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Evangelista DA, Nelson D, Kotyková Varadínová Z, Kotyk M, Rousseaux N, Shanahan T, Grandcolas P, Legendre F. Phylogenomic analyses of Blattodea combining traditional methods, incremental tree-building, and quality-aware support. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 200:108177. [PMID: 39142526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the many advances of the genomic era, there is a persistent problem in assessing the uncertainty of phylogenomic hypotheses. We see this in the recent history of phylogenetics for cockroaches and termites (Blattodea), where huge advances have been made, but there are still major inconsistencies between studies. To address this, we present a phylogenetic analysis of Blattodea that emphasizes identification and quantification of uncertainty. We analyze 1183 gene domains using three methods (multi-species coalescent inference, concatenation, and a supermatrix-supertree hybrid approach) and assess support for controversial relationships while considering data quality. The hybrid approach-here dubbed "tiered phylogenetic inference"-incorporates information about data quality into an incremental tree building framework. Leveraging this method, we are able to identify cases of low or misleading support that would not be possible otherwise, and explore them more thoroughly with follow-up tests. In particular, quality annotations pointed towards nodes with high bootstrap support that later turned out to have large ambiguities, sometimes resulting from low-quality data. We also clarify issues related to some recalcitrant nodes: Anaplectidae's placement lacks unbiased signal, Ectobiidae s.s. and Anaplectoideini need greater taxon sampling, the deepest relationships among most Blaberidae lack signal. As a result, several previous phylogenetic uncertainties are now closer to being resolved (e.g., African and Malagasy "Rhabdoblatta" spp. are the sister to all other Blaberidae, and Oxyhaloinae is sister to the remaining Blaberidae). Overall, we argue for more approaches to quantifying support that take data quality into account to uncover the nature of recalcitrant nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Evangelista
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA; Biology Department, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA.
| | - Dvorah Nelson
- Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Zuzana Kotyková Varadínová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, National Museum of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kotyk
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Phillippe Grandcolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Legendre
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 Paris, France
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2
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Kovacs TGL, Walker J, Hellemans S, Bourguignon T, Tatarnic NJ, McRae JM, Ho SYW, Lo N. Dating in the Dark: Elevated Substitution Rates in Cave Cockroaches (Blattodea: Nocticolidae) Have Negative Impacts on Molecular Date Estimates. Syst Biol 2024; 73:532-545. [PMID: 38320290 PMCID: PMC11377191 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Rates of nucleotide substitution vary substantially across the Tree of Life, with potentially confounding effects on phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. A large acceleration in mitochondrial substitution rate occurs in the cockroach family Nocticolidae, which predominantly inhabit subterranean environments. To evaluate the impacts of this among-lineage rate heterogeneity on estimates of phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary timescales, we analyzed nuclear ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and mitochondrial genomes from nocticolids and other cockroaches. Substitution rates were substantially elevated in nocticolid lineages compared with other cockroaches, especially in mitochondrial protein-coding genes. This disparity in evolutionary rates is likely to have led to different evolutionary relationships being supported by phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genomes and UCE loci. Furthermore, Bayesian dating analyses using relaxed-clock models inferred much deeper divergence times compared with a flexible local clock. Our phylogenetic analysis of UCEs, which is the first genome-scale study to include all 13 major cockroach families, unites Corydiidae and Nocticolidae and places Anaplectidae as the sister lineage to the rest of Blattoidea. We uncover an extraordinary level of genetic divergence in Nocticolidae, including two highly distinct clades that separated ~115 million years ago despite both containing representatives of the genus Nocticola. The results of our study highlight the potential impacts of high among-lineage rate variation on estimates of phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby G L Kovacs
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James Walker
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Simon Hellemans
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcka 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolai J Tatarnic
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jane M McRae
- Bennelongia Environmental Consultants, 5 Bishop Street, Jolimont, WA 6014, Australia
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Hellemans S, Rocha MM, Wang M, Romero Arias J, Aanen DK, Bagnères AG, Buček A, Carrijo TF, Chouvenc T, Cuezzo C, Constantini JP, Constantino R, Dedeine F, Deligne J, Eggleton P, Evans TA, Hanus R, Harrison MC, Harry M, Josens G, Jouault C, Kalleshwaraswamy CM, Kaymak E, Korb J, Lee CY, Legendre F, Li HF, Lo N, Lu T, Matsuura K, Maekawa K, McMahon DP, Mizumoto N, Oliveira DE, Poulsen M, Sillam-Dussès D, Su NY, Tokuda G, Vargo EL, Ware JL, Šobotník J, Scheffrahn RH, Cancello E, Roisin Y, Engel MS, Bourguignon T. Genomic data provide insights into the classification of extant termites. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6724. [PMID: 39112457 PMCID: PMC11306793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The higher classification of termites requires substantial revision as the Neoisoptera, the most diverse termite lineage, comprise many paraphyletic and polyphyletic higher taxa. Here, we produce an updated termite classification using genomic-scale analyses. We reconstruct phylogenies under diverse substitution models with ultraconserved elements analyzed as concatenated matrices or within the multi-species coalescence framework. Our classification is further supported by analyses controlling for rogue loci and taxa, and topological tests. We show that the Neoisoptera are composed of seven family-level monophyletic lineages, including the Heterotermitidae Froggatt, Psammotermitidae Holmgren, and Termitogetonidae Holmgren, raised from subfamilial rank. The species-rich Termitidae are composed of 18 subfamily-level monophyletic lineages, including the new subfamilies Crepititermitinae, Cylindrotermitinae, Forficulitermitinae, Neocapritermitinae, Protohamitermitinae, and Promirotermitinae; and the revived Amitermitinae Kemner, Microcerotermitinae Holmgren, and Mirocapritermitinae Kemner. Building an updated taxonomic classification on the foundation of unambiguously supported monophyletic lineages makes it highly resilient to potential destabilization caused by the future availability of novel phylogenetic markers and methods. The taxonomic stability is further guaranteed by the modularity of the new termite classification, designed to accommodate as-yet undescribed species with uncertain affinities to the herein delimited monophyletic lineages in the form of new families or subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hellemans
