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DeBeck DP, Scudder JN. An Integrated Health Belief Model: Predicting Uptake of the First COVID-19 Booster Vaccine. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:1102-1112. [PMID: 37128817 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2204583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Public health campaigns have turned to the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a guiding framework for the past six decades. Carpenter's 2010 HBM meta-analysis revealed important shortcomings as well as a path forward that has largely been ignored by recent COVID-19 research using this framework. Consistent with Carpenter's recommendations, this study on the uptake of the first COVID-19 booster vaccine focused on the overlooked interactional processes of the original HBM founders. Our study used SEM and Hayes's PROCESS 4.1 to explore the possibilities of the interdependent nature of the core three beliefs to form a model that is integrated. The study indicated that the core variables of the original HBM were significant predictors of the intent to take the first COVID-19 booster vaccine when considered in an interactional process framework. Our study results have implications for those designing public health advocacy campaigns regarding COVID-19 as it enters an endemic stage with future vaccines and medications.
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Liu C, Zha J, Sun T, Kong L, Zhang X, Wang D, Ni G. Cold atmospheric plasma attenuates skin cancer via ROS induced apoptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:518. [PMID: 38622261 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been widely used in biomedical research, especially in vitro cancer therapy. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a malignant tumor originating from epidermal keratinocytes. However, the mechanism of CAP therapy on CSCC remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS The animal models of CSCC induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were constructed. For the CAP treatment group, after each TPA application, CAP was administered for 3 min twice weekly after drying. HE staining were used to detect the pathological status of tumor tissue in each group. The levels of PCNA, Bcl-2, Bax, MMP2 and MMP9 were evaluated by western blot and qPCR. TUNEL staining were used to detect apoptosis in tumor tissues. In vivo, serum samples were used for ELISA of total ROS. MTT assay was used to detect the viability of A431 cells. Western blot and qPCR were used to detect the levels of PCNA, Bcl-2, Bax, MMP2 and MMP9 in A431 cells. A431 cell proliferation was examined by colony formation assay. The proportions of apoptosis of A431 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Transwell assessed the ability of A431 cells migration and proliferation. We found that CAP could induce skin cancer cells apoptosis and inhibit the progress of skin cancer. Through experiments in vitro, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and CAP inhibited the proliferation and migration of A431 skin cancer cells while promoting apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These evidences suggest the protective effect of CAP in CSCC, and CAP has the potential clinical application of CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jingjing Zha
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ling Kong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinru Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Guohua Ni
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei, 230031, China.
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Maleki A, Daniali SS, Shahnazi H, Hassanzadeh A. Application of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) in Teaching Skin Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Male Students. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2023; 38:497-504. [PMID: 35147905 PMCID: PMC8853144 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-022-02145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents are at high risk of skin cancer. Since protecting the skin from the sun's ultraviolet rays is an important way to prevent this disease, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching skin cancer prevention behaviors using the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) in male students in Isfahan. An intervention study examined change in attitudes and behaviors among 104, 13-year-old male students from two schools in Isfahan, Iran. The schools were randomized to either receive or not receive a 5-session skin cancer prevention curriculum based in PMT theory. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire that included demographic, PMT, and behavior construct variables. Questionnaires were completed by both groups before and 2 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20, chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, paired t-test, and McNemar's test. The results indicated that the mean scores of all constructs of PMT increased in the intervention group compared to the baseline assessment, except for the response cost (P < 0.001). The mean score of students' skin cancer preventive behaviors was 39.6 (21.4) in the intervention group, and it increased to 74.7 (23.5) after educational intervention, while the control group did not exhibit any significant behavior change. The intervention certainly shows the potential for being effective over the short-term. Therefore, it is recommended that PMT-based educational interventions be designed to teach and promote social health, particularly at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Maleki
