1
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Rahi V, Kaundal RK. Exploring the intricacies of calcium dysregulation in ischemic stroke: Insights into neuronal cell death and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci 2024; 347:122651. [PMID: 38642844 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) dysregulation is one of the main causes of neuronal cell death and brain damage after cerebral ischemia. During ischemic stroke, the ability of neurons to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis is compromised. Ca2+ regulates various functions of the nervous system, including neuronal activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Disruptions in Ca2+ homeostasis can trigger a cascade of events, including activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, which is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This response occurs when the cell is unable to manage protein folding within the ER due to various stressors, such as a high influx of Ca2+. Consequently, the UPR is initiated to restore ER function and alleviate stress, but prolonged activation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and, ultimately, cell death. Hence, precise regulation of Ca2+ within the cell is mandatory. The ER and mitochondria are two such organelles that maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis through various calcium-operating channels, including ryanodine receptors (RyRs), inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases (SERCAs), the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs). These channels utilize Ca2+ sequestering and release mechanisms to maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and ensure proper cellular function and survival. The present review critically evaluates the significance of Ca2+ and its physiological role in cerebral ischemia. We have compiled recent findings on calcium's role and emerging treatment strategies, particularly targeting mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, to address Ca2+ overload in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rahi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow 226 002, India
| | - Ravinder K Kaundal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow 226 002, India.
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2
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Singh R, Kaur N, Choubey V, Dhingra N, Kaur T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and its role in various neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2024; 1826:148742. [PMID: 38159591 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a critical cellular organelle, maintains cellular homeostasis by regulating calcium levels and orchestrating essential functions such as protein synthesis, folding, and lipid production. A pivotal aspect of ER function is its role in protein quality control. When misfolded proteins accumulate within the ER due to factors like protein folding chaperone dysfunction, toxicity, oxidative stress, or inflammation, it triggers the Unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR involves the activation of chaperones like calnexin, calreticulin, glucose-regulating protein 78 (GRP78), and Glucose-regulating protein 94 (GRP94), along with oxidoreductases like protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs). Cells employ the Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) mechanism to counteract protein misfolding. ERAD disruption causes the detachment of GRP78 from transmembrane proteins, initiating a cascade involving Inositol-requiring kinase/endoribonuclease 1 (IRE1), Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathways. The accumulation and deposition of misfolded proteins within the cell are hallmarks of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. These aberrant proteins disrupt normal neuronal signalling and contribute to impaired cellular homeostasis, including oxidative stress and compromised protein degradation pathways. In essence, ER stress is defined as the cellular response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, encompassing a series of signalling pathways and molecular events that aim to restore cellular homeostasis. This comprehensive review explores ER stress and its profound implications for the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimaljot Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinay Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Neelima Dhingra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India.
