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Yu X, Du Z, Zhu P, Liao B. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of exosomal microRNAs in renal cancer. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:273-286. [PMID: 38388810 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the tubular epithelial cells of the nephron. It has the highest mortality rate among urological cancers. There are no effective therapeutic approaches and no non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and follow-up. Thus, suitable novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are essential for improving RCC diagnosis/prognosis and treatment. Circulating exosomes such as exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miRs) provide non-invasive prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and valuable therapeutic targets, as they can be easily isolated and quantified and show high sensitivity and specificity. Exosomes secreted by an RCC can exhibit alterations in the miRs' profile that may reflect the cellular origin and (patho)physiological state, as a ''signature'' or ''fingerprint'' of the donor cell. It has been shown that the transportation of renal-specific miRs in exosomes can be rapidly detected and measured, holding great potential as biomarkers in RCC. The present review highlights the studies reporting tumor microenvironment-derived Exo-miRs with therapeutic potential as well as circulating Exo-miRs as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Zhongbo Du
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Pingyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Bo Liao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China.
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2
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Wang T, Huang J, Chen G, Fu J, Li T, Zou X, Yi H. miR-1293 suppresses osteosarcoma progression by modulating drug sensitivity in response to cisplatin treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111702. [PMID: 38367464 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is considered the primary treatment for osteosarcoma. however, its effectiveness is limited due to drug resistance and toxicity. Thus, identifying novel therapeutic targets to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy is urgently needed. Here, we identified a novel cisplatin-sensitivity enhancing mechanism via up-regulation of the tumour suppressor gene, miR-1293. Meanwhile, higher levels of miR-1293 observed in prechemotherapy patients were associated with a more favorable prognosis. The mechanism underlying cisplatin upregulated miR-1293 expression involves hypomethylation of the miR-1293 promoter, which blocks the binding of the transcription repressor TFAP2A to the promoter. Furthermore, miR-1293 inhibits osteosarcoma progression by targeting TIMP1 to inactivate the Notch1/Hes1 and TGFBR1/Smad2/3 pathways, thereby promoting tumour cell death. The findings presented herein unveil a novel mechanism for enhancing cisplatin sensitivity and proposed a potential therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma through pre-chemotherapy supplementation of miR-1293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jincheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Jiahui Fu
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 10032, China.
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510005, China.
| | - Hualin Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510005, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China.
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3
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Xiong Q, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhu Q. Small Non-Coding RNAs in Human Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112072. [PMID: 36360311 PMCID: PMC9690286 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs are widespread in the biological world and have been extensively explored over the past decades. Their fundamental roles in human health and disease are increasingly appreciated. Furthermore, a growing number of studies have investigated the functions of small non-coding RNAs in cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we provide an overview of the biogenesis of small non-coding RNAs with a focus on microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, and a new class of tRNA-derived small RNAs. We discuss their biological functions in human cancer and highlight their clinical application as molecular biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunli Xiong
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Ma Y, Zou H. Identification of the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Prognostic Regulatory Network in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050885. [PMID: 35627270 PMCID: PMC9141977 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have identified that circular RNAs (circRNAs) can serve as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to regulate tumor progression. However, there are still a large number of circRNAs to be deciphered. Objective: The purpose of this study was to reveal novel circRNAs and their potential role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods: To unveil LUAD-related circRNAs, microRNA (miRNAs), and messenger RNA (mRNA) and elucidate their possible molecular mechanisms, we employed a strategy combining extensive data mining and bioinformatics methods. According to the results of bioinformatics workflow analysis, a novel circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed. Results: Ten circRNAs with different expressions were acquired from four Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray datasets. Seven Prognostic-related differential miRNAs of LUAD were gained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Simultaneously, the miRNA reaction components corresponding to the ten circRNAs were predicted. Two circRNA–miRNA interactions including two circRNAs (hsa_circ_0008234 and hsa_circ_0002360) and two miRNAs (hsa-miR-490-3p and hsa-miR-1293) were identified above. Then, target genes of the two miRNAs and differently expressed genes (DEGs) from TCGA on LUAD were collected. Three hub-genes (ADCY9, NMUR1, SYT1) were determined according to prognosis in patients with LUAD ulteriorly. Conclusions: hsa_circ_0008234/hsa-miR-490-3p/SYT1 and hsa_circ_0002360/hsa-miR-1293/ (ADCY9, NMUR1) networks were established, and identified molecules may be involved in pathogenesis and prognosis in patients with LUAD.
