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Tavoosidana G, Abdolhosseini M, Mazaheri Y, Basaran B, Shavali-Gilani P, Sadighara P. The carcinogenic PAHs in breads, amount, analytical method and mitigation strategy, a systematic review study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1538. [PMID: 38849795 PMCID: PMC11157925 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bread is one of the most consumed foods all over the world. Several contaminants are identified in bread. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one of these contaminants. This systematic study evaluates the amount of four carcinogenic PAHs (PAH4) in various types of breads. To conduct this study, a comprehensive search was carried out using keywords of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PAH4, and bread, with no time limitations. 17 articles were selected and fully evaluated. The observed range of PAH4 concentrations in bread varied from non-detected (ND) to 20.66 µg/kg. In the sample preparation process for analysis, an ultrasonic bath was predominantly utilized. Most chromatographic methods are able to measure PAHs in food, but the GC-MS method has been used more. To mitigate PAH levels in bread, it is suggested to incorporate antioxidants during the bread-making process. Furthermore, the type of bread, the type of fuel used to bake the bread, the temperature and the cooking time were some of the factors affecting the amount of PAH. Restricting these factors could significantly reduce PAH content. Regarding the risk assessment conducted in the manuscript, it was determined that industrial breads are usually considered safe. However, some traditional breads may pose risks in terms of their potential PAH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Tavoosidana
- Molecular Medicine Department, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoreh Abdolhosseini
- Molecular Medicine Department, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeghaneh Mazaheri
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Burhan Basaran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, 53100, Turkey
| | - Parisa Shavali-Gilani
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Oluleye A, Adabale A. Potential impact of pollutant emitted by generator-powered telecommunication masts on air quality of Oja Oba in Akure metropolis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32554-32568. [PMID: 32514915 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to simulate the concentrations of three major air pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and particulate matter of diameter less or equal to 10 μm (PM10), commonly emitted from base station of telecommunication masts powered by a generator running on diesel and evaluated the simulated pollutants in terms of health risks they pose to people living at close proximity to the telecommunication masts. In this study, we engaged the AERMOD model to simulate the concentrations of pollutants emanating from the use of generators in powering telecommunication base stations around a major busy market place in Akure, Nigeria, a tropical location. The simulation of pollutants was carried out for both dry months (January, February, and March) and wet months (June, July, and August) of 2018. Results showed that CO has the 1-h highest simulated concentration of 1013.4 μg/m3, and it was found during wet seasons, while NOx has 1-h highest concentration of 78.8 μg/m3, and the corresponding value of PM10 was 58.7 μg/m3. While highest concentrations of CO and NOx occurred during the wet season, PM10 highest concentration occurred during the dry season. Measured concentrations of the pollutants also showed similar pattern; however, the measured concentrations are higher than their corresponding simulated values. This difference between measured and simulated is accounted for as background concentration from other sources of pollution. The risks posed to human health by these pollutants were evaluated using hazard quotient (HQ) against some air quality related such as asthma, aggravated asthma, eye irritation, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. CO posed greater human health risks in both wet and dry seasons having HQ greater unity, while PM10 human health risk is noticeable during the dry season. NOx do not pose a human health risk due to very minor content of nitrogen compound emitted by the generators. It is has been demonstrated that the use of a generator to power electrical need of telecommunication base stations has a high impact on air quality within the vicinity of these stations. The hazard could be escalated where many base stations are co-located close public places. Renewable sources of energy could be used in place of generators in the base stations to reduce the impact on air quality and safeguard human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Oluleye
- Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
| | - Ademola Adabale
- Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Pham LL, Borghoff SJ, Thompson CM. Comparison of threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) values to oral reference dose (RfD) values. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Eason CT, Shapiro L, Ogilvie S, King C, Clout M. Trends in the development of mammalian pest control technology in New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2017.1337645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles T. Eason
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Centre for Wildlife Management and Conservation Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Ecology, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Carolyn King
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Mick Clout
- Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Cooney TP, Varelis P, Bendall JG. High-Throughput Quantification of Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Milk as a Response to an Extortion Threat. J Food Prot 2016; 79:273-81. [PMID: 26818988 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a food defense measure against an extortion threat to poison infant formula with monofluoroacetate, a robust methodology for monofluoroacetate analysis in fluid milk and powdered dairy products was developed and optimized. Critical challenges posed by this situation required that the analytical methodology provide (i) high specificity, (ii) high throughput capable of analyzing thousands of samples of fluid milk per day, and (iii) trace-level detection of 1 ng/g or lower to achieve the maximum residue limit. Solid-phase extraction-purified acetone extracts of fluid milk were derivatized with aniline, and after ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography using a Kinetex-C18 column packed with 1.3-μm shell particles, the resulting N-phenyl 2-fluoroacetamide could be determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in a highly specific manner and with a limit of quantification of 0.5 ng/ml. By using 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)aniline as a derivatizing agent, the method could be extended to powdered dairy products with the same limit of quantification. Between January and July 2015, some 136,000 fluid milk samples were tested using this method. This analytical testing of fluid milk formed one element in a larger program of work by multiple agencies to ensure that consumers could continue to have confidence in the safety of New Zealand milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Cooney
- Analytica Laboratories, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Peter Varelis
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Justin G Bendall
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Ritz C, Gerhard D, Hothorn LA. A Unified Framework for Benchmark Dose Estimation Applied to Mixed Models and Model Averaging. Stat Biopharm Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2012.757559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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West RW, Piegorsch WW, Peña EA, An L, Wu W, Wickens AA, Xiong H, Chen W. The Impact of Model Uncertainty on Benchmark Dose Estimation. ENVIRONMETRICS 2012; 23:706-716. [PMID: 23794799 PMCID: PMC3686319 DOI: 10.1002/env.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the popular benchmark dose (BMD) approach for estimation of low exposure levels in toxicological risk assessment, focusing on dose-response experiments with quantal data. In such settings, representations of the risk are traditionally based on a specified, parametric, dose-response model. It is a well-known concern, however, that uncertainty can exist in specification and selection of the model. If the chosen parametric form is in fact misspecified, this can lead to inaccurate, and possibly unsafe, lowdose inferences. We study the effects of model selection and possible misspecification on the BMD, on its corresponding lower confidence limit (BMDL), and on the associated extra risks achieved at these values, via large-scale Monte Carlo simulation. It is seen that an uncomfortably high percentage of instances can occur where the true extra risk at the BMDL under a misspecified or incorrectly selected model can surpass the target BMR, exposing potential dangers of traditional strategies for model selection when calculating BMDs and BMDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Webster West
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, 3143 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3143, USA;
| | - Walter W. Piegorsch
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edsel A. Peña
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lingling An
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wensong Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alissa A. Wickens
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hui Xiong
- Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wenhai Chen
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Still KR, Gardner DE, Snyder R, Anderson TJ, Honeyman JO, Timchalk C. Development of occupational exposure limits for the Hanford tank farms. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:427-44. [DOI: 10.3109/08958371003592297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Buckley BE, Piegorsch WW. Simultaneous Confidence Bands for Abbott-Adjusted Quantal Response Models. STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY 2008; 5:209-219. [PMID: 19412325 PMCID: PMC2597828 DOI: 10.1016/j.stamet.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We study use of a Scheffé-style simultaneous confidence band as applied to low-dose risk estimation with quantal response data. We consider two formulations for the dose-response risk function, an Abbott-adjusted Weibull model and an Abbott-adjusted log-logistic model. Using the simultaneous construction, we derive methods for estimating upper confidence limits on predicted extra risk and, by inverting the upper bands on risk, lower bounds on the benchmark dose, or BMD, at which a specific level of 'benchmark risk' is attained. Monte Carlo evaluations explore the operating characteristics of the simultaneous limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Buckley
- Department of Mathematics, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
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Foronda NM, Fowles J, Smith N, Taylor M, Temple W, Darlington C. The use of myocardial and testicular end points as a basis for estimating a proposed tolerable daily intake for sodium monofluoroacetate (1080). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 47:29-36. [PMID: 17030370 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) using the quantal myocardial and testicular toxicity end points derived from the traditional NOAEL and newer benchmark dose (BMD) methods. 1080 is a highly toxic vertebrate pesticide that has been proven to be effective in controlling possums and other pests. By convention, the TDIs are derived using the traditional no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) and applying appropriate default uncertainty factors (UF). In addition to the default UF, a statistically derived UF was also employed in deriving the TDI. The TDIs derived from the NOAEL and BMD approach, 0.075 and 0.10 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, were compared. The resulting TDI estimates using the BMDL, a statistical lower confidence bound on the BMD, were generally consistently slightly higher than those derived using the NOAEL approach. Based on the best fit of modelled dose-response data, a TDI of 0.03 micro g/kg bw/day is proposed for human health risk assessment of 1080.
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