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3
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Zalon AJ, Quiriconi DJ, Pitcairn C, Mazzulli JR. α-Synuclein: Multiple pathogenic roles in trafficking and proteostasis pathways in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241232963. [PMID: 38420922 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241232963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. A hallmark of both familial and sporadic PD is the presence of Lewy body inclusions composed mainly of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn), a presynaptic protein encoded by the SNCA gene. The mechanisms driving the relationship between α-syn accumulation and neurodegeneration are not completely understood, although recent evidence indicates that multiple branches of the proteostasis pathway are simultaneously perturbed when α-syn aberrantly accumulates within neurons. Studies from patient-derived midbrain cultures that develop α-syn pathology through the endogenous expression of PD-causing mutations show that proteostasis disruption occurs at the level of synthesis/folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), downstream ER-Golgi trafficking, and autophagic-lysosomal clearance. Here, we review the fundamentals of protein transport, highlighting the specific steps where α-syn accumulation may intervene and the downstream effects on proteostasis. Current therapeutic efforts are focused on targeting single pathways or proteins, but the multifaceted pathogenic role of α-syn throughout the proteostasis pathway suggests that manipulating several targets simultaneously will provide more effective disease-modifying therapies for PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Zalon
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Drew J Quiriconi
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caleb Pitcairn
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Starr CR, Lee EJ, Park KS, Zhylkibayev A, Medina A, Lin JH, Gorbatyuk M. The endoplasmic reticulum: Homeostasis and crosstalk in retinal health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 98:101231. [PMID: 38092262 PMCID: PMC11056313 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle carrying out a broad range of important cellular functions including protein biosynthesis, folding, and trafficking, lipid and sterol biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcium storage and gated release. In addition, the ER makes close contact with multiple intracellular organelles such as mitochondria and the plasma membrane to actively regulate the biogenesis, remodeling, and function of these organelles. Therefore, maintaining a homeostatic and functional ER is critical for the survival and function of cells. This vital process is implemented through well-orchestrated signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is activated when misfolded or unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, a condition known as ER stress, and functions to restore ER homeostasis thus promoting cell survival. However, prolonged activation or dysregulation of the UPR can lead to cell death and other detrimental events such as inflammation and oxidative stress; these processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including retinal disorders. In this review manuscript, we discuss the unique features of the ER and ER stress signaling in the retina and retinal neurons and describe recent advances in the research to uncover the role of ER stress signaling in neurodegenerative retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal degeneration, achromatopsia and cone diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. In some chapters, we highlight the complex interactions between the ER and other intracellular organelles focusing on mitochondria and illustrate how ER stress signaling regulates common cellular stress pathways such as autophagy. We also touch upon the integrated stress response in retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Finally, we provide an update on the current development of pharmacological agents targeting the UPR response and discuss some unresolved questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Josh J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Christopher R Starr
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andy Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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5
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Yang B, Zhang R, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI. The association between neuropsychiatric effects of substance use and occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum and unfolded protein response: A systematic review. Toxicol Lett 2024; 391:71-85. [PMID: 38101493 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review aimed to assess the association between neuropsychiatric effects of substance use and occurrence of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) through comprehensive electronic search of existing literature and review of their findings. METHODS A comprehensive electronic literature search was carried out on research articles published between 1950 to July 2023 through major databases, such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Medline and Cochrane Library. RESULTS A total of 21 research articles were selected for review, which were comprised of sixteen animal studies, four human studies and one study on postmortem human brain samples. The selected studies revealed that alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine, opioid and kratom exposures contributed to neuropsychiatric effects: such as decline in learning and memory function, executive dysfunction, alcohol, methamphetamine, opioid, and kratom dependence. These effects were associated with activation and persistent of ER stress and UPR with elevation of BiP and CHOP expression and the direction of ER stress is progressing towards the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway and neuronal apoptosis and neurodegeneration at various regions of the brain. In addition, regular kratom use in humans also contributed to elevation of p-JNK expression, denoting progress of ER stress towards the IRE1-ASK1-JNK-p-JNK pathway which was linked to kratom use disorder. However, treatment with certain compounds or biological agents could reverse the activation of ER stress. CONCLUSIONS The neuropsychiatric effects of alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine, opioid and kratom use may be associated with persistent ER stress and UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Community Health, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@BERTAM, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
