains and experienced rapid population expansion since Last Interglacial period. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. gerardiana and P. squamata had closer genetic relationship. The species divergence of subsect. Gerardianae occurred about 27.18 million years ago (Mya) during the middle to late Oligocene, which was significantly associated with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains from the Eocene to the mid-Pliocene. The molecular evolutionary analysis showed that two chloroplast genes (psaI and ycf1) were under positive selection, the genetic lineages of P. bungeana exhibited higher transition and nonsynonymous mutations, which were involved with the strongly environmental adaptation. These findings shed light on the population evolutionary history of white pine species and provide striking insights for comprehension of their species divergence and molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chun-Li Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jin-Xia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ao-Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Mi-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Kou
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhong-Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Fu QL, Mo ZQ, Xiang XG, Milne RI, Jacquemyn H, Burgess KS, Sun YN, Yan H, Qiu L, Yang BY, Tan SL. Plastome phylogenomics and morphological traits analyses provide new insights into the phylogenetic position, species delimitation and speciation of Triplostegia (Caprifoliaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:645. [PMID: 38097946 PMCID: PMC10722739 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Triplostegia contains two recognized species, T. glandulifera and T. grandiflora, but its phylogenetic position and species delimitation remain controversial. In this study, we assembled plastid genomes and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) cistrons sampled from 22 wild Triplostegia individuals, each from a separate population, and examined these with 11 recently published Triplostegia plastomes. Morphological traits were measured from herbarium specimens and wild material, and ecological niche models were constructed. RESULTS Triplostegia is a monophyletic genus within the subfamily Dipsacoideae comprising three monophyletic species, T. glandulifera, T. grandiflora, and an unrecognized species Triplostegia sp. A, which occupies much higher altitude than the other two. The new species had previously been misidentified as T. glandulifera, but differs in taproot, leaf, and other characters. Triplotegia is an old genus, with stem age 39.96 Ma, and within it T. glandulifera diverged 7.94 Ma. Triplostegia grandiflora and sp. A diverged 1.05 Ma, perhaps in response to Quaternary climate fluctuations. Niche overlap between Triplostegia species was positively correlated with their phylogenetic relatedness. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insights into the species delimitation of Triplostegia, and indicate that a taxonomic revision of Triplostegia is needed. We also identified that either rpoB-trnC or ycf1 could serve as a DNA barcode for Triplostegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Li Fu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Zhi-Qiong Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Guo Xiang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Richard I Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin S Burgess
- College of Letters and Sciences, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, GA, 31907-5645, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Sun
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Bo-Yun Yang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Shao-Lin Tan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
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Kou Y, Fan D, Cheng S, Yang Y, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Peripatric speciation within Torreya fargesii (Taxaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains inferred from multi-loci phylogeography. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:74. [PMID: 38087226 PMCID: PMC10714551 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hengduan Mountains (HDM) are one of the major global biodiversity hotspots in the world. Several evolutionary scenarios, especially in-situ diversification, have been proposed to account for the high species richness of temperate plants. However, peripatric speciation, an important mode of allopatric speciation, has seldom been reported in this region. RESULTS Here, two chloroplast DNA regions and 14 nuclear loci were sequenced for 112 individuals from 10 populations of Torreya fargesii var. fargesii and 63 individuals from 6 populations of T. fargesii var. yunnanensis. Population genetic analyses revealed that the two varieties are well differentiated genetically (FST, 0.5765) and have uneven genetic diversity (π, 0.00221 vs. 0.00073 on an average of nuclear loci). The gene