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Gu J, Hong JT, Lin Y, Yan J, Chen S. Correlates of Meeting the Muscle-Strengthening Exercise Guidelines in Children and Adolescent. Front Public Health 2022; 10:854100. [PMID: 35712264 PMCID: PMC9197157 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.854100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the potential correlates of muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) in Chinese children and adolescents. A convenient sample (n = 3733) was recruited into this study. Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect information on sex, grade, ethnicity, residence, family composition, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), family income, parent's education level and MSE in children and adolescents as well as their parent(s). The prevalence of meeting the MSE guidelines was 62.1%. Children and adolescents who were in primary or middle school were more likely to meet the MSE guidelines ([primary school] OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.16-4.68; [middle school] OR = 4.62, 95% CI: 2.27-9.39). Children and adolescents with Han ethnicity had a higher likelihood to meet the MSE guidelines (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.37-2.83). Children and adolescents meeting the MVPA recommendation were more likely to meet the MSE guidelines (OR = 5.41, 95% CI: 3.97-7.37). Relative to those who had a parent not meeting the MSE guidelines, those with either father or mother meeting the MSE guidelines were more likely to meet the MSE guidelines (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13-1.55). Our study may offer evidence for future MSE interventions in Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Gu
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Tao Hong
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Youliang Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Xin F, Zhu Z, Chen S, Chen H, Hu X, Ma X, Liang K, Liu Y, Wang L, Cai Y, Chen A, Tang Y. Prevalence and correlates of meeting the muscle-strengthening exercise recommendations among Chinese children and adolescents: Results from 2019 Physical Activity and Fitness in China-The Youth Study. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:358-366. [PMID: 34606977 PMCID: PMC9189699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to describe the national prevalence of Chinese children and adolescents who met the World Health Organization muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) recommendations and identify correlates of meeting the MSE recommendations. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Physical Activity and Fitness in China-The Youth Study, a nationally representative sample of Chinese children and adolescents (n = 80,413; mean age = 13.7 years; 53.9% girls) and their parents, were analyzed. Children and adolescents who reported engaging ≥3 days (up to 7 days) of MSE per week were classified as meeting the MSE recommendations. MSE, demographics, lifestyle behaviors (sport participation, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration), exercise intention, peer and parental support, and parental MSE participation were assessed through self-reports. Logistic regression models were used to determine the correlates of meeting the MSE recommendations. The analyses were completed in 2020. RESULTS Overall, 39.3% of children and adolescents met the MSE recommendations. Girls, 10th-12th graders, minorities, those from lower income households and those from families with lower parental education were less likely to meet the MSE recommendations. Children and adolescents who were proficient in ≥2 sports were more likely to meet the MSE recommendations (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.26-1.65), as were those with more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (aOR = 1.57, 95%CI: 1.53-1.61). Additionally, children and adolescents with high exercise intention (aOR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.51-1.69), those whose parents met the adult MSE recommendations (aOR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.40-1.52), and those who received high peer (aOR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.20-1.34) and parental support (aOR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.04-1.12) were more likely to meet the MSE recommendations. CONCLUSION Less than two-fifths of Chinese children and adolescents met the World Health Organization MSE recommendations. The correlates identified in our study can help inform the development of school and community based strategies and policies to enhance participation in MSE and improve muscular fitness of all Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xin
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Shanghai Research Centre for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Huan Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kun Liang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Research Centre for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yujun Cai
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ang Chen
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Early-life activities mediate the association between family socioeconomic status in early childhood and physical fitness in early adolescence. Sci Rep 2022; 12:81. [PMID: 34996964 PMCID: PMC8742039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The graded association between family socioeconomic status (SES) and physical fitness is evident, but little is known about the mechanism underlying this association. This study investigated the role of early-life activities as mediators of the longitudinal relationship between early-life SES and health-related physical fitness in 168 adolescents (51.2% boys; final mean age: 12.4 years old). In Wave 1 (2011–12), their parents completed questionnaires about family socioeconomic status (SES), parent–child activities, and child screen time. In Wave 2 (2014–15), participants’ physical activity levels were assessed through parent proxy-reports. In Wave 3 (2018–19), a direct assessment of handgrip strength, standing long-jump, and 6-min walk test (6MWT) performance was conducted. After controlling for demographic factors, results of mediation analyses revealed that (a) Wave 1 SES predicted Wave 3 long-jump and 6MWT performance; (b) child physical activity level in Wave 2 mediated the relation between Wave 1 SES and standing long-jump performance in Wave 3; and (c) recreational parent–child activities and child screen time in wave 1 mediated the relation between Wave 1 SES and 6MWT performance in Wave 3. Our findings suggest that the type and frequency of early-life activities play a role in the graded association between childhood SES and physical fitness in adolescence.