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6
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Wang D, Qu S, Zhang Z, Tan L, Chen X, Zhong HJ, Chong CM. Strategies targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress to improve Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1288894. [PMID: 38026955 PMCID: PMC10667558 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1288894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms, which is caused by the progressive death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Accumulating evidence shows that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in the SNpc DA neurons is an early event in the development of PD. ER stress triggers the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce stress and restore ER function. However, excessive and continuous ER stress and UPR exacerbate the risk of DA neuron death through crosstalk with other PD events. Thus, ER stress is considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of PD. Various strategies targeting ER stress through the modulation of UPR signaling, the increase of ER's protein folding ability, and the enhancement of protein degradation are developed to alleviate neuronal death in PD models. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of ER stress in PD and update the strategies targeting ER stress to improve ER protein homeostasis and PD-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shuhui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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7
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Pham TNM, Perumal N, Manicam C, Basoglu M, Eimer S, Fuhrmann DC, Pietrzik CU, Clement AM, Körschgen H, Schepers J, Behl C. Adaptive responses of neuronal cells to chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102943. [PMID: 37883843 PMCID: PMC10618786 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins or perturbation of calcium homeostasis leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and is linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, understanding the ability of neuronal cells to cope with chronic ER stress is of fundamental interest. Interestingly, several brain areas uphold functions that enable them to resist challenges associated with neurodegeneration. Here, we established novel clonal mouse hippocampal (HT22) cell lines that are resistant to prolonged (chronic) ER stress induced by thapsigargin (TgR) or tunicamycin (TmR) as in vitro models to study the adaption to ER stress. Morphologically, we observed a significant increase in vesicular und autophagosomal structures in both resistant lines and 'giant lysosomes', especially striking in TgR cells. While autophagic activity increased under ER stress, lysosomal function appeared slightly impaired; in both cell lines, we observed enhanced ER-phagy. However, proteomic analyses revealed that various protein clusters and signaling pathways were differentially regulated in TgR versus TmR cells in response to chronic ER stress. Additionally, bioenergetic analyses in both resistant cell lines showed a shift toward aerobic glycolysis ('Warburg effect') and a defective complex I of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery. Furthermore, ER stress-resistant cells differentially activated the unfolded protein response (UPR) comprising IRE1α and ATF6 pathways. These findings display the wide portfolio of adaptive responses of neuronal cells to chronic ER stress. ER stress-resistant neuronal cells could be the basis to uncover molecular modulators of adaptation, resistance, and neuroprotection as potential pharmacological targets for preventing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Nguyen Minh Pham
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Manicam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marion Basoglu
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Eimer
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominik C Fuhrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Albrecht M Clement
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hagen Körschgen
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Schepers
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Behl
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Zeng X, Geng W, Zhang Y, Yin J, Xu G, Yu M, Li L, Jia J. Thioredoxin-1 inhibits the activation of IRE1 by targeting Hsp90/p-Cdc37 chaperone complex in Parkinson disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102000. [PMID: 37437766 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Our previous study has revealed that thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) attenuated IRE1 activation in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)/1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD models. However, its exact mechanism has been largely unclear. In this research, it was reported for the first time that the protein levels of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and phosphorylated cell division cycle 37 (p-Cdc37) were significantly decreased and the interaction of Hsp90/p-Cdc37 complex with IRE1 was disturbed in MPP+/MPTP-induced PD models. Trx-1 overexpression reversed the expression of Hsp90 and p-Cdc37 in cultured cells and the substantia nigra pars compacta of mice. More importantly, Trx-1 overexpression enhanced the interaction of Hsp90/p-Cdc37 complex with IRE1. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that Trx-1 inhibited IRE1 activation in PD by elevating the expression of Hsp90 and p-Cdc37 and strengthening the interaction of Hsp90/p-Cdc37 complex and IRE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansi Zeng
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Wenshuo Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jiayi Yin
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Guangtao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Science, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Li Li
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jinjing Jia
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, China.