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Extracellular Vesicles—A New Potential Player in the Immunology of Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050772. [PMID: 35629194 PMCID: PMC9144962 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has doubled in the developed world within the last fifty years, and now it is responsible for 2–3% of diagnosed cancers. The delay in diagnosis and the not fully understood pathogenesis are the main challenges that have to be overcome. It seems that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the key players in tumor development since they ensure a proper microenvironment for the tumor cells. The stimulation of angiogenesis and immunosuppression is mediated by molecules contained in EVs. It was shown that EVs derived from cancer cells can inhibit T cell proliferation, natural killer lymphocyte activation, and dendritic cell maturation by this mechanism. Moreover, EVs may be a biomarker for the response to anti-cancer treatment. In this review, we sum up the knowledge about the role of EVs in RCC pathogenesis and show their future perspectives in this field.
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Impact of Non-Coding RNAs on Chemotherapeutic Resistance in Oral Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020284. [PMID: 35204785 PMCID: PMC8961659 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in oral cancer is one of the major problems in oral cancer therapy because therapeutic failure directly results in tumor recurrence and eventually in metastasis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in processes related to the development of drug resistance. A number of studies have shown that ncRNAs modulate gene expression at the transcriptional or translational level and regulate biological processes, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, DNA repair and drug efflux, which are tightly associated with drug resistance acquisition in many types of cancer. Interestingly, these ncRNAs are commonly detected in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and are known to be delivered into surrounding cells. This intercellular communication via EVs is currently considered to be important for acquired drug resistance. Here, we review the recent advances in the study of drug resistance in oral cancer by mainly focusing on the function of ncRNAs, since an increasing number of studies have suggested that ncRNAs could be therapeutic targets as well as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.
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Zuo J, Zhang Z, Li M, Yang Y, Zheng B, Wang P, Huang C, Zhou S. The crosstalk between reactive oxygen species and noncoding RNAs: from cancer code to drug role. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:30. [PMID: 35081965 PMCID: PMC8790843 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), characterized by the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is an emerging hallmark of cancer. Tumorigenesis and development driven by ROS require an aberrant redox homeostasis, that activates onco-signaling and avoids ROS-induced programmed death by orchestrating antioxidant systems. These processes are revealed to closely associate with noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). On the basis of the available evidence, ncRNAs have been widely identified as multifarious modulators with the involvement of several key redox sensing pathways, such as NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling, therefore potentially becoming effective targets for cancer therapy. Furthermore, the vast majority of ncRNAs with property of easy detected in fluid samples (e.g., blood and urine) facilitate clinicians to monitor redox homeostasis, indicating a novel method for cancer diagnosis. Herein, focusing on carcinoma initiation, metastasis and chemoradiotherapy resistance, we aimed to discuss the ncRNAs-ROS network involved in cancer progression, and the potential clinical application as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Maomao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Bioinformatics analysis of tumor-educated platelet microRNAs in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:230271. [PMID: 34806748 PMCID: PMC8661502 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies that seriously threaten global health. The primary reason for its grim prognosis is the lack of sensitive tools for early diagnosis. The purpose of the present study was to apply bioinformatics analysis to explore tumor-educated platelet (TEP) microRNA (miRNA) expression and its potential diagnostic utility in HCC. Methods: Twenty-five HCC patients and 25 healthy controls were included. RNA sequencing was utilized to screen miRNA alterations in platelets derived from HCC patients (n=5) and controls (n=5). Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the targeted mRNAs of differentially expressed miRNAs by using the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, aiming at main functions and pathways, respectively. We then verified the selected platelet miRNAs in another cohort by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) amplification. Results: A total of 250 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, among which 111 were down-regulated and 139 were up-regulated. The functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs suggested that their target genes were involved primarily in pathways related to HCC. Expression levels of miR-495-3p and miR-1293 were further validated by qRT-PCR, which yielded results consistent with the sequencing analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of miR-495-3p and miR-1293 as diagnostic tests for HCC were 0.76 and 0.78, respectively. Conclusion: TEP miRNAs such as miR-495-3p and miR-1293 were differentially expressed in HCC patients, and may be involved in the pathophysiology of HCC.