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Prevalence and Correlates of Muscle-Strengthening Activity Participation in Croatia: A Cross-Sectional Study in a National Representative Sample of 4561 Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178905. [PMID: 34501494 PMCID: PMC8431667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends adults to engage in muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) at least two times per week. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of MSA in Croatian adults. We analysed self-reported data collected among 4561 Croatians aged ≥18 years within the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS wave 2). We calculated the weighted prevalence of meeting the MSA guidelines, and odds ratios for different population groups, adjusted for a range of sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of meeting the MSA guidelines was 8.0% (95% CI: 7.2, 8.8) in the overall sample, 5.4% (95% CI: 4.5, 6.4) among females, and 10.9% (95% CI: 9.6, 12.3) among males. We found significantly lower odds of meeting the MSA guidelines for females, older age groups, inhabitants of sparsely populated areas, those with a low education level, obese individuals, and those who did not rate their health as “very good” (p < 0.05 for all). The vast majority of Croatian adults do not meet the MSA guidelines. Public health initiatives to promote MSA in Croatia should focus on females, seniors, sparsely populated areas, people with low education, obese individuals, and those with impaired health.
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Fraser BJ, Alishah Z, Magnussen CG, Venn AJ, Dwyer T, Cleland V. Factors associated with change and stability in adherence to muscle-strengthening guidelines among young Australian adults: A longitudinal study. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:1261-1266. [PMID: 34364810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 2014 Australian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines (Adults) recommend muscle-strengthening activities ≥2 days/week. This study aimed to identify factors associated with 5-year change and stability in adherence to these guidelines. DESIGN Two adult follow-ups of the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health (CDAH) Study. Participants (n = 1510) were 26-36 years (CDAH-1, 2004-06) and 31-41 years (CDAH-2, 2009-11). METHODS Information on muscle-strengthening activities, sociodemographics, health, physical activity and sedentary behaviour was collected. Participants reporting muscle-strengthening activities ≥2 days/week 'met guidelines', with change and stability categorised as 'persistent adherence', 'increasing adherence', 'decreasing adherence' and 'persistent non-adherence'. Differences in sociodemographic, health and behavioural factors were analysed using log multinomial regression. RESULTS Between 15-21% of women (CDAH-1: 14.5%, 95% confidence interval = 12.5-16.9; CDAH-2: 20.7%, 95% confidence interval = 18.3-23.4) and ~21% of men (CDAH-1: 22.2%, 95% confidence interval = 19.0-26.0; CDAH-2: 21.0%, 95% confidence interval = 17.8-24.7) met muscle-strengthening guidelines, but only 8.5% (95% confidence interval = 7.2-10.1) of participants were persistently adherent. Remaining in or moving from a major city, CDAH-1 weight status, cumulative self-rated health and vigorous physical activity were positively associated with persistent adherence (relative risk range = 1.51-3.92), while female gender, becoming partnered and having children at any timepoint were negatively associated with persistent adherence (relative risk range = 0.38-0.58). CONCLUSIONS Adherence - particularly persistent adherence - to muscle-strengthening guidelines in this sample was low. Gender, marital status, weight status, BMI, self-rated health, urban-rural status, parental status, physical activity and sedentary behaviour were associated with adherence, and should be considered in intervention development to maximise effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Fraser
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Z Alishah
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - C G Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - A J Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - T Dwyer
- University of Oxford University, United Kingdom; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia
| | - V Cleland
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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Shakespear-Druery J, De Cocker K, Biddle SJH, Gavilán-Carrera B, Segura-Jiménez V, Bennie J. Assessment of muscle-strengthening exercise in public health surveillance for adults: A systematic review. Prev Med 2021; 148:106566. [PMID: 33878352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is strong scientific evidence that muscle-strengthening exercise (i.e. use of weight machines, push-ups, sit-ups) is independently associated with a reduced risk of multiple chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease). However, prevalence rates for meeting the muscle-strengthening exercise guideline (≥2 times/week) are significantly lower (~20%) than those reported to meet the aerobic physical activity guideline (e.g. walking, jogging, cycling) (~50%). It is therefore important to understand public health surveillance approaches to assess muscle-strengthening exercise. The aim of this review was to describe muscle-strengthening exercise assessment in public health surveillance. Informed by the PRISMA guidelines, an extensive keyword search was undertaken across 7 electronic data bases. We identified 86,672 possible articles and following screening (n = 1140 in full-text) against specific inclusion criteria (adults aged ≥18 years, English, studies containing <1000 participants), extracted data from 156 manuscripts. Fifty-eight different survey systems were identified across 17 countries. Muscle-strengthening exercise frequency (85.3%), duration (23.7%) and intensity (1.3%) were recorded. Muscle-strengthening exercise questions varied significantly, with some (11.5%) requiring a singular 'yes' vs 'no' response, while others (7.7%) sought specific details (e.g. muscle groups targeted). Assessments of duration and intensity were inconsistent. Very few studies measured the validity (0.6%) and reliability (1.3%) of muscle-strengthening exercise questions. Discrepancy exists within the current assessment systems/surveys used to assess muscle-strengthening exercise in public health surveillance. This is likely to impede efforts to identify at risk groups and trends within physical activity surveillance, and to accurately assess associations between muscle-strengthening exercise and health-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shakespear-Druery
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ-PALs), Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Boulevard, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia.