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9
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Kline G, Paxman RJ, Lin CY, Madrazo N, Yoon L, Grandjean JMD, Lee K, Nugroho K, Powers ET, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW. Divergent Proteome Reactivity Influences Arm-Selective Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response by Pharmacological Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Regulators. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1719-1729. [PMID: 37523656 PMCID: PMC10442855 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) has proven useful for ameliorating proteostasis deficiencies in cellular and mouse models of numerous etiologically diverse diseases. Previous high-throughput screening efforts identified the small molecule AA147 as a potent and selective ATF6 activating compound that operates through a mechanism involving metabolic activation of its 2-amino-p-cresol substructure affording a quinone methide, which then covalently modifies a subset of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). Another compound identified in this screen, AA132, also contains a 2-amino-p-cresol moiety; however, this compound showed less transcriptional selectivity, instead globally activating all three arms of the UPR. Here, we show that AA132 activates global UPR signaling through a mechanism analogous to that of AA147, involving metabolic activation and covalent modification of proteins including multiple PDIs. Chemoproteomic-enabled analyses show that AA132 covalently modifies PDIs to a greater extent than AA147. However, the extent of PDI labeling by AA147 approaches a plateau more rapidly than PDI labeling by AA132. These observations together suggest that AA132 can access a larger pool of proteins for covalent modification, possibly because its activated form is less susceptible to quenching than activated AA147. In other words, the lower reactivity of activated AA132 allows it to persist longer and modify more PDIs in the cellular environment. Collectively, these results suggest that AA132 globally activates the UPR through increased engagement of ER PDIs. Consistent with this, reducing the cellular concentration of AA132 decreases PDI modifications and enables selective ATF6 activation. Our results highlight the relationship between metabolically activatable-electrophile stability, ER proteome reactivity, and the transcriptional response observed with the enaminone chemotype of ER proteostasis regulators, enabling continued development of next-generation ATF6 activating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel
M. Kline
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan J. Paxman
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chung-Yon Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicole Madrazo
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julia M. D. Grandjean
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kyunga Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Karina Nugroho
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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10
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Kline GM, Paxman RJ, Lin CY, Madrazo N, Grandjean JM, Lee K, Nugroho K, Powers ET, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW. Divergent Proteome Reactivity Influences Arm-Selective Activation of Pharmacological Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Regulators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524237. [PMID: 36712115 PMCID: PMC9882204 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) has proven useful for ameliorating proteostasis deficiencies in a variety of etiologically diverse diseases. Previous high-throughput screening efforts identified the small molecule AA147 as a potent and selective ATF6 activating compound that operates through a mechanism involving metabolic activation of its 2-amino- p -cresol substructure affording a quinone methide, which then covalently modifies a subset of ER protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). Intriguingly, another compound identified in this screen, AA132, also contains a 2-amino- p -cresol moiety; however, this compound showed less transcriptional selectivity, instead globally activating all three arms of the UPR. Here, we show that AA132 activates global UPR signaling through a mechanism analogous to that of AA147, involving metabolic activation and covalent PDI modification. Chemoproteomic-enabled analyses show that AA132 covalently modifies PDIs to a greater extent than AA147. Paradoxically, activated AA132 reacts slower with PDIs, indicating it is less reactive than activated AA147. This suggests that the higher labeling of PDIs observed with activated AA132 can be attributed to its lower reactivity, which allows this activated compound to persist longer in the cellular environment prior to quenching by endogenous nucleophiles. Collectively, these results suggest that AA132 globally activates the UPR through increased engagement of ER PDIs. Consistent with this, reducing the cellular concentration of AA132 decreases PDI modifications and allows for selective ATF6 activation. Our results highlight the relationship between metabolically activatable-electrophile stability, ER proteome reactivity, and the transcriptional response observed with the enaminone chemotype of ER proteostasis regulators, enabling continued development of next-generation ATF6 activating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M. Kline
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ryan J Paxman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chung-Yon Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nicole Madrazo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Julia M. Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyunga Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karina Nugroho