genealogical relationship showed that T. fargesii var. yunnanensis is inferred as derived from T. fargesii var. fargesii, which was further supported by the coalescent simulations (DIYABC, fastsimcoal2 and IMa2). By the coalescent simulations, the divergence time (~ 2.50-3.65 Ma) and the weak gene flow between the two varieties were detected. The gene flow was asymmetrical and only occurred in later stages of divergence, which is caused by second contact due to the population expansion (~ 0.61 Ma) in T. fargesii var. fargesii. In addition, niche modeling indicated that the two varieties are differentiated geographically and ecologically and have unbalanced distribution range. CONCLUSIONS Overall, T. fargesii var. fargesii is always parapatric with respect to T. fargesii var. yunnanensis, and the latter derived from the former in peripatry of the HDM following a colonization from central China during the late Pliocene. Our findings demonstrate that peripatric speciation following dispersal events may be an important evolutionary scenario for the formation of biodiversity hotspot of the HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Kou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dengmei Fan
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanmei Cheng
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meixia Wang
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yujin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
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Feng S, Wan W, Li Y, Wang D, Ren G, Ma T, Ru D. Transcriptome-based analyses of adaptive divergence between two closely related spruce species on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and adjacent regions. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:476-491. [PMID: 36320185 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Speciation among populations connected by gene flow is driven by adaptation to different environments, but underlying gene-environment associations remain largely unknown. Here, 162 individuals from 32 populations were sampled to obtain 191,648 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genomes of two closely related spruce species, Picea asperata and Picea crassifolia, which occur on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in surrounding regions. Using the SNP data set, genotype-environment associations and demographic modelling were used to examine local adaptation and genetic divergence between these two species. While morphologically similar, the two Picea species were genetically differentiated in multiple analyses. These species diverged despite continuous gene flow, and their initial divergence was dated back to the late Quaternary. The effective population sizes of both species have expanded since their divergence, as confirmed by niche distribution simulations. A total of 6365 genes were associated with the tested environmental variables; of these, 41 were positively selected in P. asperata and were mainly associated with temperature, while 83 were positively selected in P. crassifolia and were primarily associated with precipitation. These results deepen our understanding of the adaptive divergence and demographic histories of these two spruce species and highlight the importance of genomic data in deciphering the environmental selection underlying Quaternary interspecific divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Wei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - DongLei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangpeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dafu Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Fu PC, Sun SS, Hollingsworth PM, Chen SL, Favre A, Twyford AD. Population genomics reveal deep divergence and strong geographical structure in gentians in the Hengduan Mountains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:936761. [PMID: 36092450 PMCID: PMC9453878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.936761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes driving population differentiation and speciation can provide critical insights into the formation of biodiversity. Here, we examine the link between population genetic processes and biogeographic history underlying the generation of diversity in the Hengduan Mountains (HM), a region harboring a rich and dynamic flora. We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to generate 1,907 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and four-kb of plastid sequence in species of the Gentiana hexaphylla complex (Gentianaceae). We performed genetic clustering with spatial and non-spatial models, phylogenetic reconstructions, and ancestral range estimation, with the aim of addressing the processes influencing diversification of G. hexaphylla in the HM. We find the G. hexaphylla complex is characterized by geographic genetic structure with clusters corresponding to the South, North and the central HM. Phylogenetic reconstruction and pairwise F ST analyses showed deep differentiation between