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Besson A, Tarpin A, Flaudias V, Brousse G, Laporte C, Benson A, Navel V, Bouillon-Minois JB, Dutheil F. Smoking Prevalence among Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413328. [PMID: 34948936 PMCID: PMC8705497 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a major public health problem. Although physicians have a key role in the fight against smoking, some of them are still smoking. Thus, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of smoking among physicians. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched. The prevalence of smoking among physicians was estimated and stratified, where possible, by specialties, continents, and periods of time. Then, meta-regressions were performed regarding putative influencing factors such as age and sex. RESULTS Among 246 studies and 497,081 physicians, the smoking prevalence among physicians was 21% (95CI 20 to 23%). Prevalence of smoking was 25% in medical students, 24% in family practitioners, 18% in surgical specialties, 17% in psychiatrists, 16% in medical specialties, 11% in anesthesiologists, 9% in radiologists, and 8% in pediatricians. Physicians in Europe and Asia had a higher smoking prevalence than in Oceania. The smoking prevalence among physicians has decreased over time. Male physicians had a higher smoking prevalence. Age did not influence smoking prevalence. CONCLUSION Prevalence of smoking among physicians is high, around 21%. Family practitioners and medical students have the highest percentage of smokers. All physicians should benefit from targeted preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Besson
- Family Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Alice Tarpin
- Family Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Valentin Flaudias
- Univ Angers, Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Université de Nantes, LPPL, EA 4638, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Georges Brousse
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont–Ferrand, France; (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Catherine Laporte
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont–Ferrand, France; (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Amanda Benson
- Sport Innovation Research Group, Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Valentin Navel
- CNRS, INSERM, GReD, Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Emergency Medicine, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6-74-36-04-23; Fax: +33-4-73-27-46-49
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Université Clermont Auvergne, WittyFit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
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Fujita Y, Maki K. Associations of smoking behavior with lifestyle and mental health among Japanese dental students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 18:264. [PMID: 30445940 PMCID: PMC6472720 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a major risk factor for cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, mental stress leads to smoking in dental students. We believe that dentists, as health professionals, should set an example for the public. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence of and factors associated with regular smoking among Japanese dental students. We also surveyed their attitudes regarding smoking cessation and how to counsel smokers about quitting. METHODS We collected demographic and behavioral data from 453 students at Kyushu Dental University, and evaluated their mental health with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12). We also asked them nine questions related to their intentions to counsel smokers about quitting. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with smoking. RESULTS Fifty-two (11.5%) of the dental students smoked. Univariate analyses indicated that male gender, higher academic year, greater number of times eating out per day, alcohol consumption, prevalence of skipping breakfast, poor health, and poor sleep habits were significantly associated with regular smoking. Regular smokers were less likely to have GHQ 12 scores ≥4. On multivariate analysis, male gender (OR = 5.449, 95% CI = 1.851-16.040), sixth year students (OR = 21.971, 95% CI = 1.686-286.290), eating out two or more times a day (OR = 2.492, 95% CI = 1.165-5.331), drinking alcohol three or more times per week (OR = 9.484, 95% CI = 3.335-26.970), and GHQ 12 score ≥ 4 (OR = 0.339, 95% CI = 0.136-0.845) were significantly associated with regular smoking. Overall, 50.1% of the non-smokers and 71.2% of the regular smokers responded that patients' chances of quitting smoking are not increased when a dentist advises them to quit. CONCLUSIONS Regular smoking was strongly associated with male gender, higher academic year, alcohol consumption, and higher frequency of eating out per day. Mental health status among regular smokers was better than that among non-current smokers. Furthermore, we found that more than half of dental students have inadequate attitudes to advise their patients to quit smoking. It is necessary to develop educational programs regarding smoking for dental students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Fujita
- All in the Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580 Japan
| | - Kenshi Maki
- All in the Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580 Japan
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Ohida N, Otsuka Y, Kaneita Y, Nakagome S, Jike M, Itani O, Ohida T. Factors Related to Alcohol Consumption Among Japanese Physicians. Asia Pac J Public Health 2018; 30:296-306. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539518754539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the drinking habits of Japanese physicians, and clarify their causal factors. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 6000 male and 1500 female physicians, selected from among members of the Japan Medical Association. We analyzed the correlation of drinking habits with age, medical department, smoking and exercise status, work environment, sleep problems, and mental health. The response rate was 79.4%. Physicians with a heavy drinking habit were most frequently men in their 60s and women in their 20s to 50s. Drinking or heavy drinking tendencies decreased with increasing age. Smoking status was correlated with heavy drinking. Exercise status was correlated with drinking among men, and drinking/heavy drinking among women. Mental health was not correlated with drinking habit. However, sleep problems were correlated with a heavy drinking habit. These results suggest that countermeasures need to be taken to decrease the rate of heavy drinking among physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Ohida
- Divison of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Otsuka
- Divison of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kaneita
- Divison of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachi Nakagome
- Divison of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Jike
- Divison of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Itani
- Depatment of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohida
- Divison of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Background Although there has been a downward trend in smoking rates among medical doctors in recent years, rates have been higher among Japanese doctors when compared internationally. Methods We extensively reviewed all published English- and Japanese-language articles that reported the smoking rates of Japanese doctors. Results A total of 36 articles were examined, most of which had been conducted as postal surveys, usually by a national, prefectural, or local medical association. Sample sizes ranged from 17 to 11 773, and response rates ranged from 33% to 91%. National surveys conducted between 1965 and 2009 suggest that there has been a statistically significant (P < 0.0001) decline in smoking rates among Japanese doctors (from around 68% to 16% among males and from 19% to 5% among females). Conclusions Overall, the published data reveal a significant decline in smoking rates among Japanese doctors since 1965, especially among men. Although less than one-fifth of Japanese male doctors now smoke, more work needs to be done in tobacco control to help further reduce the burden of smoking, especially in medical schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Smith
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia.