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9
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Host miRNA and immune cell interactions: relevance in nano-therapeutics for human health. Immunol Res 2021; 70:1-18. [PMID: 34716546 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Around 2200 miRNA (microRNA) genes were found in the human genome. miRNAs are arranged in clusters within the genome and share the same transcriptional regulatory units. It has been revealed that approximately 50% of miRNAs elucidated in the genome are transcribed from non-protein-coding genes, and the leftover miRNAs are present in the introns of coding sequences. We are now approaching a stage in which miRNA diagnostics and therapies can be established confidently, and several commercial efforts are underway to carry these innovations from the bench to the clinic. MiRNAs control many of the significant cellular activities such as production, differentiation, growth, and metabolism. Particularly in the immune system, miRNAs have emerged as a crucial biological component during diseased state and homeostasis. miRNAs have been found to regulate inflammatory responses and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, each miRNA targets multiple genes simultaneously, making miRNAs promising tools as diagnostic biomarkers and as remedial targets. Still, one of the major obstacles in miRNA-based approaches is the achievement of specific and efficient systemic delivery of miRNAs. To overcome these challenges, nanoformulations have been synthesized to protect miRNAs from degradation and enhance cellular uptake. The current review deals with the miRNA-mediated regulation of the recruitment and activation of immune cells, especially in the tumor microenvironment, viral infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity. The nano-based miRNA delivery modes are also discussed here, especially in the context of immune modulation.
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10
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Chen B, Zheng S, Jiang F. miR-1293 acts as a tumor promotor in lung adenocarcinoma via targeting phosphoglucomutase 5. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12140. [PMID: 34616611 PMCID: PMC8450003 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common histologic subtype of lung cancer. Studies have found that miR-1293 is related to the survival of LUAD patients. Unfortunately, its role in LUAD remains not fully clarified. Methods miR-1293 expression and its association with LUAD patients’ clinical characteristics were analyzed in TCGA database. Also, miR-1293 expression was detected in LUAD cell lines. Cell viability, migration, invasion and expression of MMP2 and MMP9 were measured in LUAD cells following transfection with miR-1293 mimic or antagomir. Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) 5 was identified to be negatively related to miR-1293 in LUAD patients in TCGA database, and their association was predicated by Targetscan software. Hence, we further verified the relationship between miR-1293 and PGM5. Additionally, the effect and mechanism of miR-1293 were validated in a xenograft mouse model. Results We found miR-1293 expression was elevated, but PGM5 was decreased, in LUAD patients and cell lines. Higher miR-1293 expression was positively related to LUAD patients’ pathologic stage and poor overall survival. miR-1293 mimic significantly promoted, whereas miR-1293 antagomir suppressed the viability, migration, invasion, and expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in LUAD cells. PGM5 was a target of miR-1293. Overexpression of PGM5 abrogated the effects of miR-1293 on the malignant phenotypes of LUAD cells. Administration of miR-1293 antagomir reduced tumor volume and staining of Ki-67 and MMP9, but elevated PGM5 expression in vivo. Conclusions miR-1293 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of LUAD cells via targeting PGM5, which indicated that miR-1293 might serve as a potential therapeutic target for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiya Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
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11
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Gen Y, Muramatsu T, Inoue J, Inazawa J. miR-766-5p targets super-enhancers by downregulating CBP and BRD4. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5190-5201. [PMID: 34353856 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Super-enhancers (SE) are clusters of transcription enhancers that drive gene expression. SEs are typically characterized by high levels of acetylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac), which is catalyzed by the histone lysine acetyltransferase CREB binding protein (CBP). Cancer cells frequently acquire tumor-specific SEs at key oncogenes, such as MYC, which induce several hallmarks of cancer. BRD4 is recruited to SEs and consequently functions as an epigenetic reader to promote transcription of SE-marked genes in cancer cells. miRNAs can be potent candidates for nucleic acid therapeutics for cancer. We previously identified miR-766-5p as a miRNA that downregulated MYC expression and inhibited cancer cell growth in vitro. In this study, we show that miR-766-5p directly targets CBP and BRD4. Concurrent suppression of CBP and BRD4 cooperatively downregulated MYC expression in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that miR-766-5p reduced levels of H3K27ac at MYC SEs via CBP suppression. Moreover, miR-766-5p suppressed expression of a BRD4-NUT fusion protein that drives NUT midline carcinoma (NMC). In vivo administration of miR-766-5p suppressed tumor growth in two xenograft models. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting SEs using miR-766-5p-based therapeutics may serve as an effective strategy for the treatment of MYC-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Gen
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Tomoki Muramatsu
- Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
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12