Southern and Northern populations in the HM. The population in Mount Taibai exhibited the highest genetic similarity to the North HM. Ancestral range estimation indicated that the G. hexaphylla complex originated in the central HM and then diverged in the Pliocene and the Early Pleistocene, before dispersing widely, resulting in the current distinct lineages. Overall, we found deep genomic differentiation in the G. hexaphylla complex corresponds to geographic barriers to dispersal in the HM and highlights a critical role of the uplift of the Daxue Mountains and subsequent climatic fluctuations underlying diversification. The colonization of G. hexaphylla in the Mount Taibai region suggests directional dispersal between the alpine flora of the Qinling Mountains and the HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Fu
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Sun
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | | | - Shi-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Adrien Favre
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alex D. Twyford
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Phylotranscriptomics reveals the evolutionary history of subtropical East Asian white pines: further insights into gymnosperm diversification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 168:107403. [PMID: 35031461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Floristic composition within a geographic area is driven by a wide array of factors from local biotic interactions to biogeographical processes. Subtropical East Asia is a key biodiversity hotspot of the world, and harbors the most families of extant gymnosperms and a large number of endemic genera with ancient origins, but rare phylogenetic studies explored whether it served as a diversification center for gymnosperms. Here, we investigated the evolutionary and biogeographical history of subtropical East Asian white pines using an integrative approach that combines phylotranscriptomic and ecological analyses. Using 2,606 orthologous nuclear genes, we reconstructed a fully resolved and dated phylogeny of these species. Two main clades first diverged in the early Miocene, and by the late Miocene, all species appeared. Two white pines endemic to Taiwan Island experienced independent colonization events and regional extinction, which resulted in the present disjunctive distribution from mainland China. Ecological and biogeographical analyses indicate that the monsoon-driven assembly of evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs) might have significantly affected the diversification of subtropical East Asian white pines. Our study highlights the interactions of biotic and abiotic forces in the diversification and speciation of subtropical East Asian white pines. These findings indicate that subtropical East Asia is not only a floristic museum, but also a diversification center for gymnosperms. Our study also demonstrates the importance of phylotranscriptomics on species delimitation and biodiversity conservation, particularly for closely related species.
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Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022302118. [PMID: 33941644 PMCID: PMC8157994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022302118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
How coniferous forests evolved in the Northern Hemisphere remains largely unknown. Unlike most groups of organisms that generally follow a latitudinal diversity gradient, most conifer species in the Northern Hemisphere are distributed in mountainous areas at middle latitudes. It is of great interest to know whether the midlatitude region has been an evolutionary cradle or museum for conifers and how evolutionary and ecological factors have driven their spatiotemporal evolution. Here, we investigated the macroevolution of Pinus, the largest conifer genus and characteristic of northern temperate coniferous forests, based on nearly complete species sampling. Using 1,662 genes from transcriptome sequences, we reconstructed a robust species phylogeny and reestimated divergence times of global pines. We found that ∼90% of extant pine species originated in the Miocene in sharp contrast to the ancient origin of Pinus, indicating a Neogene rediversification. Surprisingly, species at middle latitudes are much older than those at other latitudes. This finding, coupled with net diversification rate analysis, indicates that the midlatitude region has provided an evolutionary museum for global pines. Analyses of 31 environmental variables, together with a comparison of evolutionary rates of niche and phenotypic traits with a net diversification rate, found that topography played a primary role in pine diversification, and the aridity index was decisive for the niche rate shift. Moreover, fire has forced diversification and adaptive evolution of Pinus Our study highlights the importance of integrating phylogenomic and ecological approaches to address evolution of biological groups at the global scale.