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Shahrbanoo Daniali
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention From None-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahnazi
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Paulo MS, Symanzik C, Maia MR, Lapão LV, Carvalho F, Conneman S, Dias JB, Gobba F, John SM, Loney T, Pinho C, Rodrigues A, Strehl C, Tenkate T, Wittlich M, Modenese A. Digitally measuring solar ultraviolet radiation in outdoor workers: A study protocol for establishing the use of electronic personal dosimeters in Portugal. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1140903. [PMID: 37064705 PMCID: PMC10102342 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1140903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe rising incidence of skin cancer over the years has made it a significant public and occupational health issue. However, skin cancer is highly preventable, mainly through reduced exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which can be achieved by a variety of individual and collective protective measures and interventions. The relative risk associated with different patterns of exposure to solar UVR differs for the subtypes of keratinocyte cancers (KC). Specifically, whether the exposure is intermittent or continuous, and occurs in an occupational or leisure/recreational setting. The main aim of the study using this protocol is to contribute to raising public and policy awareness on solar UVR-inflicted occupational skin cancers in Lisbon. This will be achieved by performing direct measurements of the solar UVR dose received by outdoor workers using a digital platform. Results will likely contribute to further understanding the risk estimates for keratinocyte cancer estimations in this population.MethodsA prospective observational study will be conducted in Lisbon, Portugal. Personal electronic dosimeters (GENESIS-UV system) integrated with a digital platform will be used to assess occupational solar UVR doses of gardeners, masons, and gravediggers of the municipality of Lisbon. Two hundred and ten outdoor workers will be selected to wear the dosimeter for 1 month each, between April and October during their daily working hours. A digital web-based platform that offers private access to information through dashboard visualization will provide information for the outdoor workers and facilitate communication with the participants.DiscussionThe expected results of the overall proposal comprise the occupational solar UVR doses, expressed in standard erythemal dose (SEDs) per day of outdoor work for 7 months. Study data will provide outdoor workers with information on their personal solar UVR exposure during their working hours and an estimate of their risk of developing skin cancer. It is expected that the occupational solar UVR doses of the outdoor workers in Portugal will be above the threshold of 1 to 1.33 SED/day, due to the latitude of Lisbon and the nature of the occupations. The results prospectively should flow into the design of adequate prevention campaigns for skin cancer in outdoor workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Silva Paulo
- CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVAde Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Marília Silva Paulo,
| | - Cara Symanzik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Institute for Health Research and Education (IGB), Faculty of Human Sciences, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Melanie R. Maia
- UNIDEMI, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luís Velez Lapão
- CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVAde Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- UNIDEMI, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - Sven Conneman
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accidents Insurance (IFA), Saint Augustin, Germany
| | - Jorge Barroso Dias
- Departamento de Saúde, Higiene e Segurança, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Portuguese Society of Occupational Medicine, Working Committee "Work at Open Air", Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Swen Malte John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Institute for Health Research and Education (IGB), Faculty of Human Sciences, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cristina Pinho
- Departamento de Saúde, Higiene e Segurança, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rodrigues
- Departamento de Saúde, Higiene e Segurança, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Claudine Strehl
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accidents Insurance (IFA), Saint Augustin, Germany
| | - Thomas Tenkate
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Wittlich
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accidents Insurance (IFA), Saint Augustin, Germany
| | - Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Niu Z, Bhurosy T, Heckman CJ. Digital interventions for promoting sun protection and skin self-examination behaviors: A systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2022; 26:101709. [PMID: 35529530 PMCID: PMC9073560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A considerable number of digital interventions for skin cancer prevention have been evaluated. Most skin cancer digital interventions focus on sun protection-related outcomes. Most interventions use web-based digital technology (websites, webpages, mobile apps) rather than videos, emails or text messages alone as the delivery platform. Multi-component digital interventions are effective in promoting sun protection and skin self-examination. Almost all studies found digital interventions to be equally or more effective compared to non-digital interventions.
