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Risk Assessment of Hazmat Road Transportation Considering Environmental Risk under Time-Varying Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189780. [PMID: 34574705 PMCID: PMC8467851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hazardous materials shipments are integral to the development of industrial countries. Significant casualties and severe environmental pollution quickly ensue when accidents occur. Currently, relevant research on risk assessment of hazardous materials’ road transportation remains limited when both the population exposure risk and environmental risk are considered, especially in regard to analyzing the differences of accident impacts in different populations and environments. This paper adopts a Gaussian plume model to simulate dynamic areas at three levels of population exposure and assesses the pollution scope of air, groundwater, lakes, and rivers with a variety of diffusion models. Then, we utilize various costs to analyze the differences of accident impacts in population exposure and environmental pollution. Finally, a risk assessment model of hazardous materials road transportation under time-varying conditions is presented by considering the bearing capacity of the assessed area. Furthermore, this model is applied to a case study involving a risk assessment of hazardous materials transportation of a highly populated metropolitan area of Shanghai, China. The resulting analyses reveal that the safety of hazardous materials transportation could be effectively improved by controlling certain model parameters and avoiding road segments with a high risk of catastrophic accident consequences.
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Pauluhn J. Concentration × time analyses of sensory irritants revisited: Weight of evidence or the toxic load approach. That is the question. Toxicol Lett 2019; 316:94-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Clippinger AJ, Allen D, Behrsing H, BéruBé KA, Bolger MB, Casey W, DeLorme M, Gaça M, Gehen SC, Glover K, Hayden P, Hinderliter P, Hotchkiss JA, Iskandar A, Keyser B, Luettich K, Ma-Hock L, Maione AG, Makena P, Melbourne J, Milchak L, Ng SP, Paini A, Page K, Patlewicz G, Prieto P, Raabe H, Reinke EN, Roper C, Rose J, Sharma M, Spoo W, Thorne PS, Wilson DM, Jarabek AM. Pathway-based predictive approaches for non-animal assessment of acute inhalation toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:131-145. [PMID: 29908304 PMCID: PMC6760245 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
New approaches are needed to assess the effects of inhaled substances on human health. These approaches will be based on mechanisms of toxicity, an understanding of dosimetry, and the use of in silico modeling and in vitro test methods. In order to accelerate wider implementation of such approaches, development of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) can help identify and address gaps in our understanding of relevant parameters for model input and mechanisms, and optimize non-animal approaches that can be used to investigate key events of toxicity. This paper describes the AOPs and the toolbox of in vitro and in silico models that can be used to assess the key events leading to toxicity following inhalation exposure. Because the optimal testing strategy will vary depending on the substance of interest, here we present a decision tree approach to identify an appropriate non-animal integrated testing strategy that incorporates consideration of a substance's physicochemical properties, relevant mechanisms of toxicity, and available in silico models and in vitro test methods. This decision tree can facilitate standardization of the testing approaches. Case study examples are presented to provide a basis for proof-of-concept testing to illustrate the utility of non-animal approaches to inform hazard identification and risk assessment of humans exposed to inhaled substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Clippinger
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, United Kingdom.
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Contractor Supporting the NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Holger Behrsing
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, 30 West Watkins Mill Road, Suite 100, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Kelly A BéruBé
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, CF10 3AX, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Bolger
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA 93534, United States
| | - Warren Casey
- NIH/NIEHS/DNTP/NICEATM, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Marianna Gaça
- British American Tobacco plc, Globe House, 4 Temple Place, London WC2R 2PG, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C Gehen
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kyle Glover
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Patrick Hayden
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Ave, Ashland, MA 01721, United States
| | | | | | - Anita Iskandar
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Keyser
- RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Anna G Maione
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Ave, Ashland, MA 01721, United States
| | - Patrudu Makena
- RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States
| | - Jodie Melbourne
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sheung P Ng
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, DuPont Haskell Global Center for Health Sciences, P. O. Box 30, Newark, DE 19714, United States
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Kathryn Page
- The Clorox Company, 4900 Johnson Dr, Pleasanton, CA 94588, United States
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Pilar Prieto
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Hans Raabe
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, 30 West Watkins Mill Road, Suite 100, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Emily N Reinke
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, 8252 Blackhawk Rd. Bldg. E-5158, ATTN: MCHB-PH-HEF Gunpowder, MD 21010-5403, United States
| | - Clive Roper
- Charles River Edinburgh Ltd., Edinburgh EH33 2NE, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Rose
- Procter & Gamble Co, 11530 Reed Hartman Highway, Cincinnati, OH 45241, United States
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne Spoo
- RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States
| | - Peter S Thorne