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Ji Y, Liu C, Landis JB, Deng M, Chen J. Plastome phylogenomics of Cephalotaxus (Cephalotaxaceae) and allied genera. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:697-708. [PMID: 33252661 PMCID: PMC8052924 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cephalotaxus is a paleo-endemic genus in East Asia that consists of about 7-9 conifer species. Despite its great economic and ecological importance, the relationships between Cephalotaxus and related genera, as well as the interspecific relationships within Cephalotaxus, have long been controversial, resulting in contrasting taxonomic proposals in delimitation of Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae. Based on plastome data, this study aims to reconstruct a robust phylogeny to infer the systematic placement and the evolutionary history of Cephalotaxus. METHODS A total of 11 plastomes, representing all species currently recognized in Cephalotaxus and two Torreya species, were sequenced and assembled. Combining these with previously published plastomes, we reconstructed a phylogeny of Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae with nearly full taxonomic sampling. Under a phylogenetic framework and molecular dating, the diversification history of Cephalotaxus and allied genera was explored. KEY RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses of 81 plastid protein-coding genes recovered robust relationships between Cephalotaxus and related genera, as well as providing a well-supported resolution of interspecific relationships within Cephalotaxus, Taxus, Torreya and Amentotaxus. Divergence time estimation indicated that most extant species of these genera are relatively young, although fossil and other molecular evidence consistently show that these genera are ancient plant lineages. CONCLUSIONS Our results justify the taxonomic proposal that recognizes Cephalotaxaceae as a monotypic family, and contribute to a clear-cut delineation between Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae. Given that extant species of Cephalotaxus are derived from recent divergence events associated with the establishment of monsoonal climates in East Asia and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, they are not evolutionary relics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunheng Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Population, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Changkun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Min Deng
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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11
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Chen XD, Yang J, Guo YF, Zhao YM, Zhou T, Zhang X, Ju MM, Li ZH, Zhao GF. Spatial Genetic Structure and Demographic History of the Dominant Forest Oak Quercus fabri Hance in Subtropical China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:583284. [PMID: 33613578 PMCID: PMC7889815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oak trees (Quercus L.) are important models for estimating abiotic impacts on the population structure and demography of long life span tree species. In this study, we generated genetic data for 17 nuclear microsatellite loci in 29 natural populations of Quercus fabri to estimate the population genetic structure. We also integrated approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and ecological niche analysis to infer the population differentiation processes and demographic history of this oak species. The genetic analyses indicated two genetic clusters across the 29 populations collected, where most approximately corresponded to the intraspecific differentiation among populations from western and eastern China, whereas admixed populations were mainly found in central mountains of China. The best model obtained from hierarchical ABC simulations suggested that the initial intraspecific divergence of Q. fabri potentially occurred during the late Pliocene (ca. 3.99 Ma) to form the two genetic clusters, and the admixed population group might have been generated by genetic admixture of the two differentiated groups at ca. 53.76 ka. Ecological analyses demonstrated clear differentiation among the Q. fabri population structures, and association estimations also indicated significant correlations between geography and climate with the genetic variation in this oak species. Our results suggest abiotic influences, including past climatic changes and ecological factors, might have affected the genetic differentiation and demographic history of Q. fabri in subtropical China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Fan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yue-Mei Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Miao-Miao Ju
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhong-Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Gui-Fang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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12
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Zhao YJ, Yin GS, Pan YZ, Tian B, Gong X. Climatic Refugia and Geographical Isolation Contribute to the Speciation and Genetic Divergence in Himalayan-Hengduan Tree Peonies ( Paeonia delavayi and Paeonia ludlowii). Front Genet 2021; 11:595334. [PMID: 33584794 PMCID: PMC7874331 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.595334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains (HHM) is a biodiversity hotspot, and very rich in endemic species. Previous phylogeographical studies proposed different hypotheses (vicariance and climate-driven speciation) in explaining diversification and the observed pattern of extant biodiversity, but it is likely that taxa are forming in this area in species-specific ways. Here, we reexplored the phylogenetic relationship and tested the corresponding hypotheses within Paeonia subsect. Delavayanae composed of one widespread species (Paeonia delavayi) and the other geographically confined species (Paeonia ludlowii). We gathered genetic variation data at