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mauricio M Rocha
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Ipiranga, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Menglin Wang
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Johanna Romero Arias
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Duur K Aanen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aleš Buček
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Thomas Chouvenc
- University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, Florida, USA
| | - Carolina Cuezzo
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Ipiranga, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Joice P Constantini
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Ipiranga, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franck Dedeine
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS / Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Jean Deligne
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Entomology, Tervuren, Belgium
- Département de Biologie des Organismes, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Theodore A Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert Hanus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark C Harrison
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster. Hüfferstrasße 1, Münster, Germany
| | - Myriam Harry
- UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie (EGCE), IDEEV, Université Paris Saclay-CNRS-IRD, 12 route 128, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guy Josens
- Département de Biologie des Organismes, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Corentin Jouault
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, Paris, France
- Géosciences Rennes (UMR 6118), Université de Rennes, CNRS, Rennes, France
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-, Montpellier, France
| | - Chicknayakanahalli M Kalleshwaraswamy
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Entomology, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
| | - Esra Kaymak
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Judith Korb
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany & Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Frédéric Legendre
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, Paris, France
| | - Hou-Feng Li
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichug, Taiwan
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Maekawa
- Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and the Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nobuaki Mizumoto
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Danilo E Oliveira
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - David Sillam-Dussès
- University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, LEEC, UR 4443, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Nan-Yao Su
- University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, Florida, USA
| | - Gaku Tokuda
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Edward L Vargo
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Ware
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf H Scheffrahn
- University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, Florida, USA
| | - Eliana Cancello
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Ipiranga, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Yves Roisin
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
- Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 14, Perú
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Liu D, Cui J, Liu Y, Niu M, Wang F, Zhao Q, Cai B, Zhang H, Wei J. Ultraconserved elements from transcriptome and genome data provide insight into the phylogenomics of Sternorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera). Cladistics 2024. [PMID: 38808591 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Sternorrhyncha, one of the four major suborders of Hemiptera, is a phytophagous taxon inclusive of nearly 18 000 described species. The phylogenetic relationships within the taxon and the earliest-branching lineage of its infraorders remain incompletely understood. This study attempted to illuminate the phylogenetic relationships within Sternorrhyncha through the use of maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analyses, employing ultraconserved element (UCE) data from 39 genomic and 62 transcriptomic datasets and thereby representing most families within the taxon. The probe set Hemiptera 2.7Kv1 was used to recover a total of 2731 UCE loci: from 547 to 1699 (with an average of 1084) across all genomic datasets and from 108 to 849 (with an average of 329) across all transcriptomic datasets. All three types of phylogenetic analyses employed in this study produced robust statistical support for Sternorrhyncha being a monophyletic group. The different methods of phylogenetic analysis produced inconsistent descriptions of topological structure at the infraorder level: while maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses produced strong statistical evidence (100%) indicating the clade Psylloidea + Aleyrodoidea to be a sister of the clade Aphidoidea (Aphidomorpha) + Coccoidea (Coccomorpha), the maximum parsimony analysis failed to recover a similar result. Our results also provide detail on the phylogenetic relationships within each infraorder. This study presents the first use of UCE data to investigate the phylogeny of Sternorrhyncha. It also shows the viability of amalgamating genomic and transcriptomic data in studies of phylogenetic relationships, potentially highlighting a resource-efficient approach for future inquiries into diverse taxa through the integration of varied data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
- Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, China
| | - Jinyu Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Minmin Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Post-Entry Quarantine Station for Tropical Plant, Haikou Customs District, No. 9 West Haixiu Road, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Hufang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
- Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, China
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
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5