- University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - Annie M Jarabek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Smolders R, Colles A, Cornelis C, Van Holderbeke M, Chovanova H, Wildemeersch D, Mampaey M, Van Campenhout K. Key aspects of a Flemish system to safeguard public health interests in case of chemical release incidents. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:315-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Heinälä M, Gundert-Remy U, Wood MH, Ruijten M, Bos PMJ, Zitting A, Bull S, Russell D, Nielsen E, Cassel G, Leffler P, Tissot S, Vincent JM, Santonen T. Survey on methodologies in the risk assessment of chemical exposures in emergency response situations in Europe. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 244-245:545-554. [PMID: 23260870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A scientifically sound assessment of the risk to human health resulting from acute chemical releases is the cornerstone for chemical incident prevention, preparedness and response. Although the general methodology to identify acute toxicity of chemicals has not substantially changed in the last decades, there is ongoing debate on the current approaches for human health risk assessment in scenarios involving acute chemical releases. A survey was conducted to identify: (1) the most important present and potential future chemical incident scenarios and anticipated changes in chemical incidents or their management; (2) information, tools and guidance used in different countries to assess health risks from acute chemical releases; and (3) needs for new information, tools, guidance and expertise to enable the valid and rapid health risk assessment of acute chemical exposures. According to the results, there is an obvious variability in risk assessment practices within Europe. The multiplicity of acute exposure reference values appears to result in variable practices. There is a need for training especially on the practical application of acute exposure reference values. Although acutely toxic and irritating/corrosive chemicals will remain serious risks also in future the development of plausible scenarios for potential emerging risks is also needed. This includes risks from new mixtures and chemicals (e.g. nanoparticles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Heinälä
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Topeliuksenkatu 41aA, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
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Scheepers PTJ, Bos PMJ, Konings J, Janssen NAH, Grievink L. Application of biological monitoring for exposure assessment following chemical incidents: a procedure for decision making. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2011; 21:247-261. [PMID: 20336049 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2010.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the level of exposure during and after a chemical incident is crucial for the assessment of public health risks and for appropriate medical treatment, as well as for subsequent health studies that may be part of disaster management. Immediately after such an incident, there is usually no opportunity to collect reliable quantitative information on personal exposures and environmental concentrations may fall below detectable levels shortly after the incident has passed. However, many substances persist longer in biological tissues and thus biological monitoring strategies may have the potential to support exposure assessment, as part of health studies, even after the acute phase of a chemical incident is over. Reported successful applications involve very persistent chemical substances such as protein adducts and include those rare cases in which biological tissues were collected within a few hours after an incident. The persistence of a biomarker in biological tissues, the mechanism of toxicity, and the sensitivity of the analysis of a biomarker were identified as the key parameters to support a decision on the feasibility and usefulness of biological monitoring to be applied after an incident involving the release of hazardous chemicals. These input parameters could be retrieved from published methods on applications of biomarkers. Methods for rapid decision making on the usefulness and feasibility of using biological monitoring are needed. In this contribution, a stepwise procedure for taking such a decision is proposed. The persistence of a biomarker in biological tissues, the mechanism of toxicity, and the sensitivity of the analysis of a biomarker were identified as the key parameters to support such a decision. The procedure proposed for decision making is illustrated by case studies based on two documented chemical incidents in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T J Scheepers
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Watson A, Dolislager F, Hall L, Raber E, Hauschild VD, Love AH. Developing Health-Based Pre-Planning Clearance Goals for Airport Remediation Following a Chemical Terrorist Attack: Decision Criteria for Multipathway Exposure Routes. HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT : HERA 2011; 17:57-121. [PMID: 21399674 PMCID: PMC3046627 DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2010.534722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a chemical terrorist attack on a transportation hub, post-event remediation and restoration activities necessary to attain unrestricted facility re-use and re-entry could require hours to multiple days. While timeframes are dependent on numerous variables, a primary controlling factor is the level of pre-planning and decision-making completed prior to chemical release. What follows is the second of a two-part analysis identifying key considerations, critical information and decision criteria to facilitate post-attack and post-decontamination consequence management activities. Decision criteria analysis presented here provides first-time, open-literature documentation of multi-pathway, health-based remediation exposure guidelines for selected toxic industrial compounds, chemical warfare agents, and agent degradation products for pre-planning application in anticipation of a chemical terrorist attack. Guideline values are provided for inhalation and direct ocular vapor exposure routes as well as percutaneous vapor, surface contact, and ingestion. Target populations include various employees as well as transit passengers. This work has been performed as a national case study conducted in partnership with the Los Angeles International Airport and The Bradley International Terminal. All recommended guidelines have been selected for consistency with airport scenario release parameters of a one-time, short-duration, finite airborne release from a single source followed by compound-specific decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annetta Watson
- Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Linda Hall
- Environmental Restoration Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
- Current addresses: Linda Hall, ENVIRON International Corporation, Marketplace Tower, 6001 Shellmound St., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Adam H. Love, Johnson Wright Inc., 3730 Mt. Diablo Blvd., Lafayette, CA 94549, USA
| | - Ellen Raber
- Environmental Restoration Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Veronique D. Hauschild
- Directorate of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, U.S. Army Public Health Command (Provisional), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Adam H. Love
- Environmental Restoration Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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Öberg M, Palmen N, Johanson G. Discrepancy among acute guideline levels for emergency response. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 184:439-447. [PMID: 20851517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute guidance values are tools for public health risk assessment and management during planning, preparedness and response related to sudden airborne release of hazardous chemicals. The two most frequently used values, i.e. Acute Exposure Guidance Levels (AEGL) and Emergency Response Planning Guideline (ERPG), were compared in qualitative and quantitative terms. There was no significant difference between the general level of AEGL and ERPG values, suggesting the two systems are equally precautious. However, the guidance values diverged by a factor of 3 or more for almost 40% of the substances, including many of high production volume. These deviations could be explained by differences in selection of critical effect or critical study and in a few cases differences in interpretation of the same critical study. Diverging guidance values may hamper proper risk communication and risk management. Key factors for broad international acceptance of harmonized values include transparency of the decision process, agreement on definition of toxicological tiers, and a target population including sensitive groups of the general population. In addition, development of purely health based values is encouraged. Risk management issues, such as land use and emergency response planning should be treated separately, as these rely on national legislation and considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Öberg
- Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nicole Palmen
- Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Stockholm, Sweden
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A semi-quantitative model for risk appreciation and risk weighing. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2941-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Rusch GM, Bast CB, Cavender FL. Establishing a point of departure for risk assessment using acute inhalation toxicology data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:247-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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van der Voet H, van der Heijden GWAM, Bos PMJ, Bosgra S, Boon PE, Muri SD, Brüschweiler BJ. A model for probabilistic health impact assessment of exposure to food chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:2926-40. [PMID: 19150381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A statistical model is presented extending the integrated probabilistic risk assessment (IPRA) model of van der Voet and Slob [van der Voet, H., Slob, W., 2007. Integration of probabilistic exposure assessment and probabilistic hazard characterisation. Risk Analysis, 27, 351-371]. The aim is to characterise the health impact due to one or more chemicals present in food causing one or more health effects. For chemicals with hardly any measurable safety problems we propose health impact characterisation by margins of exposure. In this probabilistic model not one margin of exposure is calculated, but rather a distribution of individual margins of exposure (IMoE) which allows quantifying the health impact for small parts of the population. A simple bar chart is proposed to represent the IMoE distribution and a lower bound (IMoEL) quantifies uncertainties in this distribution. It is described how IMoE distributions can be combined for dose-additive compounds and for different health effects. Health impact assessment critically depends on a subjective valuation of the health impact of a given health effect, and possibilities to implement this health impact valuation step are discussed. Examples show the possibilities of health impact characterisation and of integrating IMoE distributions. The paper also includes new proposals for modelling variable and uncertain factors describing food processing effects and intraspecies variation in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilko van der Voet
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 100, 6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands.
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Watson A, Opresko D, Young R, Hauschild V. Development and application of acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for chemical warfare nerve and sulfur mustard agents. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2006; 9:173-263. [PMID: 16621779 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500194441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) have been developed for the chemical warfare agents GB, GA, GD, GF, VX, and sulfur mustard. These AEGLs were approved by the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances after Federal Register publication and comment, and judged as scientifically valid by the National Research Council Committee on Toxicology Subcommittee on AEGLs. AEGLs represent general public exposure limits for durations ranging from 10 min to 8 h, and for three levels of severity (AEGL-1, AEGL-2, AEGL-3). Mild effects are possible at concentrations greater than AEGL-1, while life-threatening effects are expected at concentrations greater than AEGL-3. AEGLs can be applied to various civilian and national defense purposes, including evacuation and shelter-in-place protocols, reentry levels, protective clothing specifications, and analytical monitoring requirements. This report documents development and derivation of AEGL values for six key chemical warfare agents, and makes recommendations for their application to various potential exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annetta Watson
- Toxicology and Hazard Assessment Group, Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6480, USA.