three chloroplast DNA fragments and one nuclear gene from 335 individuals of 34 populations sampled from HHM. We performed a combination of population genetic summary statistics, isolation-with-migration divergence models, isolation by environment, and demographic history analyses. We found evidence for the current taxonomic treatment that P. ludlowii and P. delavayi are two different species with significant genetic differentiation. The significant isolation by environment was revealed within all sampled populations but genetic distances only explained by geographical distances within P. delavayi populations. The results of population divergence models and demographic history analyses indicated a progenitor–derivative relationship and the Late Quaternary divergence without gene flow between them. The coalescence of all sampled cpDNA haplotypes could date to the Late Miocene, and P. delavayi populations probably underwent a severe bottleneck in population size during the last glacial period. Genetic variation in Paeonia subsect. Delavayanae is associated with geographical and environmental distances. These findings point to the importance of geological and climatic changes as causes of the speciation event and lineage diversification within Paeonia subsect. Delavayanae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
| | - Gen-Shen Yin
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Zhi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
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13
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Mavrodiev EV, Gómez JP, Mavrodiev NE, Melton AE, Martínez‐Azorín M, Crespo MB, Robinson SK, Steadman DW. On biodiversity and conservation of the
Iris hexagona
complex (
Phaeiris
, Iridaceae). Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V. Mavrodiev
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida PO Box 117800 Gainesville Florida32611USA
| | - Juan P. Gómez
- Departamento de Química y Biología Universidad del Norte Km 5 Vía a Pto. Colombia Barranquilla Colombia
| | | | - Anthony E. Melton
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida PO Box 117800 Gainesville Florida32611USA
| | - Mario Martínez‐Azorín
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (Botánica) Universidad de Alicante Apartado 99 AlicanteE‐03080Spain
| | - Manuel B. Crespo
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (Botánica) Universidad de Alicante Apartado 99 AlicanteE‐03080Spain
| | - Scott K. Robinson
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida PO Box 117800 Gainesville Florida32611USA
| | - David W. Steadman
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida PO Box 117800 Gainesville Florida32611USA
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14
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Jia Y, Milne RI, Zhu J, Gao L, Zhu G, Zhao G, Liu J, Li Z. Evolutionary legacy of a forest plantation tree species ( Pinus armandii): Implications for widespread afforestation. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2646-2662. [PMID: 33294014 PMCID: PMC7691453 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many natural systems are subject to profound and persistent anthropogenic influence. Human-induced gene movement through afforestation and the selective transportation of genotypes might enhance the potential for intraspecific hybridization, which could lead to outbreeding depression. However, the evolutionary legacy of afforestation on the spatial genetic structure of forest tree species has barely been investigated. To do this properly, the effects of anthropogenic and natural processes must be examined simultaneously. A multidisciplinary approach, integrating phylogeography, population genetics, species distribution modeling, and niche divergence would permit evaluation of potential anthropogenic impacts, such as mass planting near-native material. Here, these approaches were applied to Pinus armandii, a Chinese endemic coniferous tree species, that has been mass planted across its native range. Population genetic analyses showed that natural populations of P. armandii comprised three lineages that diverged around the late Miocene, during a period of massive uplifts of the Hengduan Mountains, and intensification of Asian Summer Monsoon. Only limited gene flow was detected between lineages, indicating that each largely maintained is genetic integrity. Moreover, most or all planted populations were found to have been sourced within the same region, minimizing disruption of large-scale spatial genetic structure within P. armandii. This might be because each of the three lineages had a distinct climatic niche, according to ecological niche modeling and niche divergence tests. The current study provides empirical genetic and ecological evidence for the site-species matching principle in forestry and will be useful to manage restoration efforts by identifying suitable areas and climates for introducing and planting new forests. Our results also highlight the urgent need to evaluate the genetic impacts of large-scale afforestation in other native tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi’anChina
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Richard I. Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Lian‐Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Guang‐Fu Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
- Germplasm Bank of Wild SpeciesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Gui‐Fang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Jie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
- Germplasm Bank of Wild SpeciesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Zhong‐Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi’anChina
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East AsiaKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
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15