The skin cancer incidence rate has been rising, and digital health interventions can promote skin cancer prevention and detection behaviors. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the outcomes of digital interventions that promote sun protection and skin self-examination (SSE). This review examined studies that utilized randomized controlled designs or quasi-experiments, included outcomes related to sun safety or SSE, employed at least one digital platform, and were published in English from January 2000 to October 2020. A total of 62 studies were included in the review. Digital modalities included web-based (e.g., websites) alone (n = 29), mobile-based (e.g., mobile apps) alone (n = 12), game-based (n = 1), emails or text messages alone (n = 8), videos alone (n = 6), social media (n = 3), both text messages and mobile apps (n = 2), or both text messages and video (n = 1). Most studies (n = 44) only evaluated sun protection-related outcomes, seven studies assessed SSE outcomes only, nine studies examined both, and two assessed other related outcomes. Digital interventions are effective compared to non-intervention control conditions in promoting sun safety or SSE. Almost all studies found digital interventions to be equally or more effective compared to non-digital interventions. This review suggests that although the digital interventions varied, they showed promising effects on improving sun protection or SSE outcomes. Future research should include more sophisticated phase-based and rigorous longitudinal research designs, additional investigation of social media and other newer technologies, as well as more detailed reporting of methods and results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomeng Niu
- Section of Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
- Corresponding author.
| | - Trishnee Bhurosy
- Department of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Carolyn J. Heckman
- Section of Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
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Walburn J, Sainsbury K, Foster L, Weinman J, Morgan M, Norton S, Canfield M, Chadwick P, Sarkany B, Araújo-Soares V. Why? What? How? Using an Intervention Mapping approach to develop a personalised intervention to improve adherence to photoprotection in patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Health Psychol Behav Med 2020; 8:475-500. [PMID: 34040882 PMCID: PMC8114411 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2020.1819287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intervention Mapping (IM) is a systematic approach for developing theory-based interventions across a variety of contexts and settings. This paper describes the development of a complex intervention designed to reduce the dose of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the face of adults with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), by improving photoprotection. XP is a genetic condition that without extreme UVR photoprotection, leads to high risk of developing skin cancer. Methods: The IM protocol of 6 steps was applied, involving comprehensive mixed-methods formative research. Key stakeholders (XP clinical staff and Patient and Public Involvement Panel), were instrumental at every step. Behaviour change methods were informed by the IM taxonomy, therapeutic approaches (e.g. ACT, CBT) and coded according to the taxonomy of behaviour change techniques (version 1). Results: We designed a personalised modular intervention to target psychosocial determinants of photoprotective activities that influence the amount of UVR reaching the face. Content was developed to target determinants of motivation to protect and factors preventing the enactment of behaviours. Participants received personalised content addressing determinants/barriers most relevant to them, as well as core ‘behaviour-change’ material, considered important for all (e.g. SMART goals). Core and personalised content was delivered via 7 one-to-one sessions with a trained facilitator using a manual and purpose designed materials: Magazine; text messages; sunscreen application video; goal-setting tools (e.g. UVR dial and face protection guide); activity sheets. Novel features included use of ACT-based values to enhance intrinsic motivation, targeting of emotional barriers to photoprotection, addressing appearance concerns and facilitating habit formation. Conclusion: IM was an effective approach for complex intervention design. The structure (e.g. use of matrices) tethered the intervention tightly to theory and evidence-based approaches. The significant amount of time required needs to be considered and may hinder translation of IM into clinical and non-academic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walburn
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirby Sainsbury
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lesley Foster
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Myfanwy Morgan
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Norton
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martha Canfield
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Chadwick
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bob Sarkany
- National Xeroderma Pigmentosum Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vera Araújo-Soares
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Hirschey R, Nyrop KA, Mayer DK. Healthy Behaviors: Prevalence of Uptake Among Cancer Survivors. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2020; 24:19-29. [PMID: 32945809 DOI: 10.1188/20.cjon.s2.19-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most cancer survivors adhere to recommendations to refrain from tobacco and minimize alcohol use, survivors of certain cancers are not meeting these recommendations. In addition, most cancer survivors do not achieve optimal recommendations for diet and physical activity, further decreasing survivor health and quality of life. Sun protective and sleep behaviors also tend to be suboptimal among survivors. Uptake of age-appropriate vaccinations is variable among survivors. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article is to review the prevalence of healthy behavior uptake among cancer survivors and provide nurses with an overview of effective interventions, strategies, and resources to help patients improve these behaviors. METHODS An expert panel was convened to conduct an integrative review and synthesis on the state of the science of healthy behavior uptake among cancer survivors. FINDINGS Not meeting recommendations for healthy lifestyle behaviors increases the risk of second cancers and mortality and decreases overall health and quality of life. Healthy lifestyle behaviors can contribute to improved function, quality of life, and overall survival for cancer survivors. Nurses can help survivors to understand and improve their behaviors.