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Jiang S, Marco HG, Scheich N, He S, Wang Z, Gäde G, McMahon DP. Comparative analysis of adipokinetic hormones and their receptors in Blattodea reveals novel patterns of gene evolution. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:615-633. [PMID: 37382487 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is a neuropeptide produced in the insect corpora cardiaca that plays an essential role in mobilising carbohydrates and lipids from the fat body to the haemolymph. AKH acts by binding to a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the adipokinetic hormone receptor (AKHR). In this study, we tackle AKH ligand and receptor gene evolution as well as the evolutionary origins of AKH gene paralogues from the order Blattodea (termites and cockroaches). Phylogenetic analyses of AKH precursor sequences point to an ancient AKH gene duplication event in the common ancestor of Blaberoidea, yielding a new group of putative decapeptides. In total, 16 different AKH peptides from 90 species were obtained. Two octapeptides and seven putatively novel decapeptides are predicted for the first time. AKH receptor sequences from 18 species, spanning solitary cockroaches and subsocial wood roaches as well as lower and higher termites, were subsequently acquired using classical molecular methods and in silico approaches employing transcriptomic data. Aligned AKHR open reading frames revealed 7 highly conserved transmembrane regions, a typical arrangement for GPCRs. Phylogenetic analyses based on AKHR sequences support accepted relationships among termite, subsocial (Cryptocercus spp.) and solitary cockroach lineages to a large extent, while putative post-translational modification sites do not greatly differ between solitary and subsocial roaches and social termites. Our study provides important information not only for AKH and AKHR functional research but also for further analyses interested in their development as potential candidates for biorational pest control agents against invasive termites and cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Jiang
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heather G Marco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Nina Scheich
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shulin He
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongqing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gerd Gäde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Arora J, Buček A, Hellemans S, Beránková T, Arias JR, Fisher BL, Clitheroe C, Brune A, Kinjo Y, Šobotník J, Bourguignon T. Evidence of cospeciation between termites and their gut bacteria on a geological time scale. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230619. [PMID: 37339742 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Termites host diverse communities of gut microbes, including many bacterial lineages only found in this habitat. The bacteria endemic to termite guts are transmitted via two routes: a vertical route from parent colonies to daughter colonies and a horizontal route between colonies sometimes belonging to different termite species. The relative importance of both transmission routes in shaping the gut microbiota of termites remains unknown. Using bacterial marker genes derived from the gut metagenomes of 197 termites and one Cryptocercus cockroach, we show that bacteria endemic to termite guts are mostly transferred vertically. We identified 18 lineages of gut bacteria showing cophylogenetic patterns with termites over tens of millions of years. Horizontal transfer rates estimated for 16 bacterial lineages were within the range of those estimated for 15 mitochondrial genes, suggesting that horizontal transfers are uncommon and vertical transfers are the dominant transmission route in these lineages. Some of these associations probably date back more than 150 million years and are an order of magnitude older than the cophylogenetic patterns between mammalian hosts and their gut bacteria. Our results suggest that termites have cospeciated with their gut bacteria since first appearing in the geological record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigyasa Arora
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Aleš Buček
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Hellemans
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tereza Beránková
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Johanna Romero Arias
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Brian L Fisher
- Madagascar Biodiversity Center, Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Crystal Clitheroe
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Andreas Brune
- Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Yukihiro Kinjo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- College of Economics and Environmental Policy, Okinawa International University, 2-6-1 Ginowan, Ginowan, 901-2701, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- College of Economics and Environmental Policy, Okinawa International University, 2-6-1 Ginowan, Ginowan, 901-2701, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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7
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Gunter F, Oldeland J, Picker MD, Henschel JR, Jürgens N. Cryptic subterranean diversity: regional phylogeography of the sand termite Psammotermes allocerus Silvestri, 1908 in the wider Namib region. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPsammotermes allocerus Silvestri, 1908 is the only described species representing the genus Psammotermes Desneux, 1902 in Southern Africa. The large geographical range of this subterranean termite covers both summer and winter rainfall regimes. Deadwood is the preferred food when available, but in more arid habitats, both live and dead grasses form the major dietary component. Along the Namib Desert margins, the species’ localised herbivory creates circular bare patches known as fairy circles. For a regional phylogeographic study of this species, we sampled 65 sand termite populations within drier parts of Namibia, South Africa, and Angola. Based on combined molecular and ecological data, we found considerable genetic diversification within P. allocerus. Analyses of two mitochondrial markers (COI, COII), including a Bayesian inference tree, haplotype analysis and genetic distances suggest a delineation into seven highly differentiated genetic groups. The ‘Succulent Karoo’ group is additionally characterised by unique features of the royal chamber, nest and tunnel system. In conclusion, our data suggest that P. allocerus should be not regarded as one species but as a species complex. Termites of each analysed group ‘Northern Namib’, ‘Western Kalahari Basin’, ‘Nama’, ‘Southwestern Kalahari’, ‘East Gariep’, ‘Southern Namib’ and ‘Succulent Karoo’ should be considered as distinct species. The species name P. allocerus should be used for termites of the ‘Succulent Karoo’.
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