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Kumiko S, Tomotaka S, Masakazu N, Akira O, Keiji W, Nobuyuki H, Yumiko M, Rie Y, Kazuo T. Smoking prevalence and beliefs on smoking cessation among members of the Japanese Cancer Association in 2006 and 2010. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1595-9. [PMID: 22834692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a significant contributing factor to disease-related deaths worldwide. Members of the Japanese Cancer Association (JCA) can play a leading role in helping people to live tobacco-free through social action. In 2010, this study assessed smoking prevalence among JCA members and their attitudes toward smoking, smoking cessation, and their responsibilities. Results of the 2010 survey were compared with those of a 2006 survey. Final response rates were 60.8% in the 2006 survey and 47.4% in the 2010 survey, and the current smoking rates were 9.0% and 5.3%, respectively. Regarding concern by current smokers over smoking cessation, the percentage of smokers who were ready to quit smoking within the next month increased from 4.9% to 6.3% between 2006 and 2010. Most JCA members agreed with antismoking actions such as smoking bans in all workplaces, public places, or while walking in the street, regulation restricting the sale and distribution of tobacco to children, tobacco education at school, use of tobacco tax for health, provision of information on tobacco, and smoking cessation support. Approximately 30% of responders disagreed on actions to raise the price of tobacco, regulations restricting the sale of tobacco, health warnings on tobacco packaging, bans on tobacco advertisement, and antismoking campaigns. Barriers to smoking cessation interventions identified were physician's time required to provide interventions, resistance of patients to smoking cessation advice, and lack of education on tobacco control. Not only antismoking actions but also support of smokers by health professionals through adequate education on smoking cessation treatment is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saika Kumiko
- Cancer Information Service and Surveillance Division, Center for Cancer Control and Information Service, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ojima M, Hanioka T, Tanaka H. Necessity and readiness for smoking cessation intervention in dental clinics in Japan. J Epidemiol 2011; 22:57-63. [PMID: 22156286 PMCID: PMC3798581 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20110038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The necessity and readiness for smoking cessation intervention in dental clinics was assessed by investigating smoking status and stage of behavior change in patients and the attitudes of dentists toward the effects of smoking on their patients, respectively. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 1022 dentists randomly selected from the Japanese Dental Association database. The questionnaire survey consisted of 1 section for dentists and 1 for patients aged 20 years or older and was scheduled to be completed at the dentists' clinics on a designated day in February 2008. RESULTS The response rate to the questionnaire was 78.2% from among target dental clinics and 73.7% and 74.7% for patient and dentist questionnaires, respectively. Data from 11,370 patients and 739 dentists were analyzed. The overall smoking prevalence among the patients (25.1%) was similar to that reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and young female patients had a markedly higher smoking prevalence. More than 70% of patients who smoked were interested in quitting. Although the prevalence of current smoking among dentists (27.1%) was significantly higher than that reported among Japanese physicians (15.0%), approximately 70% of dentists were concerned about the effects of smoking on patient health and prohibited smoking inside their clinic. CONCLUSIONS Many smokers who were interested in quitting, particularly young women, visited dental clinics, and most dentists believed that smoking was harmful for their patients. These results indicate that smoking cessation intervention in dental settings is necessary and that dentists are ready to provide such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ojima
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanioka
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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