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Doorenweerd C, San Jose M, Leblanc L, Barr N, Geib SM, Chung AYC, Dupuis JR, Ekayanti A, Fiegalan E, Hemachandra KS, Aftab Hossain M, Huang CL, Hsu YF, Morris KY, Maryani A Mustapeng A, Niogret J, Pham TH, Thi Nguyen N, Sirisena UGAI, Todd T, Rubinoff D. Towards a better future for DNA barcoding: Evaluating monophyly- and distance-based species identification using COI gene fragments of Dacini fruit flies. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13987. [PMID: 38956928 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The utility of a universal DNA 'barcode' fragment (658 base pairs of the Cytochrome C Oxidase I [COI] gene) has been established as a useful tool for species identification, and widely criticized as one for understanding the evolutionary history of a group. Large amounts of COI sequence data have been produced that hold promise for rapid species identification, for example, for biosecurity. The fruit fly tribe Dacini holds about a thousand species, of which 80 are pests of economic concern. We generated a COI reference library for 265 species of Dacini containing 5601 sequences that span most of the COI gene using circular consensus sequencing. We compared distance metrics versus monophyly assessments for species identification and although we found a 'soft' barcode gap around 2% pairwise distance, the exceptions to this rule dictate that a monophyly assessment is the only reliable method for species identification. We found that all fragments regularly used for Dacini fruit fly identification >450 base pairs long provide similar resolution. 11.3% of the species in our dataset were non-monophyletic in a COI tree, which is mostly due to species complexes. We conclude with recommendations for the future generation and use of COI libraries. We revise the generic assignment of Dacus transversus stat. rev. Hardy 1982, and Dacus perpusillus stat. rev. Drew 1971 and we establish Dacus maculipterus White 1998 syn. nov. as a junior synonym of Dacus satanas Liang et al. 1993.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camiel Doorenweerd
- Entomology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Michael San Jose
- Entomology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Luc Leblanc
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Norman Barr
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science & Technology, Insect Management and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Scott M Geib
- Tropical Pest Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
| | - Arthur Y C Chung
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Julian R Dupuis
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Arni Ekayanti
- Niogret Ecology Consulting LLC, Wotu, Luwu Timor, Sulawesi Seleaton, Indonesia
| | - Elaida Fiegalan
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | | | - Mohammad Aftab Hossain
- Insect Biotechnology Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chia-Lung Huang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Feng Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kimberly Y Morris
- Tropical Pest Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Jerome Niogret
- Centre for Tropical Environmental & Sustainability Science, Nguma-Bada Campus, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thai Hong Pham
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hue, Vietnam
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature & Graduate School of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhien Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Uda G A I Sirisena
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Terrence Todd
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science & Technology, Insect Management and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Rubinoff
- Entomology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Guo X, Wang H, Fu K, Ding X, Deng J, Guo W, Rao Q. First report of the complete mitochondrial genome of Carpomya pardalina (Bigot) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and phylogenetic relationships with other Tephritidae. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29233. [PMID: 38681631 PMCID: PMC11053197 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Carpomya pardalina is known for its potential invasiveness, which poses a significant and alarming threat to Cucurbitaceae crops. It is considered a highly perilous pest species that requires immediate attention for quarantine and prevention. Due to the challenges in distinguishing pests of the Tephritidae family based on morphological characteristics, it is imperative to elucidate the mitochondrial genomic information of C. pardalina. In this study, the mitochondrial genome sequence of C. pardalina was determined and analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The results revealed that the mitogenome sequence had a total length of 16,257 bp, representing a typical circular molecule. It consisted of 13 PCGs, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a non-coding region. The structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome of C. pardalina were found to be typical and similar to the published homologous sequences of other fruit flies in the Tephritidae family. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that C. pardalina belongs to the Carpomya genus, which is consistent with traditional morphological taxonomy. Additionally, Carpomya and Rhagoletis were identified as sister groups. This study presents the first report of the complete mitochondrial genome of C. pardalina, which can serve as a valuable resource for future investigations in species diagnosis, evolutionary biology, prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianting Guo