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Inoue J, Inazawa J. Cancer-associated miRNAs and their therapeutic potential. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:937-945. [PMID: 34088973 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA; miR) is a functionally small non-coding RNA and can negatively regulate gene expression by directly binding to the target gene. Some miRNAs are closely involved in the development and progression of cancer and are abnormally expressed in many cancer types. Therefore, control of the expression of cancer-associated miRNAs is expected as a next-generation drug modality to treat advanced types of cancers with high unmet medical needs. Indeed, miRNA therapeutics, which are based on the functional inhibition of oncogenic miRNA (OncomiR) using antisense oligonucleotides (anti-miR) and the replacement via the introduction of a synthetic miRNA mimic for tumor suppressive miRNA (TS-miR), have been developed. In this review, we summarize cancer-associated miRNAs related to various cancer pathologies and their clinical application to miRNA therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Bioresource Research Center, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Liu C, Gen Y, Tanimoto K, Muramatsu T, Inoue J, Inazawa J. Concurrent targeting of MAP3K3 and BRD4 by miR-3140-3p overcomes acquired resistance to BET inhibitors in neuroblastoma cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:83-92. [PMID: 34258104 PMCID: PMC8253920 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) harboring MYCN amplification is a refractory disease with a poor prognosis. As BRD4, an epigenetic reader belonging to the bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) family, drives transcription of MYCN in NB cells, BET inhibitors (BETis) are considered useful for NB therapy. However, clinical trials of BETis suggested that early acquired resistance to BETis limits their therapeutic benefit. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that mediate post-transcriptional silencing of target genes. We previously identified miR-3140-3p as a potent candidate for nucleic acid therapeutics for cancer, which directly targets BRD4. We demonstrated that miR-3140-3p suppresses tumor cell growth in MYCN-amplified NB by downregulating MYCN and MYC through BRD4 suppression. We established BETi-acquired resistant NB cells to evaluate the mechanism of resistance to BETi in NB cells. We revealed that activated ERK1/2 stabilizes MYCN protein by preventing ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis via phosphorylation of MYCN at Ser62 in BETi-acquired resistant NB cells, thereby attenuating the effects of BETi in these cells. miR-3140-3p efficiently downregulated MYCN expression by directly targeting the MAP3K3-ERK1/2 pathway in addition to BRD4 suppression, inhibiting tumor cell growth in BETi-acquired resistant NB cells. This study suggests that miR-3140-3p has the potential to overcome resistance to BETi in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Gen
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kousuke Tanimoto
- Genome Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Jia CY, Xiang W, Liu JB, Jiang GX, Sun F, Wu JJ, Yang XL, Xin R, Shi Y, Zhang DD, Li W, Zuberi Z, Zhang J, Lu GX, Wang HM, Wang PY, Yu F, Lv ZW, Ma YS, Fu D. MiR-9-1 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis by Targeting UHRF1 in Lung Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211041191. [PMID: 34520284 PMCID: PMC8445543 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is listed as the most common reason for cancer-related death all over the world despite diagnostic improvements and the development of chemotherapy and targeted therapies. MicroRNAs control both physiological and pathological processes including development and cancer. A microRNA-9 to 1 (miR-9 to 1) overexpression model in lung cancer cell lines was established and miR-9 to 1 was found to significantly suppress the proliferation rate in lung cancer cell lines, colony formation in vitro, and tumorigenicity in nude mice of A549 cells. Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) was then identified to direct target of miR-9 to 1. The inhibition of UHRF1 by miR-9 to 1 causes G1 arrest and p15, p16, and p21 were re-expressed in miR-9 to 1 group in mRNA level and protein level. Silence of UHRF1 expression in A549 cells resulted in the similar re-expression of p15, p16, p21 which is similar with miR-9 to 1 infection. Therefore, we concluded that UHRF1 is a new target for miR-9 to 1 to suppress cell proliferation by re-expression of tumor suppressors p15, p16, and p21 mediated by UHRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-You Jia
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Cancer Institute, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Geng-Xi Jiang
- Navy Military Medical University Affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Cancer Institute, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Nantong Haimen Yuelai Health Centre, Haimen, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Xin
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zavuga Zuberi
- Dares Salaam Institute of Technology, Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gai-Xia Lu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Yao Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Lv
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Shui Ma
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, National Center for Liver Cancer, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Fu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Improving the Efficacy of EGFR Inhibitors by Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma with miR-634 Ointment. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:294-307. [PMID: 33294587 PMCID: PMC7695908 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), topical treatment is an essential option for patients who are not candidates for, or who refuse, surgery. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a key role in the development of cSCC, but EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib, have shown only partial clinical benefit in this disease. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop novel strategies for improving the efficacy of TKIs in cSCC. We previously demonstrated that the tumor-suppressive microRNA (miRNA) miR-634 functions as a negative modulator of the cytoprotective cancer cell survival processes and is a useful anticancer therapeutic agent. In the present study, we found that topical application of an ointment containing miR-634 inhibited in vivo tumor growth without toxicity in a cSCC xenograft mouse model and a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced papilloma mouse model. Functional validation revealed that miR-634 overexpression reduced glutaminolysis by directly targeting ASCT2, a glutamine transporter. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-634 synergistically enhanced TKI-induced cytotoxicity by triggering severe energetic stress in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we propose that topical treatment with miR-634 ointment is a useful strategy for improving for EGFR TKI-based therapy for cSCC.