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Gutiérrez-Ballesteros F, Morales-Reyes J, Fernández D, Geisse A, Arcaya A, Flores-Santibañez F, Bono MR, Osorio F. Normal tissue homeostasis and impairment of selective inflammatory responses in dendritic cells deficient for ATF6α. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1089728. [PMID: 37025177 PMCID: PMC10070697 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1089728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of adaptive immunity relies on the performance of dendritic cells (DCs), which are specialized leukocytes with professional antigen presenting capabilities. As such, the molecular mechanisms safeguarding DC homeostasis are matter of intense research. Sensors of the unfolded protein response (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum, a three-pronged signaling pathway that maintains the fidelity of the cellular proteome, have emerged as regulators of DC biology. The archetypical example is the IRE1/XBP1s axis, which supports DC development and survival of the conventional type 1 DC (cDC1) subtype. However, the role of additional UPR sensors in DC biology, such as the ATF6α branch, has not been clearly elucidated. Even though Xbp1 is transcriptionally induced by ATF6α under ER stress, it is unclear if cDCs also co-opt the ATF6α branch in tissues. Here, we examine the role of ATF6α in cDC homeostasis in vivo and upon innate stimulation in vitro. In steady state, animals lacking ATF6α in CD11c+ cells (Itgax Cre x Atf6 fl/fl mice) display normal cDC frequencies in spleen, intestine, liver, and lung. Also, ATF6α deficient cDCs express normal levels of Xbp1 mRNA and additional UPR components. However, a reduction of lung monocytes is observed in Itgax Cre x Atf6 fl/fl conditional deficient animals suggesting that ATF6α may play a role in the biology of monocyte subsets. Notably, in settings of DC activation, ATF6α contributes to the production of IL-12 and IL-6 to inflammatory stimuli. Thus, although ATF6α may be dispensable for tissue cDC homeostasis in steady state, the transcription factor plays a role in the acquisition of selective immunogenic features by activated DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Gutiérrez-Ballesteros
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Morales-Reyes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dominique Fernández
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonia Geisse
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amada Arcaya
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Flores-Santibañez
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Immunology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Osorio
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Stress, Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Fabiola Osorio,
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12
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Quach TT, Stratton HJ, Khanna R, Mackey-Alfonso S, Deems N, Honnorat J, Meyer K, Duchemin AM. Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Dysproteostasis, Altered Calcium Signalosome to Selective Neuronal Vulnerability to AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214188. [PMID: 36430666 PMCID: PMC9694178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense research into the multifaceted etiology of neurodegenerative diseases (ND), they remain incurable. Here we provide a brief overview of several major ND and explore novel therapeutic approaches. Although the cause (s) of ND are not fully understood, the accumulation of misfolded/aggregated proteins in the brain is a common pathological feature. This aggregation may initiate disruption of Ca++ signaling, which is an early pathological event leading to altered dendritic structure, neuronal dysfunction, and cell death. Presently, ND gene therapies remain unidimensional, elusive, and limited to modifying one pathological feature while ignoring others. Considering the complexity of signaling cascades in ND, we discuss emerging therapeutic concepts and suggest that deciphering the molecular mechanisms involved in dendritic pathology may broaden the phenotypic spectrum of ND treatment. An innovative multiplexed gene transfer strategy that employs silencing and/or over-expressing multiple effectors could preserve vulnerable neurons before they are lost. Such therapeutic approaches may extend brain health span and ameliorate burdensome chronic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T. Quach
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69677 Lyon, France
| | | | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Sabrina Mackey-Alfonso
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicolas Deems
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jérome Honnorat
- INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69677 Lyon, France
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Lyon, France
- SynatAc Team, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69677 Lyon, France
| | - Kathrin Meyer
- The Research Institute of Nationwide Children Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatric, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Duchemin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-293-5517; Fax: +1-614-293-7599
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13
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Marín T, Valls C, Jerez C, Huerta T, Elgueta D, Vidal RL, Alvarez AR, Cancino GI. The c-Abl/p73 pathway induces neurodegeneration in a Parkinson's disease model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:378-387. [PMID: 36590096 PMCID: PMC9795287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although it is clear that dopaminergic neurons degenerate, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown, and thus, successful treatment is still elusive. One pro-apoptotic pathway associated with several neurodegenerative diseases is the tyrosine kinase c-Abl and its target p73. Here, we evaluated the contribution of c-Abl and p73 in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine as a model for Parkinson's disease. First, we found that in SH-SY5Y cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine, c-Abl and p73 phosphorylation levels were up-regulated. Also, we found that the pro-apoptotic p73 isoform TAp73 was up-regulated. Then, to evaluate whether c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity is necessary for 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis, we co-treated SH-SY5Y cells with 6-hydroxydopamine and Imatinib, a c-Abl specific inhibitor, observing that Imatinib prevented p73 phosphorylation, TAp73 up-regulation, and protected SH-SY5Y cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine from apoptosis. Interestingly, this observation was confirmed in the c-Abl conditional null mice, where 6-hydroxydopamine stereotaxic injections induced a lesser reduction of dopaminergic neurons than in the wild-type mice significantly. Finally, we found that the intraperitoneal administration of Imatinib prevented the death of dopaminergic neurons induced by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine stereotaxically in the mice striatum. Thus, our findings support the idea that the c-Abl/p73 pathway is involved in 6-hydroxydopamine degeneration and suggest that inhibition of its kinase activity might be used as a therapeutical drug in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Marín
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Cristian Valls
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Carolina Jerez
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Tomás Huerta
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Daniela Elgueta
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - René L. Vidal
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Alejandra R. Alvarez
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Corresponding author.