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Bos PMJ, Zeilmaker MJ, van Eijkeren JCH. Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Setting Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Methylene Chloride. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:576-85. [PMID: 16569727 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) are derived to protect the human population from adverse health effects in case of single exposure due to an accidental release of chemicals into the atmosphere. AEGLs are set at three different levels of increasing toxicity for exposure durations ranging from 10 min to 8 h. In the AEGL setting for methylene chloride, specific additional topics had to be addressed. This included a change of relevant toxicity endpoint within the 10-min to 8-h exposure time range from central nervous system depression caused by the parent compound to formation of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) via biotransformation to carbon monoxide. Additionally, the biotransformation of methylene chloride includes both a saturable step as well as genetic polymorphism of the glutathione transferase involved. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was considered to be the appropriate tool to address all these topics in an adequate way. Two available PBPK models were combined and extended with additional algorithms for the estimation of the maximum COHb levels. The model was validated and verified with data obtained from volunteer studies. It was concluded that all the mentioned topics could be adequately accounted for by the PBPK model. The AEGL values as calculated with the model were substantiated by experimental data with volunteers and are concluded to be practically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Martinus Jozef Bos
- RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment), Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Chen XK, Yang Q, Smith G, Krewski D, Walker M, Wen SW. Environmental lead level and pregnancy-induced hypertension. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 100:424-30. [PMID: 16131463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that environmental lead exposure increases the risk of hypertension in the general population. In this article, the authors used the 1998 linked birth/infant death database of the United States to examine the association between environmental lead level and the occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Yearly summaries of environmental lead levels were abstracted from the US Environmental Protection Agency's air pollution databases, and linked with birth/infant death records by state codes. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to evaluate the odds ratios of PIH associated with environmental lead measured at ecological levels, with adjustment for maternal age, race, education level, marital status, parity, and adequacy of prenatal care measured at individual levels, stratified by maternal cigarette smoking. A total of 2,994,072 women pregnant in 1998 were included in this study. With the first quartile of lead level as the reference group, the odds ratio for PIH among all study subjects in the second quartile of seasonal average lead level at conception was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05-1.08), and odds ratios in the third and fourth quartiles were 1.22 (95% CI: 1.20-1.25) and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.15-1.18), respectively. The odds ratios for the second, third, and fourth quartiles of seasonal average lead level at birth were 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05-1.09), 1.21 (95% CI: 1.19-1.23), and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13-1.17), respectively. The risk of PIH increased by 4% per 0.05 microg/m3 increase in seasonal average lead level at conception and birth, in both smokers and nonsmokers. These results suggest that higher environmental lead levels increase the risk of PIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Kuan Chen
- OMNI Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Hauschild VD, Bratt GM. Prioritizing industrial chemical hazards. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:857-76. [PMID: 16020181 DOI: 10.1080/15287390590912162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the approach used to develop a prioritized list of toxic and hazardous industrial chemical hazards considered to pose substantial risk to deployed troops and military operations. The U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine published the prioritized list in November 2003. The work was performed as part of a multinational military effort supported by Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Previous chemical priority lists had been developed to support military as well as homeland defense research, development, and acquisition communities to determine enhanced detection and protection needs. However, there were questions as to the adequacy of the methodologies and focus of the previous efforts. This most recent effort is a more extensive evaluation of over 1700 industrial chemicals, with a modified methodology that includes not only the assessment of acute inhalation toxic industrial chemicals (TICs), but also chemicals/compounds that pose substantial physical risk (from fire/explosion) and those that may pose acute ingestion risks (such as in water supplies). The methodology was designed to rank such hazards from a strategic (global) military perspective, but it may be adapted to address more site/user specific needs. Users of this or any other chemical priority list are cautioned that the derivation of such lists is largely influenced by subjective decisions and significant variability in chemical-specific data availability and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique D Hauschild
- U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground-Edgewood Area, Maryland, USA.
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16
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Morawetz JS. Tales of acute risk assessment: health effects made out of whole cloth. Am J Ind Med 2005; 47:370-5. [PMID: 15776471 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk assessment utilizes human and animal studies and mathematical models to arrive at threshold exposures for toxic effects of various chemicals. In 1995 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formed an acute risk assessment committee to assist in the planning for worst case chemical releases. The National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL) examines the toxicological properties and studies of each chemical and then recommends appropriate levels. For the majority of chemicals, the committee relies on animal data (where the most data exists) supplemented with a limited number of human studies. In some cases, human studies are relied on to derive AEGL values. METHODS In the published levels for hydrogen cyanide (HCN), the AEGL committee used five human studies and a "weight-of-the-evidence" approach. A number of these studies did not investigate adverse health effects, however, the AEGL committee used these studies as evidence that no health effect occurred. In addition, a number of other errors in conflict with well accepted principles of industrial hygiene were made. CONCLUSION In order to adequately evaluate human studies, risk assessment committees must be composed of a balance of professionals with a wide variety of expertise, including epidemiology and industrial hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Morawetz
- International Chemical Workers Union Council Center for Worker Health and Safety Education, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202-3534, USA.
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