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Wu H, Yu Q, Ran JH, Wang XQ. Unbiased Subgenome Evolution in Allotetraploid Species of Ephedra and Its Implications for the Evolution of Large Genomes in Gymnosperms. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 13:5983329. [PMID: 33196777 PMCID: PMC7900875 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary dynamics of polyploid genomes and consequences of polyploidy have been studied extensively in angiosperms but very rarely in gymnosperms. The gymnospermous genus Ephedra is characterized by a high frequency of polyploidy, and thus provides an ideal system to investigate the evolutionary mode of allopolyploid genomes and test whether subgenome dominance has occurred in gymnosperms. Here, we sequenced transcriptomes of two allotetraploid species of Ephedra and their putative diploid progenitors, identified expressed homeologs, and analyzed alternative splicing and homeolog expression based on PacBio Iso-Seq and Illumina RNA-seq data. We found that the two subgenomes of the allotetraploids had similar numbers of expressed homeologs, similar percentages of homeologs with dominant expression, and approximately equal numbers of isoforms with alternative splicing, showing an unbiased subgenome evolution as in a few polyploid angiosperms, with a divergence of the two subgenomes at ∼8 Ma. In addition, the nuclear DNA content of the allotetraploid species is almost equal to the sum of two putative progenitors, suggesting limited genome restructuring after allotetraploid speciation. The allopolyploid species of Ephedra might have undergone slow diploidization, and the unbiased subgenome evolution implies that the formation of large genomes in gymnosperms could be attributed to even and slow fractionation following polyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hua Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Prediction of the Suitable Area of the Chinese White Pines (Pinus subsect. Strobus) under Climate Changes and Implications for Their Conservation. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
White pines (Pinus subsect. Strobus) play important roles in forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere. Species of this group are narrowly distributed or endangered in China. In this study, we used a species distribution model (SDM) to project and predict the distribution patterns of the 12 species of Chinese white pine under a variety of paleoclimatic and future climate change scenarios based on 39 high-resolution environmental variables and 1459 distribution records. We also computed the centroid shift, range expansion/contraction, and suitability change of the current distribution area to assess the potential risk to each species in the future. The modeling results revealed that the suitable habitat of each species is consistent with but slightly larger than its actual distribution range and that temperature, precipitation, and UV radiation are important determining factors for the distribution of different white pine species. The results indicate that the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) greatly affected the current distribution of the Chinese white pine species. Additionally, it was predicted that under the future climate change scenarios, there will be a reduction in the area of habitats suitable for P. armandii, P. morrisonicola, and P. mastersiana. Furthermore, some of the current distribution sites of P. armandii, P. kwangtungensis, P. mastersiana, P. morrisonicola, P. sibirica, and P. wallichiana were predicted to become more unsuitable under these scenarios. These results indicate that some Chinese white pine species, such as P. armandii, P. morrisonicola, and P. mastersiana, may have a very high risk of population shrinkage in the future. Overall, this study provided relevant data for the long-term conservation (both in situ and ex situ) and sustainable management of Chinese white pine species.
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17
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Ecological Compensation Strategy for SDG-Based Basin-Type National Parks: A Case Study of the Baoxing Giant Panda National Park. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113908. [PMID: 32486478 PMCID: PMC7313025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An ecological compensation mechanism is the basic condition for the sustainable development of national parks and the key institutional measure to implement goals 1, 3, 6, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 17 of the sustainable development goals. In this study, the current ecological compensation mechanism was summarized and analyzed from the aspects of promotion mode, realization routine, and implementation effect, on the basis of the sustainable development needs of national parks and the public welfare character in construction and management. In addition, the practical demands of ecological compensation for basin-type national parks were presented in the setting of the main body and mode of multiparticipation, and the key points of compensation. The “1 + 1 + N” basin-type national park ecological compensation system was designed on the basis of the framework of horizontal protection and vertical development. Taking the Baoxing Giant Panda National Park as an example, typical compensation scenarios were designed from five common compensation approaches; namely, fund, project, technology, material, and policy compensations. The compensation modes were selected and the effect was predicted in combination with local actual situation. Finally, the optimal combination scheme of ecological compensations for national parks was determined on the basis of the return on investment index.
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18
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Shen TT, Ran JH, Wang XQ. Phylogenomics disentangles the evolutionary history of spruces (Picea) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the design of population genetic studies and species delimitation of conifers. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 141:106612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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