| | - Katrien De Cocker
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ-PALs), Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Boulevard, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia; Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ-PALs), Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Boulevard, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Blanca Gavilán-Carrera
- Physical Activity for Health Promotion Research Group (PA-HELP), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Víctor Segura-Jiménez
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Jason Bennie
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ-PALs), Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Boulevard, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia
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Lin Y, Yan J. Muscle-Strengthening Activities and Sociodemographic Correlates among Adults: Findings from Samples in Mainland China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072266. [PMID: 32230937 PMCID: PMC7177312 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has investigated the level of participation in muscle-strengthening (MS) activities and their correlates among Western populations; however, scarce attention has been paid to this issue among Chinese adults. This study aimed to describe the level of MS activities and to explore the relationships between sociodemographic correlates and level of MS activities in a large sample of Chinese adults. For this study, 3073 adults were recruited from 13 cities in Hubei Province. A self-reported questionnaire was utilized to collect data on MS activities and sociodemographic information among participants in this study. According to World Health Organization physical activity guidelines, MS activities should be undertaken at least two days per week. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the sociodemographic correlates of MS activities. The statistical significance level was set up as p < 0.05. The prevalence of MS activities among participants was 28.5%. MS activities among the total samples were associated with sex (adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for male = 1.98, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.67–2.34) and family composition (aOR for multiple children = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.12–1.64). Among males, normal weight status (aOR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.08–1.78) and multiple children (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.21–2.05) were associated with MS activities. There was no association of sociodemographic factors with MS activities among females. Our results suggest that approximately 70% of adults in Hubei Province do not engage in recommended MS activities. These activities were associated with sex and family composition, which differed between sexes. This study provides sex-specific information on MS activity interventions. Future studies should use improved designs to explore more sociodemographic (e.g., health status, marital status and smoking status) and other dimensional correlates of MS activities among Chinese adults, to provide an evidence base for improved health behavior interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jin Yan
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
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Understanding pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women's intentions to perform muscle-strengthening activities using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Maturitas 2018; 109:89-96. [PMID: 29452788 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although physical activity guidelines recommend muscle-strengthening activities (MSA), public health initiatives tend to focus on increasing aerobic activity and fail to mention MSA. This study sought to identify the issues influencing pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women's intentions to perform MSA with a view to informing future interventions for these populations. Mixed methods guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) were used to explore factors that influence women's intentions to perform MSA. In stage one, 34 women participated in either a focus group or interview. Discussions were transcribed verbatim and analysed based on menopausal status using a deductive approach. In stage two, 186 women (M = 47 years, SD = 9) completed a questionnaire to assess participant demographics, levels of MSA, affective and instrumental attitudes, injunctive and descriptive norms, self-efficacy and perceived behavioural control. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, regression analyses and analysis of variances. Behavioural beliefs were: improved muscular health; psychological benefits; improved body shape. Normative beliefs were: health professionals; family members; work colleagues. Control beliefs were: equipment; motivation; time constraints; knowledge; physical capability; fear of judgement. However, these beliefs were not well established. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of intentions (spc2 = 0.11) followed by affective attitudes (spc2 = 0.09), with no significant differences on TPB variables between groups. If rising rates of musculoskeletal conditions in women are to be prevented, there is an urgent need to increase women's knowledge of recommended levels of muscle strengthening, with a view to promoting positive attitudes and enhancing women's sense of self-efficacy across all menopausal phases.
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