| | - Gonzalo I. Cancino
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Corresponding author at: Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.
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14
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Carreras-Sureda A, Kroemer G, Cardenas JC, Hetz C. Balancing energy and protein homeostasis at ER-mitochondria contact sites. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabm7524. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abm7524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle of the cell and participates in multiple essential functions, including the production of secretory proteins, lipid synthesis, and calcium storage. Sustaining proteostasis requires an intimate coupling with energy production. Mitochondrial respiration evolved to be functionally connected to ER physiology through a physical interface between both organelles known as mitochondria-associated membranes. This quasi-synaptic structure acts as a signaling hub that tunes the function of both organelles in a bidirectional manner and controls proteostasis, cell death pathways, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Here, we discuss the main signaling mechanisms governing interorganellar communication and their putative role in diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado Carreras-Sureda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006 Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julio Cesar Cardenas
- Center for Integrative Biology, Mayor University, 7510041 Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism, 70086 Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism, 70086 Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, 70086 Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, 70086 Santiago, Chile
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15
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Wiseman RL, Mesgarzadeh JS, Hendershot LM. Reshaping endoplasmic reticulum quality control through the unfolded protein response. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1477-1491. [PMID: 35452616 PMCID: PMC9038009 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) pathways comprising chaperones, folding enzymes, and degradation factors ensure the fidelity of ER protein folding and trafficking to downstream secretory environments. However, multiple factors, including tissue-specific secretory proteomes, environmental and genetic insults, and organismal aging, challenge ERQC. Thus, a key question is: how do cells adapt ERQC to match the diverse, ever-changing demands encountered during normal physiology and in disease? The answer lies in the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling mechanism activated by ER stress. In mammals, the UPR comprises three signaling pathways regulated downstream of the ER membrane proteins IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. Upon activation, these UPR pathways remodel ERQC to alleviate cellular stress and restore ER function. Here, we describe how UPR signaling pathways adapt ERQC, highlighting their importance for maintaining ER function across tissues and the potential for targeting the UPR to mitigate pathologies associated with protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037,To whom correspondences should be addressed: Linda Hendershot, ; R. Luke Wiseman,
| | - Jaleh S. Mesgarzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Linda M. Hendershot
- Department of Tumor Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105,To whom correspondences should be addressed: Linda Hendershot, ; R. Luke Wiseman,
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16
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The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway of dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2022; 144:44-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Wodrich APK, Scott AW, Shukla AK, Harris BT, Giniger E. The Unfolded Protein Responses in Health, Aging, and Neurodegeneration: Recent Advances and Future Considerations. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:831116. [PMID: 35283733 PMCID: PMC8914544 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.831116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and age-related neurodegeneration are both associated with the accumulation of unfolded and abnormally folded proteins, highlighting the importance of protein homeostasis (termed proteostasis) in maintaining organismal health. To this end, two cellular compartments with essential protein folding functions, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria, are equipped with unique protein stress responses, known as the ER unfolded protein response (UPRER) and the mitochondrial UPR (UPRmt), respectively. These organellar UPRs play roles in shaping the cellular responses to proteostatic stress that occurs in aging and age-related neurodegeneration. The loss of adaptive UPRER and UPRmt signaling potency with age contributes to a feed-forward cycle of increasing protein stress and cellular dysfunction. Likewise, UPRER and UPRmt signaling is often altered in age-related neurodegenerative diseases; however, whether these changes counteract or contribute to the disease pathology appears to be context dependent. Intriguingly, altering organellar UPR signaling in animal models can reduce the pathological consequences of aging and neurodegeneration which has prompted clinical investigations of UPR signaling modulators as therapeutics. Here, we review the physiology of both the UPRER and the UPRmt, discuss how UPRER and UPRmt signaling changes in the context of aging and neurodegeneration, and highlight therapeutic strategies targeting the UPRER and UPRmt that may improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. K. Wodrich
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andrew W. Scott
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brent T. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward Giniger,
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18
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The endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis network profoundly shapes the protein sequence space accessible to HIV envelope. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001569. [PMID: 35180219 PMCID: PMC8906867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence space accessible to evolving proteins can be enhanced by cellular chaperones that assist biophysically defective clients in navigating complex folding landscapes. It is also possible, at least in theory, for proteostasis mechanisms that promote strict quality control to greatly constrain accessible protein sequence space. Unfortunately, most efforts to understand how proteostasis mechanisms influence evolution rely on artificial inhibition or genetic knockdown of specific chaperones. The few experiments that perturb quality control pathways also generally modulate the levels of only individual quality control factors. Here, we use chemical genetic strategies to tune proteostasis networks via natural stress response pathways that regulate the levels of entire suites of chaperones and quality control mechanisms. Specifically, we upregulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to test the hypothesis that the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis network shapes the sequence space accessible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) protein. Elucidating factors that enhance or constrain Env sequence space is critical because Env evolves extremely rapidly, yielding HIV strains with antibody- and drug-escape mutations. We find that UPR-mediated upregulation of ER proteostasis factors, particularly those controlled by the IRE1-XBP1s UPR arm, globally reduces Env mutational tolerance. Conserved, functionally important Env regions exhibit the largest decreases in mutational tolerance upon XBP1s induction. Our data indicate that this phenomenon likely reflects strict quality control endowed by XBP1s-mediated remodeling of the ER proteostasis environment. Intriguingly, and in contrast, specific regions of Env, including regions targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies, display enhanced mutational tolerance when XBP1s is induced, hinting at a role for host proteostasis network hijacking in potentiating antibody escape. These observations reveal a key function for proteostasis networks in decreasing instead of expanding the sequence space accessible to client proteins, while also demonstrating that the host ER proteostasis network profoundly shapes the mutational tolerance of Env in ways that could have important consequences for HIV adaptation. The host cell’s endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis network has a profound, constraining impact on the protein sequence space accessible to HIV’s envelope protein, which is a major target of the host’s adaptive immune system; in particular, upregulation of stringent quality control pathways appears to restrict the viability of destabilizing envelope variants.