- Key Lab for Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests and Their Ecological Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Hualing Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Kaiyun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830091, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830091, China
| | - Jianyu Deng
- Key Lab for Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests and Their Ecological Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wenchao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830091, China
| | - Qiong Rao
- Key Lab for Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests and Their Ecological Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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Zhao Z, Carey JR, Li Z. The Global Epidemic of Bactrocera Pests: Mixed-Species Invasions and Risk Assessment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:219-237. [PMID: 37708416 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-012723-102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past century, the global spread of Bactrocera pests has continued to pose a significant threat to the commercial fruit and vegetable industry, resulting in substantial costs associated with both control measures and quarantine restrictions. The increasing volume of transcontinental trade has contributed to an escalating rate of Bactrocera pest introductions to new regions. To address the worldwide threat posed by this group of pests, we first provide an overview of Bactrocera. We then describe the global epidemic, including border interceptions, species diagnosis, population genetics, geographical expansion, and invasion tracing of Bactrocera pests. We further consider the literature concerning the invasion co-occurrences, life-history flexibility, risk assessment, bridgehead effects, and ongoing implications of invasion recurrences, as well as a case study of Bactrocera invasions of California. Finally, we call for global collaboration to effectively monitor, prevent, and control the ongoing spread of Bactrocera pests and to share experience and knowledge to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, ,
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - James R Carey
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA,
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, ,
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Manawaduge CG, Clarke AR, Hurwood DA. Divergent east-west lineages in an Australian fruit fly, (Bactrocera jarvisi), associated with the Carpentaria Basin divide. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0276247. [PMID: 37267327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bactrocera jarvisi is an endemic Australian fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae). It occurs commonly across tropical and subtropical coastal Australia, from far-northern Western Australia, across the 'Top End' of the Northern Territory, and then down the Queensland east coast. Across this range, its distribution crosses several well documented biogeographic barriers. In order to better understand factors leading to the divergence of Australian fruit fly lineages, we carried out a population genetic study of B. jarvisi from across its range using genome-wide SNP analysis, utilising adult specimens gained from trapping and fruit rearing. Populations from the Northern Territory (NT) and Western Australia were genetically similar to each other, but divergent from the genetically uniform east-coast (= Queensland, QLD) population. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the NT population derived from the QLD population. We infer a role for the Carpentaria Basin as a biogeographic barrier restricting east-west gene flow. The QLD populations were largely panmictic and recognised east-coast biogeographic barriers play no part in north-south population structuring. While the NT and QLD populations were genetically distinct, there was evidence for the historically recent translocation of flies from each region to the other. Flies reared from different host fruits collected in the same location showed no genetic divergence. While a role for the Carpentaria Basin as a barrier to gene flow for Australian fruit flies agrees with existing work on the related B. tryoni, the reason(s) for population panmixia for B. jarvisi (and B. tryoni) over the entire Queensland east coast, a linear north-south distance of >2000km, remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chapa G Manawaduge
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony R Clarke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Hurwood
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
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Zhang Q, Dou W, He LQ, Yu SS, Chen JQ, Zheng LY, Wang L, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Pannier is a key regulator of embryogenesis, pupal development and female reproduction in the insect pest Bactrocera dorsalis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1352-1361. [PMID: 36427005 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most arthropods are famous for their large reproductive capacity, with the ovary playing a vital role in the process. The study of the regulatory mechanisms of ovarian development may have the potential for a reproduction-based pest management strategy. GATA-binding transcription factors (GATAs) as important regulatory factors mediate many physiological processes, including development, immunity, insecticide resistance and reproduction. The Pannier (pnr), a member of GATA family, was confirmed to be involved in ovarian development of Bactrocera dorsalis in our previous study. However, the direct evidence of pnr regulating the fly ovarian development is still lacking. RESULTS We used CRISPR/Cas9 to create Bdpnr loss-of-function mutations. Homozygous Bdpnr-/- mutants were nonviable, with most individuals dying during embryogenesis, some surviving to the larval stages, and the remaining few dying during pupation. In contrast, heterozygous individuals reached the adult stage, but ovarian development was disrupted, with concomitant decreases in egg laying and hatching rates. We also found that two genes encoding vitellogenin proteins (BdVg1 and BdVg2) and the vitellogenin receptor (BdVgR) were significantly down-regulated in heterozygous mutants compared to wild-type controls. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Bdpnr is required for embryonic and post-embryonic development, including the formation of ovaries. Bdpnr could therefore be considered as a molecular target for tephritid fly pest control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Yuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International China-Belgium Joint Laboratory on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Paulo DF, Cha AY, Kauwe AN, Curbelo K, Corpuz RL, Simmonds TJ, Sim SB, Geib SM. A Unified Protocol for CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in Tephritid Fruit Flies Led to the Recreation of White Eye and White Puparium Phenotypes in the Melon Fly. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:2110-2115. [PMID: 36263914 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tephritid fruit flies are among the most invasive and destructive agricultural pests worldwide. Over recent years, many studies have implemented the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology to dissect gene functions in tephritids and create new strains to facilitate their genetics, management, and control. This growing literature allows us to compare diverse strategies for delivering CRISPR/Cas9 components into tephritid embryos, optimize procedures, and advance the technology to systems outside the most thoroughly studied species within the family. Here, we revisit five years of CRISPR research in Tephritidae and propose a unified protocol for candidate gene knockout in fruit flies using CRISPR/Cas9. We demonstrated the efficiency of our protocol by disrupting the eye pigmentation gene white eye (we) in the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). High rates of somatic and germline mutagenesis were induced by microinjecting pre-assembled Cas9-sgRNA complexes through the chorion of embryos at early embryogenesis, leading to the rapid development of new mutant lines. We achieved comparable results when targeting the we orthologue in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), illustrating the reliability of our methods when transferred to other related species. Finally, we functionally validated the recently discovered white pupae (wp) loci in the melon fly, successfully recreating the white puparium phenotype used in suppression programs of this and other major economically important tephritids. This is the first demonstration of CRISPR-based genome-editing in the genus Zeugodacus, and we anticipate that the procedures described here will contribute to advancing genome-editing in other non-model tephritid fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Paulo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences (PEPS), The University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Alex Y Cha
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Angela N Kauwe
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Keena Curbelo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Renee L Corpuz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Tyler J Simmonds
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sheina B Sim
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Scott M Geib
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
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Starkie ML, Fowler EV, Zhu X, Agarwal A, Rako L, Schneider IC, Schutze MK, Royer JE, Gopurenko D, Gillespie P, Blacket MJ. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for detection of the New Guinea fruit fly Bactrocera trivialis (Drew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:12602. [PMID: 35871253 PMCID: PMC9308764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cue-lure-responding New Guinea fruit fly, Bactroceratrivialis, poses a biosecurity risk to neighbouring countries, e.g., Australia. In trapping programs, lure caught flies are usually morphologically discriminated from non-target species; however, DNA barcoding can be used to confirm similar species where morphology is inconclusive, e.g., Bactrocerabreviaculeus and B.rufofuscula. This can take days—and a laboratory—to resolve. A quicker, simpler, molecular diagnostic assay would facilitate a more rapid detection and potential incursion response. We developed LAMP assays targeting cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit L (EIF3L); both assays detected B.trivialis within 25 min. The BtrivCOI and BtrivEIF3L assay anneal derivatives were 82.7 ± 0.8 °C and 83.3 ± 1.3 °C, respectively, detecting down to 1 × 101 copies/µL and 1 × 103 copies/µL, respectively. Each assay amplified some non-targets from our test panel; however notably, BtrivCOI eliminated all morphologically similar non-targets, and combined, the assays eliminated all non-targets. Double-stranded DNA gBlocks were developed as positive controls; anneal derivatives for the COI and EIF3L gBlocks were 84.1 ± 0.7 °C and 85.8 ± 0.2 °C, respectively. We recommend the BtrivCOI assay for confirmation of suspect cue-lure-trapped B.trivialis, with BtrivEIF3L used for secondary confirmation when required.
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