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Patterns of sun safety behaviors in parents: Associations with physical activity, sedentary behavior, and access to neighborhood physical activity resources. Prev Med 2020; 132:105976. [PMID: 31911162 PMCID: PMC7299179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet rays is associated with increased risk of sunburn - a biomarker of skin cancer risk - and physical activity can increase exposure. Sun safety behaviors can mitigate the increased risk of skin cancer. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine associations between physical activity behaviors, access to neighborhood physical activity resources, and sunburn across different patterning of sun safety behaviors. Data collected in 2014 from parents in the United States were analyzed (N = 1680; 75% female, primarily between the ages of 35-44 and 45-59, and 67% White). Latent class analysis was conducted to identify classes of sun safety behaviors based on engagement in sun protective behaviors (wearing a hat, shirt with sleeves, and seeking shade) and sun exposure (tanning outdoors). The latent classes were then examined as moderators of the association between physical activity related variables and sunburn. Three classes were identified corresponding to Low, Moderate, and High Risk for sunburn. There was no evidence of moderation, so equality constraints were imposed across the classes. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09) and neighborhood environments favoring physical activity (OR = 1.39) were associated with an increased likelihood of sunburn. Greater engagement in physical activity and access to built environments that favour activity are associated with a higher likelihood of sunburn, regardless of sun safety behaviors. Physically active parents are a vulnerable population for melanoma, and cancer prevention efforts focused on physical activity should also address sun safety.
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Ersser S, Dyson J, Muinonen‐Martin A. Significant limitations of a systematic review and meta‐analysis of interventions to promote skin self‐examination: reply from the authors. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:641-642. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.J. Ersser
- Department of Health Sciences University of York York U.K
| | - J. Dyson
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of Hull Hull U.K
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Holman DM, Kapelos GT, Shoemaker M, Watson M. Shade as an Environmental Design Tool for Skin Cancer Prevention. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1607-1612. [PMID: 30359104 PMCID: PMC6236749 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Little work has been done to explore the use of shade for skin cancer prevention in the context of the built environment. In an effort to address this gap and draw attention to the intersection between architectural and public health practice, we reviewed research on shade design, use, and policies published from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2017. Our findings indicate that various features influence the sun-protective effects of shade, including the materials, size, shape, and position of the shade structure; the characteristics of the surrounding area; and weather conditions. Limited research suggests that shade provision in outdoor spaces may increase shade use. Shade audit and design tools are available to inform shade planning efforts. Shade policies to date have mostly been setting specific, and information on the implementation and effects of such policies is limited. Integrating shade planning into community design, planning, and architecture may have a substantial impact and will require a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Holman
- Dawn M. Holman, Meredith Shoemaker, and Meg Watson are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. George Thomas Kapelos is with the Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - George Thomas Kapelos
- Dawn M. Holman, Meredith Shoemaker, and Meg Watson are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. George Thomas Kapelos is with the Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Meredith Shoemaker
- Dawn M. Holman, Meredith Shoemaker, and Meg Watson are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. George Thomas Kapelos is with the Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Meg Watson
- Dawn M. Holman, Meredith Shoemaker, and Meg Watson are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. George Thomas Kapelos is with the Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
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