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19
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Stojkovska I, Wani WY, Zunke F, Belur NR, Pavlenko EA, Mwenda N, Sharma K, Francelle L, Mazzulli JR. Rescue of α-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson's patient neurons by synergistic enhancement of ER proteostasis and protein trafficking. Neuron 2022; 110:436-451.e11. [PMID: 34793693 PMCID: PMC8815333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by a collapse in proteostasis, as shown by the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates in the brain. Proteostasis involves a balance of protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation, but how aggregates perturb these pathways is unknown. Using Parkinson's disease (PD) patient midbrain cultures, we find that aggregated α-synuclein induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fragmentation and compromises ER protein folding capacity, leading to misfolding and aggregation of immature lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase. Despite this, PD neurons fail to initiate the unfolded protein response, indicating perturbations in sensing or transducing protein misfolding signals in the ER. Small molecule enhancement of ER proteostasis machinery promotes β-glucocerebrosidase solubility, while simultaneous enhancement of trafficking improves ER morphology, lysosomal function, and reduces α-synuclein. Our studies suggest that aggregated α-synuclein perturbs the ability of neurons to respond to misfolded proteins in the ER, and that synergistic enhancement of multiple proteostasis branches may provide therapeutic benefit in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Stojkovska
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Willayat Y Wani
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Friederike Zunke
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nandkishore R Belur
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Egor A Pavlenko
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nkatha Mwenda
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Karan Sharma
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laetitia Francelle
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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20
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Li H, Wen W, Luo J. Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as an Effective Treatment for Alcoholic Pancreatitis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010108. [PMID: 35052788 PMCID: PMC8773075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis and alcoholic pancreatitis are serious health concerns with an urgent need for effective treatment strategies. Alcohol is a known etiological factor for pancreatitis, including acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Excessive alcohol consumption induces many pathological stress responses; of particular note is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress results from the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein in the ER and is implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis. Here, we summarize the possible mechanisms by which ER stress contributes to alcoholic pancreatitis. We also discuss potential approaches targeting ER stress and UPR in developing novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (H.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (H.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (H.L.); (W.W.)
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-335-2256
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21
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Kopeikina E, Ponomarev ED. The Role of Platelets in the Stimulation of Neuronal Synaptic Plasticity, Electric Activity, and Oxidative Phosphorylation: Possibilities for New Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:680126. [PMID: 34335186 PMCID: PMC8318360 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.680126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is highly vascularized where neuronal cells are located in proximity to endothelial cells, astroglial limitans, and neuronal processes constituting integrated neurovascular units. In contrast to many other organs, the CNS has a blood-brain barrier (BBB), which becomes compromised due to infection, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, traumatic brain injury, and other reasons. BBB disruption is presumably involved in neuronal injury during epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, many types of neuropsychological disorders are accompanied by an increase in BBB permeability leading to direct contact of circulating blood cells in the capillaries with neuronal cells in the CNS. The second most abundant type of blood cells are platelets, which come after erythrocytes and outnumber ~100-fold circulating leukocytes. When BBB becomes compromised, platelets swiftly respond to the vascular injury and become engaged in thrombosis and hemostasis. However, more recent studies demonstrated that platelets could also enter CNS parenchyma and directly interact with neuronal cells. Within CNS, platelets become activated by recognizing major brain gangliosides on the surface of astrocytes and neurons and releasing a milieu of pro-inflammatory mediators, neurotrophic factors, and neurotransmitters. Platelet-derived factors directly stimulate neuronal electric and synaptic activity and promote the formation of new synapses and axonal regrowth near the site of damage. Despite such active involvement in response to CNS damage, the role of platelets in neurological disorders was not extensively studied, which will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kopeikina
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Eugene D Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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22
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Hetz C. Adapting the proteostasis capacity to sustain brain healthspan. Cell 2021; 184:1545-1560. [PMID: 33691137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sustaining neuronal proteostasis during the course of our life is a central aspect required for brain function. The dynamic nature of synaptic composition and abundance is a requisite to drive cognitive and motor processes involving a tight control of many aspects of protein biosynthesis and degradation. Through the concerted action of specialized stress sensors, the proteostasis network monitors and limits the accumulation of damaged, misfolded, or aggregated proteins. These stress pathways signal to the cytosol and nucleus to reprogram gene expression, enabling adaptive programs to recover cell function. During aging, the activity of the proteostasis network declines, which may increase the risk of accumulating abnormal protein aggregates, a hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases. Here, I discuss emerging concepts illustrating the functional significance of adaptive signaling pathways to normal brain physiology and their contribution to age-related disorders. Pharmacological and gene therapy strategies to intervene and boost proteostasis are expected to extend brain healthspan and ameliorate disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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