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16
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Dias F, Teixeira AL, Nogueira I, Morais M, Maia J, Bodo C, Ferreira M, Silva A, Vilhena M, Lobo J, Sequeira JP, Maurício J, Oliveira J, Kok K, Costa-Silva B, Medeiros R. Extracellular Vesicles Enriched in hsa-miR-301a-3p and hsa-miR-1293 Dynamics in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients: Potential Biomarkers of Metastatic Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061450. [PMID: 32498409 PMCID: PMC7352268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most aggressive subtype of kidney cancer and up to 40% of patients submitted to surgery with a curative intent will relapse. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the applicability of an Extracellular vesicle (EV) derived miRNA profile as potential prognosis biomarkers in ccRCC patients. We analyzed a nine-miRNA profile in plasma EVs from 32 ccRCC patients with localized disease (before and after surgery) and in 37 patients with metastatic disease. We observed that the levels of EV-derived hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-126-5p, hsa-miR-200c-3p, and hsa-miR-301a-3p decreased after surgery, whereas hsa-miR-1293 EV-levels increased. Furthermore, metastatic patients presented higher levels of hsa-miR-301a-3p and lower levels of hsa-miR-1293 when compared to patients with localized disease after surgery. Functional enrichment analysis of the targets of the four miRNAs that decreased after surgery resulted in an enrichment of terms related to cell cycle, proliferation, and metabolism, suggesting that EV-miRNA enrichment in the presence of the tumor could represent an epigenetic mechanism to sustain tumor development. Taken together, these results suggest that EVs content varies depending on the presence or absence of the disease and that an increase of EV-derived hsa-miR-301a-3p, and decrease of EV-derived hsa-miR-1293, may be potential biomarkers of metastatic ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center- LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.); (I.N.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center- LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.); (I.N.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225084000 (ext. 5410)
| | - Inês Nogueira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center- LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.); (I.N.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), Estrada da Circunvalação 6657, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Morais
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center- LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.); (I.N.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), Estrada da Circunvalação 6657, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Maia
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.M.); (C.B.); (B.C.-S.)
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristian Bodo
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.M.); (C.B.); (B.C.-S.)
| | - Marta Ferreira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.V.); (J.O.)
| | - Manuela Vilhena
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.V.); (J.O.)
| | - João Lobo
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center- LAB3, F Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - José Pedro Sequeira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center- LAB3, F Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joaquina Maurício
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Jorge Oliveira
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.V.); (J.O.)
| | - Klaas Kok
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.M.); (C.B.); (B.C.-S.)
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center- LAB2, E Bdg 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.); (I.N.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), Estrada da Circunvalação 6657, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Wu L, Zhou WB, Zhou J, Wei Y, Wang HM, Liu XD, Chen XC, Wang W, Ye L, Yao LC, Chen QH, Tang ZG. Circulating exosomal microRNAs as novel potential detection biomarkers in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1432-1440. [PMID: 32724386 PMCID: PMC7377032 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating exosomal microRNAs (ex-miRNAs) are reflective of the characteristics of the tumor and are valuable biomarkers in different types of tumor. In addition, miRNAs serve important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. The present study aimed to investigate the circulating ex-miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 as novel biomarkers for patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). For this purpose, serum ex-miRNAs were extracted from the serum of patients with PC (n=30) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) (n=10) using an RNA isolation kit. For exosome identification in serum, transmission electron micrographs were used to determine crystalline structure, western blotting was used to identify exosomal markers, and NanoSight was used for nanoparticle characterization. The relative expression levels of ex-miRNAs were quantified using quantitative PCR and compared between patients with PC and CP. The expression levels of both ex-miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 were significantly higher in patients with PC compared with patients with CP (both P<0.001). However, no significant difference in the relative serum levels of free miR-21 and miR-210 was observed between the 2 groups of patients (both P>0.05). ex-miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 were associated with tumor stage, as well as other factors. The diagnostic potential of ex-miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 levels was 83 and 85%, respectively. In addition, when ex-miRNA and serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 expression levels were combined, the accuracy increased to 90%. The present study identified that serum ex-miRNAs, miRNA-21 and miRNA-210 may be of value as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- Liver Surgery Institute of The Experiment Center of Medicine, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Xian-De Liu
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhu Shan, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Chen
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhu Shan, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Li Chao Yao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Hua Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Experiment Center of Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Tang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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